反硝化-短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能

本研究在一体式分区反应器中接种成熟的厌氧氨氧化污泥和亚硝化污泥,通过与反硝化反应器串联,研究了前置反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联工艺处理晚期垃圾渗滤液的脱氮除碳性能.结果表明,未串联反硝化之前,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器在进水氨氮浓度为600 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1)时,总氮去除速率(NRR)可达1.88 kg·(m3·d)-1,总氮去除率(NRE)可达90.3%;而在进水COD浓度483 mg·L~(-1),即C/N0.8时,短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化反应器的NRR下降至1.50 kg·(m3·d)-1.通过前置反硝化反应器可以迅速缓解有机物对厌氧氨氧化的不利影响;反硝化与短程硝化-厌氧氨氧化串联反应器在进水NH+4-N浓度为1 100 mg·L~(-1),COD浓度1 150 mg·L~(-1)时,仍可稳定高效运行,整体NRR可达1.37kg·(m3·d)-1,厌氧区NRRana高达15.6 kg·(m3·d)-1,平均NRE可达98.6%,在仅利用原水中有机碳源的情况下实现了垃圾渗滤液的高效深度脱氮.此工艺晚期处理垃圾渗滤液可去除大部分易生物降解有机物.     

同时产甲烷化反硝化系统中丙酸转化能力的研究

厌氧丙酸积累造成的酸败问题一直是制约厌氧反应器稳定运行的重要因素之一。通过建立同时产甲烷反硝化功能的厌氧反应系统,来研究该系统对丙酸转化的能力。试验结果表明:在同时产甲烷化反硝化功能的厌氧反应器中加入10 mmol/L丙酸,该系统能够继续保持稳定运行,COD去除率可达95.5%左右,丙酸去除率达96%以上;而加入丙酸的对照组中,出水COD去除率下降到10%以下,对于丙酸几乎没有任何降解。同时,在实际的UASB厌氧"酸败"反应器中,以ρ(COD)/ρ(NO3-N)=12.5∶1投加硝酸盐能较快降低水中VFA的浓度,使反应器得到快速恢复。     

S~(2-)/NO_3~--N对硫自养反硝化与厌氧氨氧化耦合脱氮除硫启动的影响

为寻求经济、有效的同步脱氮除硫工艺,采用HABR(复合式厌氧折流板反应器),接种厌氧氨氧化活性污泥,以人工模拟废水为研究对象,在进水p H为8.0、温度为(32±1)℃、HRT为6.5 h的条件下,调整进水S2-/NO3--N〔n(S2-)∶n(NO3--N)〕分别为2.0∶5、3.5∶5、5.0∶5、6.5∶5,研究其对硫自养反硝化和厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺启动的影响,试验连续进行了54 d.结果表明:当S2-/NO3--N1时,S2-的供应量相对不足,导致硫自养反硝化生成的NO2--N量不足,进而影响后续厌氧氨氧化效果,NH4+-N去除率较低,平均值为53.5%,同时剩余NO3--N继续氧化硫自养反硝化生成的S0,致使出水中ρ(SO42-)增大;当S2-/NO3--N=1时,S2-供应量充足,硫自养反硝化生成NO2--N量最大,厌氧氨氧化效果最好,NH4+-N去除率最高,平均值为65.1%;当S2-/NO3--N1时,S2-过量,S2-去除率下降.试验通过控制S2-/NO3--N,在HABR内成功实现了硫自养反硝化和厌氧氨氧化耦合工艺启动,NH4+-N、S2-、NO3--N最大去除率分别为74.3%、99.0%、99.5%,S2-/NO3--N=1为最佳比例.     

厌氧-缺氧下反硝化除磷对低碳污水的处理性能研究

采用厌氧-缺氧条件运行的序批式移动床生物膜反应器,考察了NO3--N进水浓度及其投加方式对低碳废水(COD=200mg/L)反硝化除磷的影响.经驯化后,反硝化聚磷菌(DPB)在总聚磷菌的份额从15.7%增长到71.3%,富集了DPB.NO3--N的浓度对处理有较大影响.在NO3--N为30mg/L(即C/N=6.7:1)时,COD、PO43--P和NO3--N的去除率分别为97.8%、82.0%和81.2%,实现低碳污水的高效处理.NO3--N较低或较高浓度(20mg/L和40mg/L)时,缺氧段吸磷不充分,PHB由厌氧开始时的2.2mg/g左右分别积累至5.1mg/g和3.5mg/g,影响下一周期磷的释放.1次投加、2次投加和连续流加NO3--N,除对缺氧初期的反硝化吸磷速率有影响外,对反硝化除磷的效率影响不明显.     

回灌渗滤液C/N对填埋垃圾生物反应器反硝化特性的影响

利用模拟填埋垃圾生物反应器（landfill bioreactor）研究了回灌渗滤液C/N对填埋垃圾堆体反硝化性能的影响,并采用PCR扩增、克隆测序等分子生物学技术,以功能基因nirS为分子标记考察了4次回灌过程中反应器内反硝化微生物群落结构变化.结果表明,回灌渗滤液的COD/NO 3--N比例对反应器的反硝化活性具有显著性影响.当COD/NO 3--N从3.11提高到13.08时,反应器内硝酸盐还原速率可从1.14 mg.（kg.h）-1提高到11.40 mg.（kg.h）-1.当回灌渗滤液生物可利用性COD与NO 3--N比值达到6.37时,可以实现填埋垃圾生物反应器反硝化作用的快速、稳定运行.4次回灌,反应器内的反硝化微生物大部分与β-变形菌纲（β-proteobacteria）细菌相似,少数属于非培养微生物（uncultured bacteria）,其中Thiobacillus denitrificans和Azoarcus tolulyticus是反硝化过程的主要功能微生物,在回灌渗滤液反硝化过程中可能发挥着重要作用.     

复三维电极-生物膜反应器脱除饮用水中硝酸盐的试验研究

研究了连续流复三维电极-生物膜反应器在不同电流、温度和pH条件下的反硝化性能.结果表明,在电流从0mA增加至100mA的过程中,NO3--N去除率随电流增大而升高;电流为100mA时NO3--N去除率最高,达到了73.8%,出水NO3--N浓度为8.27mg.L-1;电流高于100mA时,NO3--N去除率略有下降.电流从0mA增加至150mA的过程中,NO2--N积累量先增加后减少;电流为60mA时NO2--N的积累最为严重.温度为31～35℃时,反硝化效果较好,出水NO3--N浓度低于10mg.L-1;温度为35℃时,NO3--N去除率最高,达到了85.5%.pH值为7.2～8.2时,反硝化效果较为理想,出水NO3--N浓度在10mg.L-1以下,NO2--N浓度低于1mg.L-1.该反应器具有较好的pH缓冲性能,进水pH从5.5上升至9.0的过程中,其出水pH可维持在7.6～8.2,NO3--N去除率在59.6%～80.2%.此外,电流、温度和进水pH还对氨氮的生成量和总磷的去除产生明显影响.通过复三维电极-生物膜反应器与纯电化学反应器的对比试验,对氨氮产生和总磷去除的可能原因进行了分析和探讨.     

固相反硝化反应器对含盐水体脱氮效率的预测模型

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)颗粒作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器处理含盐水体的脱氮效果表明,在温度在(29±1)℃的条件下,反应器对含盐水体中NO3--N具有良好的反硝化性能.以NO3--N去除率为响应值,利用响应曲面法考察进水硝酸盐浓度和水力停留时间对脱氮效率的影响.因素分析表明,进水NO3--N和HRT...     

两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液

针对矿化垃圾反应器处理中晚期垃圾渗滤液时由于反硝化区缺少碳源而导致总氮去除率不佳的问题,开展以优先利用原水中的有机物充当碳源为目的的两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理工艺的研究。通过控制反应器的曝气量、好氧区和反硝化区,研究了两段式进水两级矿化垃圾反应器处理垃圾渗滤液的效果。结果表明,当进水渗滤液水力负荷为46.0 L/(m~3·d)时,在第一级反应器底部曝气量为1.86 m~3/(m~3·d),第二级反应器中上部曝气量为0.37 m~3/(m~3·d)的条件下,COD、NH_4~+-N、TP的平均去除率分别为84.1%、92.6%、85.6%,运行稳定后TN平均去除率达76.0%,处理效果较好。     

垃圾填埋场渗滤液短程生物脱氮的长期稳定性实验研究

以实际高氨氮垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,考察了单级UASB-SBR生化系统除有机物和脱氮特性,重点研究了常、低温条件下,该生化系统生物脱氮的长期稳定性.623 d的实验结果表明,基于UASB反应器内高效的反硝化和厌氧产甲烷联合去除机制,以及SBR反应器内几乎100%的硝化和反硝化,在进水COD浓度为1 000~13 800 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水COD浓度为150~1 234 mg·L-1,在进水NH+4-N浓度为574~2 360 mg·L-1条件下,最终出水NH+4-N小于10 mg·L-1,平均去除率分别在90%和98%以上,尤其是获得了99.2%的TN去除率,出水TN小于30 mg·L-1,实现垃圾渗滤液内有机物和氮的高效、深度去除.整个实验期间,SBR反应器实现并维持了稳定的生物硝化和反硝化,成功跨越2个冬季,15℃以下共计171 d,最低温度为10.2℃.     

固定化三维电极-生物膜法去除污水中硝酸盐氮

本研究将固定化细胞技术用于三维电极-生物膜反应器的阴极微生物挂膜,对现有的三维电极-生物膜反应器进行了改进。同时,以城市污水二级生化处理系统的出水为研究对象,利用自制的固定化三维电极-生物膜反应器进行了反硝化深度脱氮试验。考察了电流强度、HRT、不同C/N值等因素对硝态氮和COD去除率的影响,并通过对比试验证实了固定化细胞技术的使用可提高反应器的反硝化性能。试验结果表明,在电流强度30mA,进水流量9mL/min时,COD的去除率为50%,硝态氮的去除率可达82.03%,反应器NO3--N负荷为0.297mg NO3--N(/cm2.d);同等操作条件下,采用固定化方法挂膜的反应器的脱氮效率可比普通反应器提高20%以上。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effect of sorbed and desorbed Zn(Ⅱ) on the growth of a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa)

Toxic effect of Zn(Ⅱ) on a green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidasa) in the presence of sepiolite and kaolinite was investigated.The Zn-free clays were found to have a negative impact on the growth of C.pyrenoidosa in comparison with control samples (without adding any clay or Zn(Ⅱ)).When Zn(Ⅱ) was added,the algae in the presence of clays could be better survived than the control samples,which was actually caused by a decrease in Zn(Ⅱ) concentration in the solution owing to the adsorption of Zn(Ⅱ) on the clays.When the solution system was diluted,the growth of algae could be further inhibited as compared to that in a system which had the same initial Zn(Ⅱ) concentration as in the diluted system.This in fact resulted from desorption of Zn(Ⅱ) from the zinc-contaminated clays,although the effect varied according to the different desorption capabilities of sepiolite and kaolinite.Therefore the adsorption and desorption processes of Zn(Ⅱ) played an important part in its toxicity,and adsorption and desorption of pollutants on soils/sediments should be well considered in natural eco-environmental systems before their risk of toxicity to aquatic organisms was assessed objectively.