建设项目环评报告书中存在的水环境监测问题及解决方法

项目建设前的环境质量(包括水环境质量)是环境影响评价的基础,预测项目建设后的环境质量是环境可行性评价结论的依据,环境质量的表征数据是通过环境监测工作取得,环境监测的规范性要求,开展监测要得到的数据必须具备"五性",才能表征某一监测地区的环境质量。由于环境评价的中介服务性,以及时间与经费的关系,对环境监测点位、频次进行压缩与省略,使得监测数据无法保障其代表性,影响建设项目环境影响报告书得出可信的结论。如何保障监测数据的质量,以最少的监测点、最恰当的监测时期、最少的监测频次,取得最有代表性的数据表征建设项目周围的环境质量,从而确保评价依靠的环境质量基础可靠,评价结论可信,是一个值得探讨的问题。     

履行职责 开拓创新 全面加强环境监测质量管理工作——在部分省级环境监测站环境监测质量管理座谈会上的讲话

1提高认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作大家都知道,环境监测是环境保护工作的重要基础和技术支撑,是环境管理不可缺少的重要手段.环境监测信息是否准确,分析的结论是否客观,将直接影响到环境决策的正误.而环境监测数据、信息是监测工作最重要的成果,是分析判断环境问题最基本的前提.获取真实有效的监测数据和信息是环境监测的直接目的.数据和信息的有效性包括监测样品的时空代表性(即优化的监测点位和科学的采样频次),实验数据的科学准确性(即有标准规范的分析方法、优良先进的仪器设备、自动便捷的监测手段和现代可靠的高新技术)和监测行为的合法有效性(即监测人员须持证上岗、仪器设备须计量认证、分析结果须经全过程的质量保证和质量控制),因此,提高对环境监测质量管理工作重要性的认识,重视环境监测质量管理工作是各级环保部门做好环境监测工作的前提,要通过你们共同的努力,扎实的工作在监测机构内部营造一种重视环境监测质量管理,重视监测全过程质量保证和质量控制的工作氛围,将环境监测质量管理工作抓紧抓实.2履行职责,充分发挥环境监测质量管理工作的作用十多年来,环境监测技术得到了长足的发展,环境监测管理形式也发生了较大的变化,目前发布的“两项制度”是对19...     

生活污水处理过程中的恶臭气体治理——改进型活性炭吸附法

采用二级生化处理工艺的生活污水处理系统，在一段时间后会产生氨气、硫化氢等有刺激性的气体，对人们的生活和休闲造成一定的影响．在人们使用的各种臭气处理的方法中，一种改进型的活性碳吸附法越来越受到人们的重视，有望推广应用到更多的实际处理过程。     

建立微型大气污染自动监测站的设想

由数个监测子站和一个中心站组成的大气污染自动监测系统对于及时、全面、准确了解一个城市或地区的大气质量状况以及随时掌握系统本身的运行状况具有独特的优越性,有条件的城市和地区建立这样的监测系统无疑是可行的。然而这样完整的监测系统耗资大,一般省会城市建成“一对五”系统耗资都在百万元左右,需要一支经过训炼的多学科的专业技术人员维护管理系统的运行,这对于中小城市和企业的环境监测部门筹建这样的监测系统从财力和技术力量上来说,是具有相当大的困难。     

一种划分水期的简易方法

对于一个地区来说,河流的流量变化是有一定的规律,而不同地区,其枯、丰、平三个水期的月份可能不尽相同.重要的是,实地采样时的那一段时间里河流的流量是否属所处水期的流量范围.有时,会出现这样的情况,即在认为的丰水期内采样,而采样时的河流流量     

对当前城市建设问题的思考

文章在指出当前城市建设中出现问题及其原因的基础上，着重从生态城市的创建、城市特色的塑造、城市景观的设计以及历史遗存的保护等方面作出有益的探讨，以期促进人们对城市可持续发展重要性的认识，推动城市建设的健康发展．     

加入WTO环境监测站面临的机遇和挑战

介绍了加入WTO后我国环境监测面临的形势。指出为适应开放式的环境监测市场的激烈竞争 ,必须加快推进环境监测站的实验室认可工作 ,加强环境监测站的能力建设 ,提高环境监测的现代化水平 ,提升环境监测站的社会形象 ,以环境监测站雄厚的整体实力占领环境监测市场。     

确保监测数据的代表性是保证监测质量的关键

确保监测数据的代表性是保证监测质量的关键王宗仁（平顶山市环境监测中心站４６７０００）环境监测作为环境管理的基础受到国家环境保护主管部门的高度重视，环境监测数据的质量直接关系着环境管理决策的科学性和准确性，“错误的数据比没有数据更可怕”，环境监测数据的...     

新疆建设项目的大气影响评价——一般方法及其特点

建设项目的环境影响评价,我国是从七十年代末开始进行的,我们自治区则是从八十年代初开始的。具有代表性的,是1981年开始进行的乌鲁木齐石油化工总厂大化肥工程的影响评价。从那以后至今,我区内已经做过大小几十个项目的评价工作。其中比较重要的有:泽普石油化工厂的评价,     

地衣样品的采集和保存技术的研究

本文阐述了地衣样品的规范的采集；无污染的采样工具、运输工具、盛装容器及加工器械是保存技术的先行条件。全程序的质控是保存技术的基础，温度、压力、光则是保存技术决定性的因素。通过三种保存技术的研究筛选出了既经济又简便的保存技术     

Effects of Copper Sulfate and Copper Nitrate in Aquatic Medium on the Restoration Potential and Accumulation of Copper in Stem Cuttings of the Terrestrial Medicinal Plant, Portulaca Oleracea Linn

The stem cuttings of the terrestrial, ornamental plant, Portulaca oleracea, grew well in distilled water by producing adventitious roots and leaves. However, when exposed to various concentrations of sulfate and nitrate salts of copper resulted in a suppression of root growth, increase in initiation time of roots and sprouts and decay of stem cuttings from the cut open end, decrease in number of leaves with an increase in concentration of copper in the growth medium. Accumulation of copper increased with increasing concentrations of both copper sulfate and copper nitrate. However, copper accumulation was greater in copper nitrate than in copper sulfate treatment. Hence, copper in the presence of nitrate is more toxic than in the presence of sulfate. The accumulation factors in all treatment concentrations were greater than 1, hence P. oleracea is a copper accumulator.     

Seasonal and Inter-Annual Variations in Methyl Mercury Concentrations in Zooplankton from Boreal Lakes Impacted by Deforestation or Natural Forest Fires

We compared the effects of natural and anthropogenic watershed disturbances on methyl mercury (MeHg) concentration in bulk zooplankton from boreal Shield lakes. MeHg in zooplankton was monitored for three years in nine lakes impacted by deforestation, in nine lakes impacted by wildfire, and in twenty lakes with undisturbed catchments. Lakes were sampled during spring, mid- and late summer. MeHg in zooplankton showed a seasonal trend: concentrations were the lowest in spring, then peaked in mid-summer and decreased in late summer. Over the three study years, MeHg concentrations observed in mid-summer in zooplankton from forest harvested lakes were significantly higher than in reference and fire-impacted lakes, whereas differences between these two groups of lakes were not significant. The pattern of distribution of MeHg in zooplankton during the different seasons paralleled that of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), which is known as a vector of Hg from watershed soils to lake water. Besides DOC, MeHg in zooplankton also showed a positive significant correlation with epilimnetic temperature and sulfate concentrations. An inter-annual decreasing trend in MeHg was observed in zooplankton from reference and fire-impacted lakes. In forest harvested lakes, however, MeHg concentrations remained higher and nearly constant over three years following the impact. Overall these results indicate that the MeHg pulse observed in zooplankton following deforestation by harvesting is relatively long-lived, and may have repercussions to the accumulation of MeHg along the food chain. Therefore, potential effects of deforestation on the Hg contamination of fish should be taken into account in forest management practices.     

宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源分析

讨论了2003年宁波市颗粒物中多环芳烃浓度水平、分布及来源,结果表明,PM10中PAHS占TSP中总量的83%,PM2.5中的PAHS占TSP总量的54%,颗粒物中多环芳烃主要存在于小于10μm的颗粒中。颗粒物中多环芳烃季节变化特征明显,夏季最低,冬季最高。汽车尾气对PM10中多环芳烃的贡献率达56%,汽车尾气是颗粒物中多环芳烃的主要来源。     

A Note on the Use of Conservation Practices in U.S. Agriculture

This article measures the effect of an increase in productivityattributable to an increase in soil organic carbon associated with theincrease in the use of conservation practices in agriculture in theUnited States. Both the direct and indirect effects are calibrated. Theanalytical approach used consists of a dynamic computable generalequilibrium model composed of 14 producing sectors, 10 consumingsectors, seven household categories classified by income, and agovernment. The results suggest that the impact of a change inproductivity is an increase in output over a six year period starting in1998 in field crops. The most significant impact is felt in thelivestock sector. This is because field crops are a major input in theproduction of livestock. The food processing sector also exhibits arelatively large increase because of the increase in inputs of both fieldcrops and livestock. Manufacturing output increases primarily becauseoverall investment rises and most investment utilizes manufacturinggoods. The other producing sectors are generally unaffected by theincrease in agricultural production due to an increase in soil organiccarbon. Coincident with the increase in the production of field cropsis a relatively large decrease in the price of field crops. Othernoticeable price reductions occur in the livestock sector and the foodprocessing sector. For the consuming sectors, the consumption offood and alcohol and tobacco increase but consumption in all of theother sectors remains basically unchanged. Prices in the food andalcohol and tobacco sectors decline by about 1% while theprices in the other sectors remain static. Household welfare increasesin the aggregate by only 0.1% with this increase occurringuniformly across all household categories. Revenue received by thegovernment increases a modest 2% in response to an increase inoutput and, hence, an increase in taxes paid. The results indicate thatthere are significant production benefits for several sectors that can berealized by an increase in the use of conservation practices inagricultural production which, in turn, enhances soil organic carbon.There are a number of policy options available to promote the use ofconservation practices. These include education and technicalassistance, financial assistance, research and development, landretirement, and regulation and taxes.     

江苏省茶园和农田土壤中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留与污染特征分析

于2018年4—6月采集了江苏省10个市的茶园和农田表层土壤样品,采用气相色谱-三重四级杆质谱仪分析样品中12种拟除虫菊酯类农药的质量比和组成.结果表明,江苏省茶园和农田土壤中广泛检出拟除虫菊酯类农药,总量分别为27.1～50.7,56.9～97.0 ng/g.研究区域的拟除虫菊酯类农药含量存在差异,但组成相近,均是高...     

Distribution of Iron, Manganese, Zinc and Atrazine in Groundwater in Parts of Palar and Cheyyar River Basins, South India

A study was carried out in a part of Palar and Cheyyar river basin to evaluate the current status of iron, manganese, zinc and atrazine concentrations, their origin and distribution in groundwater. Groundwater samples were collected during post-monsoon (March 1998 and February 1999) and pre-monsoon (June 1999) periods from 41 sampling wells distributed throughout the study area. The groundwater samples were analyzed for trace metals using AAS and atrazine using HPLC. The concentration of the trace elements in groundwater is predominant during pre-monsoon period. Distribution pattern indicates that the concentration of these elements increases from west to northeast and towards Palar river. Lower concentrations in the central part may be due to recharge of fresh water from the lakes located here. During most of the months, as there is no flow in Palar river, the concentrations of trace elements in groundwater are high. Drinking water standards indicate that Mn and Zn cross the permissible limit recommended by EPA during the pre-monsoon period. A comparison of groundwater data with trace element chemistry of rock samples shows the abundance of trace elements both in the rock and water in the order of Fe > Mn > Zn and Fe > Zn > Mn. This indicates that iron in groundwater is derived from lithogenic origin. Further, Fe, Mn and Zn have good correlation in rock samples, while it is reverse in the case of water samples, indicating the non-lithogenic origin of Mn and Zn. Atrazine (a herbicide) was not detected in any of the groundwater samples in the study area, perhaps due to low-application rate and adsorption in the soil materials.     

Atmospheric Change and Biodiversity in the Arctic

The Canadian Arctic is characterized by a high variation in landform types and there are complex interactions between land, water and the atmosphere which dramatically affect the distribution of biota. Biodiversity depends upon the intensity, predictability and scale of these interactions. Observations, as well as predictions of large-scale climate models which include ocean circulation, reveal an anomalous cooling of northeastern Canada in recent decades, in contrast to the overall significant increase in average annual temperature in the Northern Hemisphere. Predictions from models are necessary to forecast the change in the treeline in the 21st century which may lead to a major loss of tundra. The rate of change in vegetation in response to climate change is poorly understood. The treeline in central Canada, for example, is showing infilling with trees, and in some locations, northerly movement of the boundary. The presence of sea ice in Hudson Bay and other coastal areas is a major factor affecting interactions between the marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Loss of ice and therefore hunting of seals by polar bears will reduce bear and arctic fox populations within the region. In turn, this is likely to have significant effects on their herbivorous prey populations and forage plants. Further, the undersurface of sea ice is a major site for the growth of algae and marine invertebrates which in turn act as food for the marine food web. A rise in sea-level may flood coastal saltmarsh communities leading to changes in plant assemblages and a decline in foraging by geese and other consumers. The anomalous cooling in the eastern Arctic, primarily in late winter and early spring, has interrupted northern migration of breeding populations of geese and ducks and led to increased damage to vegetation in southern arctic saltmarshes as a result of foraging. It is likely that there has been a significant loss of invertebrates in those areas where the vegetation has been destroyed. Warming will have major effects on permafrost distribution and on ground-ice resulting in a major destabilization of slopes and slumping of soil, and disruption of tundra plant communities. Disruption of peat and moss surfaces lead to loss of insulation, an increase in active-layer depth and changes in drainage and plant assemblages. Increases of UV-B radiation will strongly affect vulnerable populations of both plants and animals. The indigenous peoples will face major changes in life style, edibility of food and health standards, if there is a significant warming trend. The great need is for information which is sensitive to the changes and will assist in developing an understanding of the complex interactions of the arctic biota, human populations and the physical environment.     

Biomonitoring of Lead, Zinc, and Cadmium in Streams Draining Lead-Mining and Non-Mining Areas, Southeast Missouri, USA

We evaluated exposure of aquatic biota to lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), and cadmium (Cd) in streams draining a Pb-mining district in southeast Missouri. Samples of plant biomass (detritus, periphyton, and filamentous algae), invertebrates (snails, crayfish, and riffle benthos), and two taxa of fish were collected from seven sites closest to mining areas (mining sites), four sites further downstream from mining (downstream sites), and eight reference sites in fall 2001. Samples of plant biomass from mining sites had highest metal concentrations, with means 10- to 60-times greater than those for reference sites. Mean metal concentrations in over 90% of samples of plant biomass from mining sites were significantly greater than those from reference sites. Mean concentrations of Pb, Zn, and Cd in most invertebrate samples from mining sites, and mean Pb concentrations in most fish samples from mining sites, were also significantly greater than those from reference sites. Concentrations of all three metals were lower in samples from downstream sites, but several samples of plant biomass from downstream sites had metal concentrations significantly greater than those from reference sites. Analysis of supplemental samples collected in the fall of 2002, a year of above-average stream discharge, had lower Pb concentrations and higher Cd concentrations than samples collected in 2001, near the end of a multi-year drought. Concentrations of Pb measured in fish and invertebrates collected from mining sites during 2001 and 2002 were similar to those measured at nearby sites in the 1970s, during the early years of mining in the Viburnum Trend. Results of this study demonstrate that long-term Pb mining activity in southeast Missouri has resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Zn in biota of receiving streams, compared to biota of similar streams without direct influence of mining. Our results also demonstrate that metal exposure in the study area differed significantly among sample types, habitats, and years, and that these factors should be carefully considered in the design of biomonitoring studies.     

Mercury in Tree Swallow Food, Eggs, Bodies, and Feathers at Acadia National Park, Maine, and an EPA Superfund Site, Ayer, Massachusetts

We monitored nest boxes during 1997–1999 at Acadia National Park, Mt. Desert Island, ME and at an old-field site in Orono, ME to determine mercury (Hg) uptake in tree swallow (Tachycineta bicolor) eggs, tissues, and food boluses. Also, in 1998–1999 we monitored nest boxes at Grove Pond and Plow Shop Pond at a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund site in Ayer, MA. We recorded breeding success at all locations. On average among locations, total mercury (THg) biomagnified 2 to 4-fold from food to eggs and 9 to 18-fold from food to feathers. These are minimum values because the proportion of transferable methyl mercury (MeHg) of the THg in insects varies (i.e., 35%–95% of THg) in food boluses. THg was highest in food boluses at Aunt Betty Pond at Acadia, whereas THg in eggs was highest at the Superfund site. A few eggs from nests at each of these locations exceeded the threshold (i.e., 800–1,000 ng/g, wet wt.) of embryotoxicity established for Hg. Hatching success was 88.9% to 100% among locations, but five eggs failed to hatch from 4 of the 11 clutches in which an egg exceeded this threshold. MeHg in feathers was highest in tree swallows at Aunt Betty Pond and the concentration of THg in bodies was related to the concentration in feathers. Transfer of an average of 80%–92% of the Hg in bodies to feathers may have enhanced nestling survival. Residues of Hg in tissues of tree swallows in the Northeast seem higher than those of the Midwest.     

大连市区大气气溶胶的无机化学特征分析

通过对大连市的两个采样点从2002年4月至12月三个期间的气溶胶的三种粒径的采样分析,结果表明,大连市区气溶胶中PM10质量浓度约占TSP的50%,PM2.5质量浓度约占TSP的30%;8种可溶性离子在不同粒径气溶胶中所占的比例,随着粒径的减小而增大,冬季的SO42-、NO3-、NH4 在各种粒子中含量高于夏季,沙尘暴期间各种可溶性离子在不同粒径颗粒物中的含量较低;11种常见元素在细粒子中的含量比粗粒子中的含量高,春季各种粒子中的元素含量要高于冬季.