侗族传统村落景观基因认知的空间特征——以贵州肇兴侗寨为例

在分析侗族传统村落景观基因的基础上,构建了侗族传统村落景观基因认知的测度模型,利用问卷调查和实地访谈数据,以贵州肇兴侗寨为例,对侗族传统村落景观基因认知的空间特征进行了研究。结果表明:(1)景观基因的整体认知度较高,但内部差异明显;微观尺度景观基因认知度较高,宏观尺度景观基因认知度较低。(2)景观基因的物质形态认知度较高,文化意义认知度较弱;景观基因的颜色、原初功能、生态意义的认知度较高。(3)常年在外居民对景观基因的认知度最高,附近兼业居民认知度最低;本地居民文化景观认知度高,外来经营者功能景观认知度高。     

论城市旅游景观视觉形象的影响因素——以扬州市为例

在视觉影响因素的作用下,旅游者对实地感知的城市旅游景观视觉辨别和鉴赏形成了视觉形象感知。城市旅游景观的品质不同对视觉形象产生的影响不同,而不同社会背景的旅游者及居民对同类旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响也不同。分析得出性别、年龄、文化水平、职业等不同社会背景的旅游者和居民对扬州旅游景观视觉形象感知的影响不显著,据此提出了提升城市旅游景观视觉形象的方法和建议,期望对城市旅游的规划者、决策者提供参考,以便创造更多更美的城市旅游景观。     

基于县域尺度的土地利用景观格局特征及其影响因素研究——以江苏省丰县为例

从类型水平、景观水平两个维度选取8个景观指数定量分析了江苏省丰县土地利用景观格局特征,探讨其影响因素.研究表明,耕地作为丰县景观基底,其景观结合度水平较高;耕地和园地景观的聚集度高、破碎度低、连接度高,而其他农用地和林地则相反;距离交通线路越近,斑块密度、景观多样性、均匀度等景观指数越大;经济较发达镇的斑块密度较大,景观分散度和分离度指数较高,聚集度指数较低;距县城越远,景观类型分布越集中且较单一.     

旅游发展对传统村落人居环境影响的居民感知研究——以张谷英村为例

在深入理解人居环境内涵和旅游发展效应的基础上,通过问卷调查和描述性统计分析方法,以中国传统村落张谷英村为例,从经济、社会、环境等三个方面揭示了张谷英村居民对旅游发展人居环境效应的感知与态度。结果表明:1从旅游发展阶段来看,张谷英村目前处于旅游参与阶段,旅游发展产生的消极影响不大,居民对旅游发展多持赞成态度;2从居民感知视角来看,居民对经济发展、社会文化、居住环境、总体影响的正面因子感知强烈且具有一致性,对负面因子感知较弱且具有显著差异性;3从居民感知差异来看,文化程度、收入水平和出生—居住地都是造成居民旅游影响感知差异的重要因素。根据居民感知结果,提出促进张谷英村旅游发展的政策建议。     

基于空间句法的传统村落空间形态与优化研究——以张谷英村为例

基于空间句法理论,结合实地调研资料,利用Auto CAD和Depthmap运算形态变量解读了张谷英村空间形态特征及其内在社会文化逻辑,为聚落空间形态优化提出了可行性建议。研究表明:(1)从空间形态组织效果看,张谷英村形成"串联"状整合度核心,组织框架不成熟、交通承载力差;(2)从空间形态智能水平看,空间形态物质性和功能性结构具有良好的智能性水平,核心轴线可使感知主体形成对村落空间形态的整体理解;(3)从空间形态社会属性看,村落的自然发展与外来文化的冲击,使"龙形"结构遭到破坏,"双核"核心发生位移。(4)从空间组织优化看,应积极活化景观基因,合理规划空间组织,建立圈层式空间结构。     

四川古镇空间结构特征及区域旅游合作分析

运用空间网络分析方法,对四川省14个国家历史文化名镇的空间分布形态以及空间网络结构的连接性、通达性等进行了分析.结果显示,四川古镇呈集聚分布状态,但空间联系较弱,完善旅游交通网络、塑造古镇整体形象、增强区域合作是提升四川古镇旅游竞争力的有效途径.     

浅析城市景观格局对声环境的影晌

对不同城市景观格局下的声环境进行测量、分析,了解不同景观格局对声环境的影响,为城市格局的规划、建设提供一定的依据,建立和谐的生态文明。本次调研,除考虑景观布局因素之外,时间段、车流量、天气、其它声源等因素也考虑在内,分析比较各影响因子对声值的影响力大小,使数据更具代表性。     

以环境教育为特色的校园物质文化建设

校园物质文化 ,主要是指学校的教学设施 ,生活资料 ,校园的花圃、树木、道路等环境 ,这些以物质形态存在的文化设施既是校园教学活动的场所和设备 ,又体现着学校所独有的文化特征。校园物质文化建设 ,作为校园文化建设的有机组成部分 ,是学校中的显性文化因素 ,是校园文化建设的外在形式和浅层结构 ,但它以独特的风格和文化内涵 ,影响着师生的观念、行为。学校以环境教育为特色 ,目的是使学生在环境知识、意识、技能、价值观和态度等方面得到全面健康的发展。相对学校开展的环境教育说来 ,校园物质文化建设是一项隐性课程 ,但该课程如何操作…     

湖南省衡阳市岳云中学争创"绿色学校"工作纪实

岳云中学坐落于五岳独秀的南岳衡山之麓,前临南岳古镇,背倚紫云雄峰,为宋明时期文定、白沙、紫云三大书院故址。校园三面环山,苍松翠柏掩映,绿草如茵,风景秀丽,人文传统和自然灵秀融为一体。步入校园,如同置身于一座绿色大花园中。岳云中学创办于1909年,1963年被确定为首批湖南     

武汉城市圈城市空间形态特征及其变化

以国家资源环境数据库数据为基础,采用分形维、形状指数和紧凑度等指标,结合GIS分析方法,分析了1990年和2000年武汉市城市圈城市空间形态特征及变化趋势。结果表明,武汉、黄石、荆州等老城市的空间形态分形维较高,形状指数大,城市空间形状的紧凑度较差;而潜江、随州、仙桃等城市分形维相对较低,形状指数较小,城市紧凑度较好。在总体变化趋势上,武汉城市圈城市空间形态不断扩展与蔓延,边界趋向于破碎,城市内部空隙逐渐增多,城市形态轮廓趋于复杂化,城市形状紧凑度逐年下降,城市建设用地效率降低。     

The effect of landscape type and landscape elements on public visual preferences: ways to use knowledge in the context of landscape planning

This study deals with an assessment of the visual quality of landscapes, and specifically with the perception of selected elements in the landscape. The aim of the study was to find out how particular elements are perceived in various landscape types, whether this perception is affected by the landscape type in which the elements are placed, and to what extent the respondents’ characteristics affect the assessment. The study was carried out with a sample of respondents of various ages, educational levels and types of employment. The respondents came from Slovakia and the Czech Republic. The preferences of the respondents were determined using an online questionnaire, in which they rated landscape photographs on a 21 point rating scale with a range from ?10 to +10 points. Using generalised linear mixed effect models, it was found that the perception of an element is most affected by the landscape type, since the same element was assessed differently according to the landscape in which it was situated. The results confirmed that selected elements which do not disturb the harmony of the landscape are generally positively perceived, and the selected elements of a technical character are generally negatively perceived. Among the characteristics of the respondents, only gender and the respondent's current place of residence have an effect on their visual preferences.     

交通方式对城市空间形态的影响——以芜湖市为例

城市交通方式和道路系统的布局对城市的规模和空间结构具有重大影响。以芜湖市为例，通过对不同历史时期的比较，提出了城市在水运时期的单侧带状布局、陆路时期的放射布局和综合高速交通时期的都市区三种空间布局形式。此外，借用长度-半径维数模型与关联维数模型对交通方式与城市空间形态之间的关系进行了论证和探讨。     

中国避暑旅居城市指标体系构建与分类评价

依据避暑旅居的内涵与特点,从环境质量、服务需求、旅游资源和市场潜力4个维度构建了我国避暑旅居指标体系,并运用多维度综合评价法对我国25个主要城市的避暑旅居潜力进行了研究。结果发现:不同城市的避暑旅居潜力差异较大,生态环境质量、旅游资源丰富性、地区经济水平、交通区位条件、服务接待能力和游客感知水平等是避暑旅居潜力大小的主要影响因素。通过对分类评价潜力模型的分析,提出各自的发展方向与建议。     

Parental perception of social risk and of positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children: The development of two instruments

An important factor that limits children's autonomy outdoors is parental perception of social danger and traffic danger. To obtain quantitative instruments for these dimensions, this work aimed to explore the validity and reliability of three scales. Two of them describe, respectively, problematic aspects of the area of residence linked to traffic and situations of social degradation that could constitute risk factors for the child's psychological and physical safety (Traffic Danger Perception Scale, Social Danger Perception Scale). The third scale investigates parental perception of the positive potentiality of outdoor autonomy for children's maturation and growth. Interviews were conducted with 377 mothers of children between 8 and 10 years of age residing in six different areas in Italy. The results indicated weak reliability of the Traffic Danger Perception Scale, which requires further investigation, and they confirmed the reliability and the construct validity of the Social Danger Perception Scale and the Perception of Positive Potentiality of Outdoor Autonomy for Children Scale. The perception of social danger was higher in mothers who live in larger urban contexts and who have more personal fear of crime and a lower sense of community. The positive perception of children's autonomy of movement was higher among mothers who live in greener areas, who have a greater sense of community and who have more neighbourhood relations.     

Perceptions of Wildfire and Landscape Change in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska

Despite a broad literature addressing the human dimensions of wildfire, current approaches often compartmentalize results according to disciplinary boundaries. Further, relatively few studies have focused on the public’s evolving perceptions of wildfire as communities change over time. This paper responds to these gaps by exploring perceptions of landscape dynamics and wildfire between 2003 and 2007 using a typological framework of intersecting ecological, social, and cultural processes. Designed as a restudy, and using key informant interviews, this research allowed us to observe risk perception as they are related to community challenges and opportunities in the Kenai Peninsula, Alaska. Risk perceptions were examined as an integral part of community and landscape change. Wildfire was a concern among informants in 2003 and remained a concern in 2007, although informants were less likely to discuss it as a major threat compared to the original study. Informants in the western part of the peninsula tended to express more concern about wildfire than their eastern counterparts largely due to their experiences with recent fires. Other important factors residents considered included changing forest fuels, the expanding wildland urban interface, and contrasting values of new residents. Underscoring the localized nature of risk perceptions, informants had difficulty describing the probability of a wildfire event in a geographical context broader than the community scale. This paper demonstrates how a holistic approach can help wildfire and natural resource professionals, community members, and other stakeholders understand the social and physical complexities influencing collective actions or inactions to address the threat of wildfire.     

Integrating Landscape Ecology and Geoinformatics to Decipher Landscape Dynamics for Regional Planning

We used remote sensing and GIS in conjunction with multivariate statistical methods to: (i) quantify landscape composition (land cover types) and configuration (patch density, diversity, fractal dimension, contagion) for five coastal watersheds of Kalloni gulf, Lesvos Island, Greece, in 1945, 1960, 1971, 1990 and 2002/2003, (ii) evaluate the relative importance of physical (slope, geologic substrate, stream order) and human (road network, population density) variables on landscape composition and configuration, and (iii) characterize processes that led to land cover changes through land cover transitions between these five successive periods in time. Distributions of land cover types did not differ among the five time periods at the five watersheds studied because the largest cumulative changes between 1945 and 2002/2003 did not take place at dominant land cover types. Landscape composition related primarily to the physical attributes of the landscape. Nevertheless, increase in population density and the road network were found to increase heterogeneity of the landscape mosaic (patchiness), complexity of patch shape (fractal dimension), and patch disaggregation (contagion). Increase in road network was also found to increase landscape diversity due to the creation of new patches. The main processes involved in land cover changes were plough-land abandonment and ecological succession. Landscape dynamics during the last 50 years corroborate the ecotouristic-agrotouristic model for regional development to reverse trends in agricultural land abandonment and human population decline and when combined with hypothetical regulatory approaches could predict how this landscape could develop in the future, thus, providing a valuable tool to regional planning.     

The call of different wilds: the importance of definition and perception in protecting and managing Scottish wild landscapes

Concepts of wild land have recreational, ecological and cultural dimensions, and place varying emphasis on physical landscape attributes and the perceptions of users. In Scotland, national and NGO policies show reasonable consistency in interpreting and defining ‘wild land’, emphasising the (perception of) lack of current human influence as a key criterion. This research used semi-structured interviews with key individuals and a questionnaire survey of land managers to evaluate concepts and perceptions of wild land in Scotland. Recognising that the conceptual and spatial definition of wild land is a key issue, a new typology is proposed. Weaknesses in the policy framework, as well as key potential threats to, and opportunities associated with, wild landscapes are identified. Management initiatives are fitted to the typology and divided into four management themes. Key recommendations are: (i) that national policy for wild landscapes needs to incorporate criteria, which recognise the multiple values deriving from such areas; and (ii) that future research should combine user group preferences with physical attribute information in determining what constitutes wild landscapes.     

New view of environmental health: Toward an environmental research policy for international strategies

We are witnessing a growing concern with the global dimension of many environmental issues, reflected in the increase in the number and significance of international environmental organizations. Yet there is no internationally applicable strategy for environmental research which is management oriented. A new type of research policy, which integrates ideas derived from environmental and human ecology, is required in order to deal with cultural and ecological diversity and their interactions as reflected in the ecology of landscapes. The newly defined concept of environmental health is proposed to fill this gap. This concept integrates the latest developments in landscape evolutionary ecology and environmental health, bringing out a conflict between making the environment conducive to human health and increasing the available options for supporting the essential biological and ecological processes of the environment. Lessons derived from the evolution of human environments are used in order to illustrate how health may become un umbrella for developing an environmental research policy, which could also serve as a catalyst for international environmental projects.     

Historic preservation,significance, and age value: A comparative phenomenology of historic Charleston and the nearby new-urbanist community of I'On

While the age of physical environments is the central tenet of historic preservation, there is a lack of empirical evidence about how everyday people actually value, perceive, and experience age as an intrinsic part of an urban environment. In order to ameliorate this knowledge deficit, this study employs phenomenology to understand the lived experience of being in a “new” versus an “old” or “historic” urban residential environment. The new environment is the I'On new urbanist development in Mt. Pleasant, South Carolina, and the old environment is the location of the United States' first historic district in Charleston, South Carolina. These locations are approximately within five miles of each other. In both places, the physical characteristics of the built environment are remarkably similar in density, form, layout, and design, but the age is dramatically different. Through photo elicitation techniques and interviews, the results of this study reveal that residents of historic Charleston and I'On value their built environments in remarkably similar ways. Surprisingly, elements that evoke a strong sense of attachment tend to be landscape features, such as gates, fountains, trees, and gardens rather than buildings. The informants valued the “mystery” that they felt was part of the landscape and which consisted of layered elements such as fences, gates, and paths, such that these features (including buildings) had to be “discovered.” Lastly, the informants strongly valued landscapes that showed “people care” through regular maintenance. The essential difference in people's experience and valuation of the new environment (I'On) and the old environment (historic Charleston) is in the older environment's ability to instill creative fantasies in the minds of the informants based on a hypothetical past of their own creation. The informants in I'On did not share these kinds of meanings.