活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法优化

试验对比了不同离子交换树脂(CER)含量和pH条件下胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果差异。结果表明,EPS各组分提取浓度均随离子交换树脂用量增加而增加,但各组分趋势不同。TOC的最佳树脂剂量为100 g CER/g VSS,而蛋白质、多糖和DNA的最佳树脂剂量约为70 g CER/g VSS。pH值对TOC、DNA和多糖的提取浓度影响较小,但对蛋白质影响比较大。各提取条件下,EPS各组分提取浓度随时间的变化过程可以分为平稳增长期、快速增长期及稳定期。     

不同提取方法对活性污泥胞外聚合物吸附废水中Cd(Ⅱ)效能的影响

为了比较不同提取方法对胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取及其吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的影响,考察了pH、单一物理提取方法和组合方法对脱水污泥中EPS的提取量及其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力的影响。结果表明:碱性条件在能够提高EPS提取量的同时,也能够提高EPS对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力;不同物理处理方法对EPS的提取效率影响顺序为加热法超声法离心法,但其对Cd(Ⅱ)的吸附能力影响顺序为超声法离心法加热法;组合物理方法虽然较单一方法的EPS提取效率要高,但其提取EPS吸附Cd(Ⅱ)的能力较单一方法弱。以上结果可为EPS重金属吸附剂的有效提取和工业化应用提供参考。     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法比较与热碱法优化

为比较不同方法对曝气池活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的提取效果,采用6种方法对EPS进行提取。结果表明:热碱法对EPS的提取量最大,提取总量为64.95 mg·g-1;其次是Na OH法、CER法和加热法,超声法和硫酸法对EPS的提取效果不佳,提取量低于10 mg·g-1;在所提取的EPS中,多糖含量高于蛋白质。为研究p H、水浴温度和时间对热碱法提取效果的影响,采用正交实验对热碱法的提取条件进行优化,确定热碱法提取EPS的适宜条件为水浴温度80℃,加热时间10 min,p H 13,该条件下蛋白质和多糖的提取量达到最大,分别为29.55 mg·g-1和33.37 mg·g-1。     

厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物的影响因素研究

为明确厌氧颗粒污泥胞外聚合物产生的影响机制，通过改变pH、污泥负荷（Ns)和C/N比，研究厌氧颗粒污泥及其上清液的EPS（胞外聚合物）产生量及组分多糖、蛋白质的变化情况，采用红外光谱对比分析了pH、Ns、C/N比对EPS分子结构的影响；结果表明，过酸、过碱和不适当的C/N比不利于厌氧颗粒污泥形态保持和微生物生长，但Ns对厌氧颗粒污泥形态的影响不大。红外光谱分析表明，蛋白质肽键在强酸、强碱条件下均发生了变化，羧基、醇和酚则在强酸条件下(pH 3)消失,C/N比和污泥负荷对EPS的分子结构影响不大。     

典型化学条件对Fe~(2+)促进消化污泥凝聚性能的影响

以消化污泥为研究对象,研究了Fe~(2+)浓度、pH和离子强度等因素对Fe~(2+)促进消化污泥凝聚性能的影响,采用扩展的DLVO理论(EDLVO)探讨了污泥絮体凝聚过程中结合能的变化特征,并对典型条件下各层胞外聚合物(EPS)的三维荧光谱图(EEM)进行了分析。结果表明:Fe~(2+)促进消化污泥凝聚的最佳化学条件为Fe~(2+)浓度50 mmol·L~(-1),pH=7.57(原始值),离子强度0.01 mol·L~(-1)。在最佳Fe~(2+)浓度或pH下,Fe~(2+)促进污泥凝聚的主要作用为:增大Zeta电位、提高絮体粒径和密实程度、增强疏水性和降低污泥絮体间的能垒;在最佳离子强度下,提高絮体粒径和密实程度是促进污泥凝聚的主要作用;离子强度的增加并未降低污泥位能曲线的能垒。EEM证明,Fe~(2+)主要与污泥EPS中slime层结合以促进污泥凝聚,主要结合物为蛋白质A、可见富里酸和紫外富里酸。     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法研究

考察4种方法(蒸气法、EDTA法、NaOH法和搅拌法)对3种活性污泥(可乐厌氧活性污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和市政污水污泥)胞外聚合物的提取效率,对比分析了各提取方法对不同样品提取所得胞外聚合物的组成影响,结果表明,EDTA法提取多糖的效率最高,提取市政污水污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和可乐厌氧活性污泥胞外聚合物糖分别在8.3、16.7和9.7 mg/g VSS左右;NaOH提取蛋白质的效率最高,提取市政污水污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和可乐厌氧活性污泥胞外聚合物蛋白质分别为:3.15、0.55和5.57 mg/g VSS.对于3种不同种类污泥,EDTA法提取EPS总量效率最高,分别为市政污水污泥10.7 mg/g VSS、可乐好氧活性污泥16.8 mg/g VSS和可乐厌氧活性污泥9.97 mg/g VSS,分别比效率最低的搅拌法高出5倍、5倍和3倍.     

活性污泥胞外聚合物提取方法研究

考察4种方法（蒸气法、EDTA法、NaOH法和搅拌法）对3种活性污泥（可乐厌氧活性污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和市政污水污泥）胞外聚合物的提取效率,对比分析了各提取方法对不同样品提取所得胞外聚合物的组成影响,结果表明,EDTA法提取多糖的效率最高,提取市政污水污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和可乐厌氧活性污泥胞外聚合物糖分别在8.3、16.7和9.7 mg/g VSS左右;NaOH提取蛋白质的效率最高,提取市政污水污泥、可乐好氧活性污泥和可乐厌氧活性污泥胞外聚合物蛋白质分别为：3.15、0.55和5.57 mg/g VSS.对于3种不同种类污泥,EDTA法提取EPS总量效率最高,分别为市政污水污泥10.7 mg/g VSS、可乐好氧活性污泥16.8 mg/g VSS和可乐厌氧活性污泥9.97 mg/g VSS,分别比效率最低的搅拌法高出5倍、5倍和3倍.     

不同生物营养物处理工艺剩余污泥中温水解特性简

为了解不同生物营养物处理（BNR）工艺剩余污泥性质差异及其中温水解特性，采用序批式实验研究了来源于Orbal氧化沟（OD）和倒置A²/O工艺剩余污泥在中温水解过程中污泥浓度、营养物释放、污泥粒径、污泥絮凝性、污泥比阻及污泥胞外聚合物（EPS）的历时变化。结果表明，相同泥龄（约18 d）条件下，Orbal OD剩余污泥氮含量较高，倒置A²/O剩余污泥磷含量较高，两者VSS/SS均低于0.6，导致中温水解过程污泥减量空间有限、氮磷释放速率不同。此外，尽管倒置A²/O工艺剩余污泥絮体尺寸及絮凝能力明显大于Orbal OD工艺剩余污泥的对应值，但两污泥比阻相近。中温水解过程中，两污泥絮体的尺寸均变小、絮凝能力均降低、比阻均增高；两者的胞外聚合物均呈现增高再降低趋势，且蛋白质均占EPS质量的75%以上，为主要的胞外物质。     

污泥负荷对UASB处理低浓度污水运行效果和污泥性质的影响

采用升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器处理低浓度生活污水，探讨了不同污泥负荷对运行效果及污泥性质的影响。通过考察有机物去除率、有机酸积累、污泥粒径、污泥比产甲烷活性、溶解性微生物产物（SMP）、胞外聚合物（EPS）等生化指标，得出如下结论：在受试条件下，污泥负荷率的升高不利于有机物的去除；有机酸特别是乙酸的积累，以及受基质缺乏及污泥洗脱限制的污泥积累，是影响处理效果的因素；稳定阶段污泥的胞外聚合物以紧密附着型EPS为主，污泥负荷升高将导致其浓度升高，而对SMP和松散附着型EPS没有显著影响，EPS的浓度及其组成不影响污泥性质。高的污泥负荷下污泥的产甲烷活性较高。在本实验中，F/M=0.4 g COD/（g MLSS·d）是最佳的污泥负荷条件。     

污泥脱水性能的关键影响因素研究

针对目前污泥脱水性能影响因素不明的问题,研究通过对SBR在7种运行工况条件下活性污泥胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)的提取和测试,并采用SPSS软件分析,探讨MLVSS/MLSS、胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖、胞外蛋白质含量、胞外多糖含量、EPS总含量对污泥脱水性能的影响。研究结果表明,MLVSS/MLSS、胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖是影响污泥脱水性能的关键因素,并建立了脱水污泥含水率和污泥结合水含量的影响因素模型:脱水污泥含水率=0.229×(MLVSS/MLSS)+0.023×(胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖)+0.539、污泥结合水含量=2.876×(MLVSS/MLSS)+0.335×(胞外蛋白质/胞外多糖)-0.012,通过对7个城市污水厂污泥脱水性能测试比较表明,模型对脱水污泥含水率和污泥结合水含量预测值相对误差分别在±1%和±5%以内,对污泥脱水性能预测效果良好。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Knowledge transfer initiative between molecular biologists and environmental researchers and regulators

A Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) funded Knowledge Transfer (KT) workshop was held in the United Kingdom (UK) to identify the needs and opportunities in the application of molecular biology and ‘omics’ techniques to environmental monitoring and risk assessment. Attendees highlighted a lack of effective communication between end-users and researchers as well as difficulties with data interpretation as reasons behind the slow uptake of molecular biology and omics techniques. A number of promising areas in which new techniques could be implemented at a practical level in the very near future were identified, thereby raising the profile of these recent technologies and providing vital proof of concept work. Molecular taxonomy, bacterial source tracking and pre-screening of chemicals for potential toxicities were all viewed as areas in which omics and molecular techniques could have immediate value, with the aim of reducing cost, increasing efficiency and providing more comprehensive data of improved quality.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.     

Sorption and predicted mobility of herbicides in Baltic soils

This study was undertaken to determine sorption coefficients of eight herbicides (alachlor, amitrole, atrazine, simazine, dicamba, imazamox, imazethapyr, and pendimethalin) to seven agricultural soils from sites throughout Lithuania. The measured sorption coefficients were used to predict the susceptibility of these herbicides to leach to groundwater. Soil-water partitioning coefficients were measured in batch equilibrium studies using radiolabeled herbicides. In most soils, sorption followed the general trend pendimethalin > alachlor > atrazine～ amitrole～ simazine > imazethapyr > imazamox > dicamba, consistent with the trends in hydrophobicity (log K_ow) except in the case of amitrole. For several herbicides, sorption coefficients and calculated retardation factors were lowest (predicted to be most susceptible to leaching) in a soil of intermediate organic carbon content and sand content. Calculated herbicide retardation factors were high for soils with high organic carbon contents. Estimated leaching times under saturated conditions, assuming no herbicide degradation and no preferential water flow, were more strongly affected by soil textural effects on predicted water flow than by herbicide sorption effects. All herbicides were predicted to be slowest to leach in soils with high clay and low sand contents, and fastest to leach in soils with high sand content and low organic matter content. Herbicide management is important to the continued increase in agricultural production and profitability in the Baltic region, and these results will be useful in identifying critical areas requiring improved management practices to reduce water contamination by pesticides.