Optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering

The optimized production of a novel bioflocculant M-C11 produced by Klebsiella sp. and its application in sludge dewatering were investigated. The optimal medium carbon source,nitrogen source, metal ion, initial pH and culture temperature for the bioflocculant production were glucose, NaNO3, MgSO4, and pH 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. A compositional analysis indicated that the purified M-C11 consisted of 91.2% sugar, 4.6% protein and 3.9% nucleic acids（m/m）. A Fourier transform infrared spectrum confirmed the presence of carboxyl, hydroxyl,methoxyl and amino groups. The microbial flocculant exhibited excellent pH and thermal stability in a kaolin suspension over a pH range of 4.0 to 8.0 and a temperature range of 20 to 60°C.The optimum bioflocculating activity was observed as 92.37% for 2.56 mL M-C11 and 0.37 g/L CaCl2 dosages using response surface methodology. The sludge resistance in filtration（SRF）decreased from 11.6 × 1012 to 4.7 × 1012m/kg, which indicated that the sludge dewaterability was remarkably enhanced by the bioflocculant conditioning. The sludge dewatering performance conditioned by M-C11 was more efficient than that of inorganic flocculating reagents,such as aluminum sulfate and polymeric aluminum chloride. The bioflocculant has advantages over traditional sludge conditioners due to its lower cost, benign biodegradability and negligible secondary pollution. In addition, the bioflocculant was favorably adapted to the specific sludge pH and salinity.     

C/P对EBPR系统PAOs与GAOs竞争及PHAs代谢过程影响研究

以富含聚磷菌(PAOs)活性污泥为基础,基于FISH技术研究了SBR工艺不同C/P(25∶1、20∶1、15∶1和10∶1)对EBPR系统中功能菌变化特征与微生物胞内聚合物(PHAs)代谢过程的影响.结果表明,经过10 d运行处理,C/P分别为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1系统磷酸盐去除率88%,而C/P为10∶1系统磷酸盐的去除率为0%.FISH检测结果显示,随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,EBPR系统中PAOs的含量相应从(76.42±1.24)%减少到(10.40±0.97)%,而聚糖菌(GAOs)则从(16.36±3.41)%增加到(34.25±2.59)%.在厌氧段,不同C/P条件下EBPR系统中PHB和PHV的合成动力学系数大小分别为K25∶1K20∶1K15∶1K10∶1和K15∶1K20∶1K25∶1K10∶1.随着C/P从25∶1下降到10∶1,合成PHB在PHAs中所占的比例从85%下降到24%,而PHV则从15%上升到76%;在好氧段,不同C/P系统消耗PHB和PHV的动力学系数大小均为K20∶1K25∶1K15∶1K10∶1,且C/P为25∶1、20∶1和15∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHB(占PHAs 71%～75%),而C/P为10∶1时系统消耗主要成分是PHV(占PHAs 71%).由此表明,随着C/P的降低,EBPR系统内GAOs增加而PAOs减少,从而导致系统内PHB合成与消耗比例逐渐减少,而PHV合成与消耗比例逐渐增加.     

Removal of formaldehyde over MnxCe1-xO2 catalysts: Thermal catalytic oxidation versus ozone catalytic oxidation

MnxCe1- xO2（x： 0.3–0.9） prepared by Pechini method was used as a catalyst for the thermal catalytic oxidation of formaldehyde（HCHO）. At x = 0.3 and 0.5, most of the manganese was incorporated in the fluorite structure of Ce O2 to form a solid solution. The catalytic activity was best at x = 0.5, at which the temperature of 100% removal rate is the lowest（270°C）. The temperature for 100% removal of HCHO oxidation is reduced by approximately 40°C by loading 5 wt.% Cu Oxinto Mn0.5Ce0.5O2. With ozone catalytic oxidation, HCHO（61 ppm） in gas stream was completely oxidized by adding 506 ppm O3 over Mn0.5Ce0.5O2 catalyst with a GHSV（gas hourly space velocity） of 10,000 hr-1at 25°C. The effect of the molar ratio of O3 to HCHO was also investigated. As O3/HCHO ratio was increased from 3 to 8, the removal efficiency of HCHO was increased from 83.3% to 100%. With O3/HCHO ratio of 8, the mineralization efficiency of HCHO to CO2 was 86.1%. At 25°C, the p-type oxide semiconductor（Mn0.5Ce0.5O2） exhibited an excellent ozone decomposition efficiency of 99.2%,which significantly exceeded that of n-type oxide semiconductors such as Ti O2, which had a low ozone decomposition efficiency（9.81%）. At a GHSV of 10,000 hr-1, [O3]/[HCHO] = 3 and temperature of 25°C, a high HCHO removal efficiency（≥ 81.2%） was maintained throughout the durability test of 80 hr, indicating the long-term stability of the catalyst for HCHO removal.     

Adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine in an activated sludge process treating swine wastewater

Swine wastewater is an important pollution source of antibiotics entering the aquatic environment. In this work,the adsorption behavior of sulfamethazine(SMN),a commonlyused sulfonamide antibiotic,on activated sludge from a sequencing batch reactor treating swine wastewater was investigated. The results show that the adsorption of SMN on activated sludge was an initially rapid process and reached equilibrium after 6 hr. The removal efficiency of SMN from the water phase increased with an increasing concentration of mixed liquor suspended solids,while the adsorbed concentration of SMN decreased. Solution pH influenced both the speciation of SMN and the surface properties of activated sludge,thus significantly impacting the adsorption process. A linear partition model could give a good fit for the equilibrium concentrations of SMN at the test temperatures(i.e.,10,20 and 30°C). The partition coefficient(Kd) was determined to be 100.5 L/kg at 20°C,indicating a quite high adsorption capacity for SMN. Thermodynamic analysis revealed that SMN adsorption on activated sludge was an exothermic process. This study could help to clarify the fate and behavior of sulfonamide antibiotics in the activated sludge process and assess consequent environmental risks arising from sludge disposal as well.     

外加碳源的活性污泥合成生物降解塑料PHAs的试验

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(PHAs)是许多污泥微生物在不平衡生长条件下合成的细胞内能量和碳源储藏性物质,是一种新型的可完全生物降解的热塑性塑料.以污泥微生物作为PHAs的合成菌,采用乙酸钠、丙酸钠及丁酸钠作为单一碳源在好氧条件下合成得到占污泥干重5.58%、3.90%及4.98%的PHAs和在厌氧条件下合成得到占污泥干重12.32%、9.55%及11.35%的PHAs.实验表明,污泥微生物里广泛存在PHAs合成菌,厌氧条件比好氧条件的PHAs产率要高;最佳的实验条件下得到PHAs的量占污泥干重的12.32%,此时碳源转化率为30.65 %.此外,1HNMR谱图证明了同一污泥微生物用不同的碳源培养PHAs时其产物结构与组成均有变化.     

沼泽红假单胞菌累积聚β-羟基丁酸的研究

以沼泽红假单胞菌为材料,研究了不同培养条件下聚β-羟基丁酸(PHB)在微生物体内的累积情况,并用萃取、酯化及质谱联用(GC-MS)技术验证了菌体内累积的PHB。结果表明,在以醋酸钠为碳源、NH4+-N为氮源、中性pH的条件下,菌体内能够最大量的累积PHB,其累积量约为菌体(湿重)的50%。     

Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B bymicrowave-assisted hydrothermal synthesized N-doped titanate nanotubes

Microwave-induced nitrogen-doped titanate nanotubes（NTNTs） were characterized by transmission electron microscopy（TEM）, X-ray diffraction（XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy（FT-IR）, Zeta potential analysis,specific surface area（SBET）, and UV-Visible spectroscopy. TEM results indicate that NTNTs retain a tubular structure with a crystalline multiwall and have a length of several hundred nanometers after nitrogen doping. XRD findings demonstrate that the crystalline structure of NTNTs was dominated by anatase, which is favored for photocatalytic application. The Ti-O-N linkage observed in the XPS N 1s spectrum is mainly responsible for narrowing the band gap and eventually enhancing the visible light photoactivity. FT-IR results demonstrated the existence of H3O＋, which could be excited by photo-generated holes to form hydroxyl radicals and degrade environmental pollutants. After sintering at 350°C, the UV-Vis absorbance edges of NTNTs significantly shift to the visible-light region, which indicates N atom doping into the nanotubes. Photocatalytic degradation of Rhodamine B（RhB） via NTNTs show good efficiency, with pseudo first-order kinetic model rate constants of 3.7 × 10-3, 2.4 × 10-3and 8.0 × 10-4sec-1at pH 3, 7, and 11, respectively.     

糖厂污泥中高效产氢菌的分离鉴定及产氢优化

从甘蔗糖厂污泥样品中,分离纯化得到一株革兰氏阳性厌氧产氢菌。经16S rDNA分子生物学鉴定,该菌株为Clostridium sp.60E(注册号:JF708079)。对该菌株生长及产氢特性的研究发现,其产氢主要发生在细胞生长对数期的中后期和稳定期。温度及pH值单因素实验显示,Clostridium sp.60E为一株中温产氢菌,有较好的耐酸能力。采用正交实验研究方法优化产氢条件,发现起始pH值为5,培养温度为35℃,碳源选择葡萄糖时,其总产氢量最高可达到(208±8.01)mL H2/100 mL培养基,比优化前提高了142%,产氢纯度最高达到55.32%,最高产氢速率为(188±8.72)mL H2/(L.h)、15.99 mmo(l H)2g(/dry cell.h)。以上研究表明,从糖厂污泥中筛选的Clostridium sp.60E是一株良好的厌氧发酵产氢菌,将其应用于废水处理,可以实现有机废水的高效制氢,是实现废水和有机废物资源化的一条有效途径。     

Salinity influence on soil microbial respiration rate of wetland in the Yangtze River estuary through changing microbial community

Estuarine wetland, where freshwater mixes with salt water, comprises different regions（rivers and marine ecosystems） with significantly varying tidal salinities. Two sampling areas, ZXS and JS, were selected to investigate the effect of tidal salinity on soil respiration（SR）. ZXS and JS were located in Zhongxia Shoal and Jiangyanan Shoal of Jiuduansha Wetland respectively, with similar elevation and plant species, but significantly different in salinity. The results showed that with almost identical plant biomass, the SR and soil microbial respiration（SMR） of the tidal wetland with lower salinity（JS） were significantly higher than those of the tidal wetland with higher salinity（ZXS）（p 〈 0.05）. However, unlike SMR and SR, the difference in the soil microbial biomass（SMB） was not significant（p 〉 0.05）with the SMB of ZXS a little higher than that of JS. The higher SMR and SR of JS may be closely connected to the soil microbial community structures and amount of dominant bacteria. Abundant β- and γ-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in JS soil, which have strong heterotrophic metabolic capabilities, could be the main reason for higher SMR and SR,whereas a high number of ε-Proteobacteria in ZXS, some of which have carbon fixation ability, could be responsible for relatively lower carbon output. Path analysis indicated that soil salinity had the maximum negative total influencing coefficient with SMR among the various soil physical and chemical factors, suggesting that higher soil salinity, restricting highly heterotrophic bacteria, is the principle reason for lower SMR and SR in the ZXS.     

Direct radiative forcing of urban aerosols over Pretoria (25.75°S, 28.28°E) using AERONET Sunphotometer data: First scientific results and environmental impact

The present study uses the data collected from Cimel Sunphotometer of Aerosol Robotic Network（AERONET） for the period from January to December, 2012 over an urban site,Pretoria（PTR; 25.75°S, 28.28°E, 1449 m above sea level）, South Africa. We found that monthly mean aerosol optical depth（AOD, τa） exhibits two maxima that occurred in summer（February） and winter（August） having values of 0.36 ± 0.19 and 0.25 ± 0.14,respectively, high-to-moderate values in spring and thereafter, decreases from autumn with a minima in early winter（June） 0.12 ± 0.07. The Angstrom exponents（α440–870） likewise,have its peak in summer（January） 1.70 ± 0.21 and lowest in early winter（June） 1.38 ± 0.26,while the columnar water vapor（CWV） followed AOD pattern with high values（summer） at the beginning of the year（February, 2.10 ± 0.37 cm） and low values（winter） in the middle of the year（July, 0.66 ± 0.21 cm）. The volume size distribution（VSD） in the fine-mode is higher in the summer and spring seasons, whereas in the coarse mode the VSD is higher in the winter and lower in the summer due to the hygroscopic growth of aerosol particles.The single scattering albedo（SSA） ranged from 0.85 to 0.96 at 440 nm over PTR for the entire study period. The averaged aerosol radiative forcing（ARF） computed using SBDART model at the top of the atmosphere（TOA） was- 8.78 ± 3.1 W/m2, while at the surface it was- 25.69 ± 8.1 W/m2 leading to an atmospheric forcing of ＋ 16.91 ± 6.8 W/m2, indicating significant heating of the atmosphere with a mean of 0.47 K/day.     

基于DGAOs富集的内碳源短程硝化反硝化工艺特性

采用序批式生物反应器（SBR）,以厌氧-好氧-缺氧的运行方式,研究了低C/N比下内碳源驱动的短程硝化反硝化工艺运行性能.结果表明,反应器内可同时富集反硝化聚糖菌（DGAOs）和氨氧化细菌（AOB）.DGAOs可以利用聚-β-羟基脂肪酸酯（PHA）为内碳源进行反硝化,且利用的PHA中PHB （聚-β-羟基丁酸酯）占主要部分.稳定运行后,第39d厌氧末期污泥胞内存储物质在荧光显微镜下清晰可见,内碳源存储的PHA在缺氧阶段净消耗量为2.34mmol C/L,较文献报道值高29%.经过55d的驯化后,SBR系统达到了较为稳定的脱氮效果,平均氨氮去除率为（93.13%±4.91%）,内碳源反硝化效率为（49.62%±8.97%）.驯化后的污泥淘汰了反硝化聚磷菌（DPAOs）和亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）,富集了DGAOs和AOB,其丰度从接种时的0.13%和0.20%分别上升到7.13%和1.11%,实现了低C/N下内碳源驱动短程硝化反硝化.     

矿化垃圾中氧化甲烷兼性营养菌的筛选与生物特性研究

从填埋了10 a的矿化垃圾中分离得到1株能以甲烷为碳源和能源生长的菌株DH,经NCBI比对发现,该菌株的16S rDNA序列与微杆菌(Microbacterium sp.)3个菌株的同源性在99%以上.目前该菌株已经在中国典型培养物保藏中心申请了专利保藏,保藏号为M2010099.微杆菌DH具有极强的温度耐受性,最佳培养pH为6.5,以甲烷为碳源可实现高密度生长,菌液D560 nm值可达到1.1～1.2.微杆菌DH对甘露糖、果糖和葡萄糖3种单糖以及蔗糖和乳糖2种双糖的利用效果较好.当以蔗糖和甘露糖为碳源时,菌液D560 nm值分别达到了0.758和0.742.与对照组相比,喷洒DH菌液可以提高矿化垃圾的甲烷氧化率1倍以上.微杆菌DH的发现克服了专一营养甲烷氧化菌难于扩大培养、活性低等工程应用问题,为该类细菌在实际工程应用提供了生物学基础.     

Characteristics of nanoparticles emitted from burning of biomass fuels

The characteristics of the particles of the smoke that is emitted from the burning ofbiomass fuels were experimentally investigated using a laboratory-scale tube furnace and different types of biomass fuels： rubber wood, whole wood pellets and rice husks. Emitted amounts of particles, particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and water-soluble organic carbon （WSOC） are discussed relative to the size of the emitted particles, ranging to as small as nano-size （〈70 nm）, and to the rate of heating rate during combustion, differential thermal analysis （DTA） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG） techniques were used to examine the effect of heating rate and biomass type on combustion behaviors relative to the characteristics of particle emissions. In the present study, more than 30% of the smoke particles from the burning ofbiomass fuel had a mass that fell within a range of 〈 100 nm. Particles smaller than 0.43 μm contributed greatly to the total levels of toxic PAHs and WSOC. The properties of these particles were influenced by the fuel component, the combustion conditions, and the particle size. Although TC--DTA results indicated that the heating rate in a range of 10-20℃did not show a significant effect on the combustion properties, there was a slight increase in the decomposition temperature as heating rate was increased. The nano-size particles had the smallest fraction of particle mass and particle-bound PAHs, but nonetheless these particles registered the largest fraction of particle-bound WSOC.     

Characterization and biodegradation kinetics of a new cold-adapted carbamazepine-degrading bacterium, Pseudomonas sp. CBZ-4

Carbamazepine is frequently detected in waters and hardly eliminated during conventional wastewater treatment processes due to its complicated chemical structure and resistance to biodegradation. A carbamazepine-degrading bacterium named CBZ-4 was isolated at a low temperature （10℃） from activated sludge in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. Strain CBZ-4, which can use carbamazepine as its sole source of carbon and energy, was identified as Pseudomonas sp. by the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The composition and percentage of fatty acids, which can reveal the cold-adaptation mechanism of strain CBZ-4, were determined. Strain CBZ-4 can effectively degrade carbamazepine at optimal conditions： pH 7.0, 10℃, 150 r/min rotation speed, and 13% inoculation volume. The average removal rate of carbamazepine was 46.6% after 144 hr of incubation. The biodegradation kinetics of carbamazepine by CBZ-4 was fitted via the Monod model. Vmax and Ks were found to be 0.0094 hr^-1 and 32.5 mg/L, respectively.     

金黄色葡萄球菌聚磷特性研究

在厌氧/好氧交替环境下,对一般不认为是典型聚磷菌的金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphyloccocus aureus)纯菌的释磷、聚磷行为和碳源利用情况进行了研究,并考察了其对实际生活污水中磷的去除效果.结果表明,正常好氧条件下培养的金黄色葡萄球菌,改为厌氧培养5h后就有明显的释磷行为;在紧接下来转为好氧培养时会快速吸磷,6h时的吸磷量达水中总磷的65%,菌体含磷量由之前的0.98%增加到2.30%.染色观察显示,厌氧培养后菌体内聚羟基丁酸(PHB)颗粒显著增多,转为好氧培养后胞内聚磷颗粒增多.经过厌氧/好氧交替运行4个周期后菌体的含磷量就由初期的0.8%增至4.6%,但每个环境交替周期内吸磷量并未显著增加,且在厌氧/好氧交替的第1个周期,金黄色葡萄球菌即具有明显释磷、吸磷行为.该菌在厌氧阶段可利用包括蛋白胨、葡萄糖等大分子有机物在内的多种碳源释磷;其对实际生活污水磷的去除率高达98.2%.因此,金黄色葡萄球菌具有典型的聚磷菌特征,其聚磷时可利用的碳源可以是VFAs之外的蛋白质和葡萄糖,且其聚磷能力不需要诱导,是其与生具有的本性.     

Reduction and characterization of bioaerosols in a wastewater treatment station via ventilation

Bioaerosols from wastewater treatment processes are a significant subgroup of atmospheric aerosols. In the present study,airborne microorganisms generated from a wastewater treatment station(WWTS) that uses an oxidation ditch process were diminished by ventilation.Conventional sampling and detection methods combined with cloning/sequencing techniques were applied to determine the groups,concentrations,size distributions,and species diversity of airborne microorganisms before and after ventilation. There were 3021 ± 537 CFU/m3 of airborne bacteria and 926 ± 132 CFU/m3 of airborne fungi present in the WWTS bioaerosol.Results showed that the ventilation reduced airborne microorganisms significantly compared to the air in the WWTS. Over 60% of airborne bacteria and airborne fungi could be reduced after4 hr of air exchange. The highest removal(92.1% for airborne bacteria and 89.1% for fungi) was achieved for 0.65–1.1 μm sized particles. The bioaerosol particles over 4.7 μm were also reduced effectively. Large particles tended to be lost by gravitational settling and small particles were generally carried away,which led to the relatively easy reduction of bioaerosol particles0.65–1.1 μm and over 4.7 μm in size. An obvious variation occurred in the structure of the bacterial communities when ventilation was applied to control the airborne microorganisms in enclosed spaces.     

Performance and microbial response during the fast reactivation of Anammox system by hydrodynamic stress control

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation （Anammox） has become a promising method for biological nitrogen removal. However, this biotechnology application is always limited due to the low growth rate and biomass yield of Anammox bacteria. This study investigated the process of fast reactivation of an Anammox consortium idled for 2 years uia hydrodynamic stress control. The results showed that the Anammox system was efficiently and quickly reactivated by shortening of the hydraulic retention time （I-IRT） of the reactor from 12 to 6 hr within 68 days of operation. Moreover, at a 4-hr HRT with an influent total nitrogen loading rate of 1.2 kg N/（m3.day）, the reactor maintained high biological performance with an ammonium removal loading rate of 0.52 kg N/（m3.day） and a nitrite removal rate of 0.59 kg N/（m3.day）. In the reactivated Anammox reaction, the stoichiometric coefficients of NH4-N to NOE-N and NH4-N to NO4-N were 1：1.04± 0.08 and 1：0.31 ± 0.03, respectively. The specific Anammox activity and hydrazine oxidoreductase activity, both of which represent the degree of Anammox bacteria present, increased as the hydrodynamic stress increased and were maximally （125.38 ± 3.01 mg N/（g VSS.day） and 339.42 ± 6.83 μmol/（min.g VSS）, respectively） at 4-hr HRT. Microbial response analysis showed that the dominant microbial community was obviously shifted and the dominance of Anammox bacteria was enhanced durinR the hydrodynamic selection.     

Biodegradation of organochlorine pesticide endosulfan by bacterial strain Alcaligenes faecalis JBW4

The recently discovered endosulfan-degrading bacterial strain Alcaligenesfaecalis JBW4 was isolated from activated sludge. This strain is able to use endosulfan as a carbon and energy source. The optimal conditions for the growth of strain JBW4 and for biodegradation by this strain were identified, and the metabolic products of endosulfan degradation were studied in detail. The maximum level of endosulfan biodegradation by strain JBW4 was obtained using broth at an initial pH of 7.0, an incubation temperature of 40℃ and an endosulfan concentration of I00 mg/L. The concentration of endosulfan was determined by gas chromatography. Strain JBW4 was able to degrade 87.5% of α-endosulfan and 83.9% of β-endosulfan within 5 days. These degradation rates are much higher than the previously reported bacterial strains. Endosulfan diol and endosulfan lactone were the major metabolites detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; endosulfan sulfate, which is a persistent and toxic metabolite, was not detected. These results suggested that A. faecalis JBW4 degrades endosulfan via a non-oxidative pathway. The biodegradation of endosulfan by A. faecalis is reported for the first time. Additionally, the present study indicates that strain JBW4 may have potential for the biodegradation of endosulfan residues.     

一种高效微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选及培养基优化

从某自来水处理厂的活性污泥中筛选得到了一株稳定高效的微生物絮凝剂产生菌MBF-33,所产絮凝剂对高岭土悬浮液体系有较好的絮凝作用.通过培养基优化,对高岭土的絮凝率从81.3%提高到95%.实验结果表明:(1)适宜的单一碳源为25 g·L-1葡萄糖;(2)复合碳源效果优于单一碳源,适宜的复合碳源为蔗糖5 g·L-1,葡萄糖20 g·L-1;(3)无机氮不利于该菌生长,适宜的氮源为单一有机氮,为1.5 g·L-1蛋白胨;(4)0.2 g·L-1的MgSO4有利于菌生长,但不利于絮凝剂产生.     

碳源及氮源对紫色非硫光合细菌积累PHB的影响

研究了碳源及氮源对紫色非硫光合细菌积累PHB的影响.结果表明,NH₄⁺-N及有机氮利于菌体积累PHB.一定碳氮比条件下,低碳源浓度下菌体积累PHB较多,但结合菌体生长则高浓度碳源较好.对于不同基质而言,菌体利用丁酸盐利于积累PHB,乙酸盐次之,丙酸盐不利,混合基质以丁酸盐为主时比单一基质利于积累PHB.CO₂浓度(以NaHCO₃代替)对菌体利用乙酸盐或丁酸盐积累PHB有所影响,相比较而言一定浓度的CO₂有利于促进PHB的积累量.