综合评价指数法在公路建设项目评价中的应用

针对公路建设项目的特点,从选取生态因子入手,采取定量分析手段,研究了公路建设对生态环境和景观的影响程度。结果表明：用8个生态因子进行生态环境影响综合评价,能够反映公路建设对生态环境的综合影响程度,并且具有计算简单和直观的效果。综合来看,定量方法对评价生态和景观受影响的程度效果较好。     

3S技术在高速公路生态影响评价中的应用

3S技术将生态环境影响评价由定性评价转向定量预测,为建设项目生态影响评价提供了新的研究途径。文章以灌阳至平乐公路建设项目为例,制作了公路沿线生态敏感区空间分布图。对高速公路建设前沿线景观和建设后沿线模拟景观进行分类和制图,并进行高速公路修建前后景观指数计算,分析了高速公路修建前后景观格局的变化。结果表明:高速公路的建设将导致景观格局的改变,景观异质性增加。     

基于综合指数评价法的金武高速公路对生态环境的影响分析

以生态学理论为基础,选取以金昌—武威高速公路为研究对象,调查高速公路周围影响区域植被种类与盖度,计算高速公路修建后生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、土地退化指数、水网密度指数、环境质量指数以及生态环境状况指数;采用综合指数评价法分析了该段高速公路建设对其周边生态环境的影响程度,并对缓解公路建设影响、维持区域生态环境功能和可持续利用自然资源应该采取的措施做出了较科学的分析和评价。     

高速公路工程建设对农业生态环境的影响及减缓对策探讨

高速公路工程建设对生态环境有着巨大影响,并且在受到破坏后日后恢复难度大。无论是国内还是国外对高速公路建设工程都比较重视,在道路工程建设针对生态环境的影响开展了大规模的研究。为此针对道路建设对生态环境影响的办法、途径、以及景观生态办法等,提出以后的研究方向。     

高速公路生态环境评价的研究

随着我国主发展和基本建设速度的加快，高速公路建设也取得了快速发展。由此带来的环境问题也日益突出，尤其是高速公路对生态造成的影响非常明显。本文旨在通过家黄高速公路的具体实全，探讨高速公路的生态环境评价方法，同时提出了改善生态环境的环保措施，为高速的环境建设提供参考意见。     

基于GA-BP-SD模型的生态环境质量综合评价

近年来,中国小城镇生态环境质量恶化趋势明显,同时相应的综合评价研究也逐步深入.针对生态环境质量综合评价问题,建造了GA-BP-SD模型.它对反向传播神经网络初始权值和阀值用遗传算法优化,并将隶属度引入遗传神经网络,以便确定生态环境质量的影响因子和程度.用此模型对小城镇生态环境质量进行了综合评价和探索,结果说明该方法是适合中国小城镇进行生态环境质量评价方法的.     

赵官园林镇建设评价指标体系研究

通过分析国内外小城镇发展模式和经验,结合齐河县赵官镇社会经济发展和生态质量现状,确定了适合研究区客观实际的园林镇发展模式,同时建立了园林镇建设评价指标体系,并应用综合指数法对赵官园林镇建设程度进行评价分析。赵官园林镇建设综合评价指数为0.980,表明研究区园林镇建设程度处于较高等级,且研究区园林镇建设条件基本成熟。通过专家咨询法和层次分析法计算所得权重值反映了景观绿化建设、生态环境建设、经济建设和市政建设对于园林镇建设的影响程度。针对研究区自然资源现状,建议全面系统规划建设景色秀美的生态环境体系和支撑可持续发展的污染防治体系;同时,积极研究生态经济生产模式,实现经济活动生态化,从而保障园林镇建设过程中资源开发与环境保护并重,促进经济、社会和环境的持续协调发展。     

景观生态学在生态环境影响评价中的应用-重庆二郎科技园区生态环境影响探讨

采用生态环境影响评价中的景观生态学方法，结合景观生态学的评价要求，从景观空间结构、恢复能力、内在异质性、绿色拼块之间的连通程度以及组织开放性等方面，对重庆市二郎科技园区规划的景观生态作出评价和预测，提出园区生态建设应注意的问题和采取的措施，以推动二郎科技园区的生态建设和经济、社会的可持续发展。     

西成客运专线西安至江油段生态景观评价研究

为了对生态环境质量进行综合评价,运用环境景观格局综合评价方法,对西成客运专线西安至江油段铁路段划分出9个不同的生态环境类型。西城客运专线铁路的修建对沿线的耕地和林地影响较大,对水地和草地的影响较小,是西成客运专线施工和后期生态恢复中主要评价和研究的内容。环境景观综合评价表明,横贯中国南北自然地理分界线秦岭的西城客运专线的修建对沿线景观环境影响程度较轻、铁路与沿线景观较为协调,表明西城客运专线设计比较合理。同时,评价的结果也说明,采取恰当的工程措施可以最大限度地减小对自然生态环境的破坏。     

景观生态学在非污染生态影响评价中的应用--以托口水电工程为例

景观生态学用于非污染生态影响评价是《非污染环境影响评价技术导则》中推荐的方法。它通过空间结构和功能与稳定性相匹配的分析,能较准确反映建设项目对宏观生态体系完整性的影响程度。本文以湖南沅江托口水电站为例探讨了如何应用景观生态学评价项目建设对生态环境的影响,并提出了一些问题,以期该方法在以后的应用中能够更加完善。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.