北京市废弃微型计算机主机物料系数测算研究

微型计算机作为《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》的首批目录产品,处理企业对其拆解处理将获得基金补贴。而微型计算机主机物料系数是基金补贴的重要依据之一。为了减少微型计算机主机物料系数与实际情况的偏差,北京市环保局委托中国家用电器研究院,在北京市3家处理企业中开展台式微型计算机主机进行拆解实验,对比分析了台式微型计算机电路板物料系数不同的计算方法,并提出物料系数计算方法和系数建议,为北京市废弃电器电子产品处理企业补贴审核提供依据和政策支撑。     

基于氢火焰离子化检测仪响应因子的设备泄漏排放核算

氢火焰离子化检测仪(FID)是检测设备泄漏挥发性有机物(VOCs)的主要仪器。通过变异系数分析了FID响应因子与FID型号、被测气体种类和被测气体浓度的关系,并进行了实例验证。分析结果表明,FID响应因子与各因素关联强度的排序为:被测气体种类FID型号被测气体浓度。响应因子应用实例的验证结果表明:对于芳烃重整装置145个接触甲苯、二甲苯两组分物料的泄漏设备,响应因子修正后的排放量计算值仅为修正前的18.68%;MTBE装置涉甲醇设备的甲醇排放量计算值修正后为修正前的3倍左右。在此基础上,就设备泄漏VOCs污染源,提出通过响应因子实现排放量精细化核算的建议。     

应用于序半连续式反应器工艺的硝化和反硝化动力学研究

研究了序半连续式反应器中微生物生长、硝化和反硝化动力学.基于活性污泥1号模型(ASM No.1)中的原理和结论,导出了在有氧阶段和缺氧阶段微生物生长速率,铵、硝酸盐、易生物降解基质等的反应速率及它们的物料平衡方程;对模型中的各参数进行了参数估值,即利用龙格-库塔法解常微分方程组和黄金分割法搜索最小误差;得出了数学模型中各动力学参数和化学计量系数;模型计算结果与试验值有较好的吻合.     

煤化工企业高盐废水的“零排放”技术

采用"混凝沉淀—微滤—组合反渗透"工艺对某煤化工企业的高盐废水进行浓缩处理,浓水通过蒸发结晶进行脱水,产水采用常规反渗透进行水回收。运行结果表明,经30 d运行,水回收率保持在85%以上,脱盐率稳定在95%以上,常规反渗透产水水质稳定,产水电导率、浊度、Cl-质量浓度和COD的平均值分别为12.5μs/cm,0.1 NTU,7.8 mg/L,1.8 mg/L,满足《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》(Q/SH0104—2007)中污水回用于循环冷却水的水质指标和设计产水水质要求,实现了废水的近"零排放"。     

两相厌氧+A/O工艺处理腈纶和丙烯酰胺混合废水

采用两相厌氧+A/O工艺处理腈纶和丙烯酰胺混合废水。实验结果表明：在混合进水中V（腈纶废水）∶V（丙烯酰胺废水）=1、产酸反应器HRT为20 h、产甲烷反应器HRT为36 h、A/O池HRT为24 h、DO为4~5 mg/L、混凝池进水COD为（4 000±300） mg/L的条件下，总COD去除率为87%~89%，A/O池出水COD低于500 mg/L，出水达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的三级标准;在混凝池进水BOD₅/COD为0.20~0.30的条件下，产甲烷反应器出水BOD₅/COD为0.55~0.65，说明两相厌氧可明显提高废水的可生化性。     

煤化工企业高盐废水的“零排放”技术

采用“混凝沉淀-微滤-组合反渗透”工艺对某煤化工企业的高盐废水进行浓缩处理,浓水通过蒸发结晶进行脱水,产水采用常规反渗透进行水回收。运行结果表明,经30 d运行,水回收率保持在85%以上,脱盐率稳定在95%以上,常规反渗透产水水质稳定,产水电导率、浊度、Cl^-质量浓度和COD的平均值分别为12.5 μs/cm,0.1 NTU,7.8 mg/L,1.8 mg/L,满足《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》（Q/SH0104-2007）中污水回用于循环冷却水的水质指标和设计产水水质要求,实现了废水的近“零排放”。     

作图法在工业废水BOD值计算中的应用

一、引言关于生化需氧量 BOD 值的计算,我国采用《水质分析法》(以下简称“水质法”)中给出的计算式,而美国、日本等国家则采用《水和废水标准检验法》(以下简称“标准法”)中给出的计算式。在“水质法”中,不论接种与否,计算 BOD 值时都要扣除空白,因而往往校正过头,造成负偏差。而“标准法”中规     

泥质活性炭在污水处理中的应用

探索了泥质活性炭用于污水处理的效果。以污水处理厂污泥为原料制备的泥质活性炭用于城市污水处理厂污水的处理,探索了泥质活性炭的投加量、吸附时间、溶液p H值等影响因素对污水COD,TN及TP去除率的影响规律。结果表明,对于污水处理厂初沉池出水,泥质活性炭投加量为15 g/L、吸附时间30 min、酸性条件下,污水TN去除率可达70%,在中性条件下COD去除率可达95%;投加量15 g/L、中性条件下,吸附时间5 min时,TP去除率可达96%,其出水的各项指标均满足GB18918-2002《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》中一级A标准。由于泥质活性炭用料廉价,不仅解决了污水处理厂污泥处置问题,还可用于污水的处理,具有良好的应用前景。     

催化臭氧氧化法处理维生素C生产废水

采用催化臭氧氧化工艺处理维生素C生产废水.考察了不同工艺条件对废水COD、色度、Ca2+去除率的影响.实验结果表明,催化剂为TiO2(20％,质量分数,下同)-SiO2(80％),反应温度75℃,水力停留时间30min的最佳工艺条件下,处理后出水的COD、色度和ρ(Ca2+)分别为63.9 mg/L、0倍和49.4 mg/L,COD、色度和Ca2+去除率分别为78％、100％和95％.出水水质指标满足GB8986-1996《污水综合排放标准》.     

炼油外排废水回用试验

针对某炼油厂的废水场二沉池出水,先后采用曝气生物滤池和超滤工艺进行深度处理.试验结果表明,在曝气生物滤池中投加专性微生物菌种、曝气生物滤池HRT为2h、COD去除负荷为0.36 kg/( m3·d)、超滤膜通量为50L/(m2·h)的条件下,出水中的ρ(油)为0.8 mg/L、COD为57 mg/L、ρ(氨氮)为0.2 mg/L.出水水质达到Q/SH0104-2007《炼化企业节水减排考核指标与回用水质控制指标》,可回用于循环水的补水.     

不同碳源对微生物修复石油污染土壤的促进作用

为解决石油污染土壤中以石油为唯一碳源的土著微生物生长缓慢的问题,研究了分别添加玉米淀粉、玉米粉、可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖4种碳源对土样细菌总量和石油烃降解率的影响。研究结果表明：玉米淀粉作为碳源时土样TN和TP的下降幅度均最大;添加玉米淀粉和玉米粉比添加可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖更有利于细菌的生长繁殖;细菌对直链烷烃化合物均具有较好的降解效果,但对较为复杂的芳香烃化合物降解效果较差。降解反应第40天时,分别添加玉米淀粉、玉米粉、可溶性淀粉和葡萄糖的石油烃降解率分别为67.25%、48.60%、46.30%和28.57%。     

Biodiesel production from vegetable oil and waste animal fats in a pilot plant

In this study, corn oil as vegetable oil, chicken fat and fleshing oil as animal fats were used to produce methyl ester in a biodiesel pilot plant. The FFA level of the corn oil was below 1% while those of animal fats were too high to produce biodiesel via base catalyst. Therefore, it was needed to perform pretreatment reaction for the animal fats. For this aim, sulfuric acid was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol in the pretreatment reactions. After reducing the FFA level of the animal fats to less than 1%, the transesterification reaction was completed with alkaline catalyst. Due to low FFA content of corn oil, it was directly subjected to transesterification. Potassium hydroxide was used as catalyst and methanol was used as alcohol for transesterification reactions. The fuel properties of methyl esters produced in the biodiesel pilot plant were characterized and compared to EN 14214 and ASTM D6751 biodiesel standards. According to the results, ester yield values of animal fat methyl esters were slightly lower than that of the corn oil methyl ester (COME). The production cost of COME was higher than those of animal fat methyl esters due to being high cost biodiesel feedstock. The fuel properties of produced methyl esters were close to each other. Especially, the sulfur content and cold flow properties of the COME were lower than those of animal fat methyl esters. The measured fuel properties of all produced methyl esters met ASTM D6751 (S500) biodiesel fuel standards.     

Evaluation of the Biodegradability of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Starch Blends: A Methodological Comparison of Environmentally Friendly Materials

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and starch are both biodegradable polymers. These two polymers can be prepared as biodegradable plastics that are emerging as one of the environmental friendly materials available now. In this study, after reacting with sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP), modified corn starch was blended with PVA in different ratios by a barbender. Test samples were prepared for mechanical and thermal properties measurements. The surface roughness and morphology of fractured surface of the samples were observed by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) measurements. Aqueous degradation by enzyme, water absorption and biodegradability behavior were evaluated for the degradability. The biodegradability of these materials was followed by bio-reactivity kinetics models. Results showed that the addition of modified starch could enhance its water uptake. With an addition of 20 wt% of modified starch, the blend had a maximum weight loss during enzymatic degradation. It was found that the degradability was enhanced with the addition of the starch. Analyzing the results of the biodegradability based on the kinetic models, the growth rate of the microorganism was found to be increasing with the increase of the content of starch in the PVA/starch blends in the first order reaction fashion. In our biodegradability analysis, i.e., based on the China national standards (CNS) 14432 regulations, we estimated the decomposition behavior based on the mentioned first order reaction. We found that the PVA/starch blends would take 32.47, 16.20 and 12.47 years to degrade by 70% as their starch content 0, 20 and 40 wt%, respectively.     

超临界水氧化法处理含油污泥

采用间歇式超临界水氧化(SCWO)反应器处理采油过程产生的含油污泥,考察了反应参数对污泥COD去除率的影响。实验结果表明,当初始COD为1 000 mg/L、反应温度为420℃、反应时间为10 min,反应压力为24 MPa、溶液pH为10、过氧比为400%时,SCWO法对含油污泥的COD去除率为92.20%,收集液COD低于GB8978—1996规定的一级排放标准(100 mg/L)。     

樟脑和龙脑等萜类化合物废水处理工艺

采用隔油－混凝－气浮－厌氧－好氧组合工艺处理某化工厂樟脑、龙脑等萜类化合物废水，对处理装置运行的主要影响因素进行了分析研究并对运行难点提出了解决途径。运行结果表明，该工艺对含高浓度硫酸根的萜类化合物生产废水的处理效果很好，出水COD在86mg/L以内，低于广州污水排放标准。     

Fiber from DDGS and Corn Grain as Alternative Fillers in Polymer Composites with High Density Polyethylene from Bio-based and Petroleum Sources

The steady increase in production of corn based ethanol fuel has dramatically increased the supply of its major co-product known as distiller’s dried grain with solubles (DDGS). Large amount of DDGS and corn flour are used as an animal feed. The elusieve process can separate DDGS or corn flour into two fractions: DDGS fraction with enhanced protein and oil content or corn flour fraction with high starch content, and hull fiber. This study investigated the feasibility of using fiber from DDGS and corn grain as alternative fillers to wood fiber in high density polyethylene (HDPE) composites made with two different sources of polymers. Two fiber loading rates of 30 and 50% were evaluated for fiber from DDGS, corn, and oak wood (control) to assess changes in various physical and mechanical properties of the composite materials. Two HDPE polymers, a bio-based HDPE made from sugarcane (Braskem), and a petroleum based HDPE (Marlex) were also compared as substrates. The biobased polymer composites with DDGS and corn fibers showed significantly lower water absorption than the Marlex composite samples. The Braskem composite with 30% DDGS fiber loading showed the highest impact resistance (80 J/m) among all the samples. The flexural properties showed no significant difference between the two HDPE composites.     

陕北某采油厂石油污染土壤的修复示范工程

调查了陕北某采油厂油井周边石油污染土壤的基本污染情况,采用铜绿假单胞菌-黑麦草联合修复技术对其进行了现场修复示范工程,取得了较好的现场修复效果。调查显示,该油井周边土壤的含油量最高为9 020 mg/kg。90 d的修复周期结束后,土壤的含油量降至402 mg/kg,去油率高达95.5%,并且不同采样位置的土壤含油量检测结果均低于500 mg/kg,满足《农用污泥污染物控制标准》（GB 4284—2018）中的A级土壤标准。单独使用黑麦草或铜绿假单胞菌进行修复,土壤的去油率分别为29.5%或88.8%,而空白区土壤的去油率仅为21.8%。     

Effects of biodegradable plastic components on metabolism of an estuarine benthos

We examined the metabolic response of an estuarine benthic community to additions of three materials being considered for use in manufacture of biodegradable substitutes for plastics. Diver-collected cores containing benthos were dosed with 59 g/m² of three test materials, cornstarch, a bacterial polyester (PHBV), and ethylene vinyl alcohol (EVOH), or left undisturbed as controls. Fluxes of dissolved nutrients (ammonia, nitrate + nitrite, phosphate, silica) and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were similar in control cores and cores dosed with EVOH during a 1-month test period at 20°C. Fluxes in cores dosed with starch and PHBV differed significantly from controls but not from each other. After 2 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was higher in cores containing starch and PHBV, while efflux of ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite was reduced. After 4 weeks of incubation, production of DIC was similar among all treatments and controls, while efflux of ammonia was high in the starch- and PHBV-containing cores compared to controls and cores with EVOH. Fluxes of silica and phosphate were similar in all cores during the experiment. These results indicate that both starch and PHBV are carbon-rich substrates readily metabolized by the benthic community but that their presence significantly alters normal nutrient exchange patterns. This response is expected because of the high carbon-to-nitrogen ratio of starch and PHBV and indicates that impacts of these two materials would be similar. However, the high biological oxygen demand of such materials and resulting disturbance of normal nutrient regeneration patterns of the benthos (delayed ammonia efflux and potential stimulation of denitrification) must be considered in developing strategies for their disposal.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

Biodegradable Corn Starch Loose-Fill. II. The Effect of Storage at Different Relative Humidities on the Physical Properties of Loose-Fill

The physical properties of corn starch loose-fill were examined at various relative humidities (r.h.). After 48 h of storage at both 25 and 50% r.h., only a slight change in the dimension and physical properties of the corn starch loose-fill was apparent. A wet environment (75% r.h. for 48 h), however, caused significant shrinkage and the loss of physical properties. The tensile properties, particularly tensile modulus, sharply increased, while the resilience gradually decreased with storage time. Amorphous X-ray diffraction patterns of corn starch loose-fills were transformed into crystalline patterns due to aging at 75% r.h. after 48 h. These changes were attributed to the structural relaxation, which was accelerated by moisture gain. The T _g of corn starch loose-fill decreased with increasing the moisture content in expanded starch. Our proposed model based on Avrami equation was able to describe the time-dependent recrystallization of corn starch by modifying the time-dependent tensile modulus. The growth parameter (n) and time constant (k) for the recrystallization process of corn starch loose-fill were about 3.2 and 8.87 × 10^–18 s^–1, respectively. If the growth parameter of 3.2 is considered, spherulitic growth of crystallization occurred in the corn starch loose-fill in the wet environment.     

Performance of an aerodynamic particle separator

This compact, high-flow device aerodynamically separates small particles from a gas stream by a series of annular truncated airfoils. The operating concept, design and performance of this novel particle separator are described. Tests results using corn starch and post-cyclone coal fly ash are presented. Particle collection efficiencies of 90% for corn starch and 70% for coal fly ash were measured at inlet velocities of 80 ft s⁻¹ (2700 cfm) and (6 inches) water pressure drop with particle loading up to 4 gr ft⁻³ in air at standard conditions. Results from computer modeling using FLUENT are presented and compared to the tests. The aerodynamic particle separator is an attractive alternative to a cyclone collector.