电化学生物膜反硝化磁场促进效应

针对BER(电化学生物膜反应器)的传质问题,设计了MBER(磁场-电化学生物膜反应器).通过对不同电流强度下BER和MBER中NO3--N,NO2--N,NH4+-N和TN去除或产生情况的对比,以及不同电流强度下电流利用效率的分析发现,在HRT为10 h,温度为25℃,进水pH为7.8,进水ρ(NO3--N)为30 mg/L的运行条件下,MBER对NO3--N的去除率高出BER13%～38%,MBER对TN的去除率高出BER 10%～30%.且MBER在电流强度为70 mA时就达到最高去除率,而BER则需要电流强度为80 mA时才能达到最高去除率.试验证明磁场的存在促进了BER反硝化,提高了电流利用效率,使得MBER可以在较低电流强度下达到优于BER的脱氮效果.      

一种新型异养自养集成工艺处理地下水硝酸盐试验

研究了一种利用电化学产氢自养反硝化(electrochemical hydrogen autotrophic denitrification)与固相异养反硝化(solid-phase heterotrophic denitrification)集成技术去除地下水中硝酸盐的方法.这种方法能够高效去除水中的硝酸盐且操作简单.试验结果表明,当进水NO3--N浓度为70mg·mL-1,电流强度控制在40mA,HRT为3.9h时,出水中NO3--N浓度为1.2mg·mL-1,硝态氮去除率达到98.3%,TN去除率达到95.6%,反应器中没有NO2--N积累,且pH值稳定在7.0~8.1之间.     

亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮工艺研究

开发出了针对低C/N比高氨氮废水处理的亚硝化/电化学生物反硝化全自养脱氮新工艺,并对新工艺进行了系统的研究.试验结果表明,新工艺能取得较好的脱氮效果,在溶解氧为0.5～1.2mg·L-1,pH值为7.5～8.2,温度为17～30℃,进水氨氮浓度不高于1000 mg·L-1,C/N比不高于0.5,HRT不高于32h条件下,亚硝化/电化学反硝化工艺装置运行稳定,亚硝化段膜生物反应器(MBR)出水的氨氮去除率和亚硝氮生成率均能稳定在50%左右,MBR出水中的剩余氨氮和生成的亚硝氮经电化学生物反硝化段(硫碳混合反应器)处理后,最终出水总氮去除率超过95%;出水中的SO2-4浓度不高于1280 mg·L-1.新工艺最高氨氮负荷为1.11kg·m-3·d-1.     

移动床膜生物反应器同步硝化反硝化特性

采用挂膜填料代替传统膜生物反应器(MBR)的活性污泥,构建一种新型的移动床膜生物反应器 (MBMBR),考察其处理模拟生活污水的效果及同步硝化反硝化(SND)特性.结果表明,移动床膜生物反应器运行67 d,对模拟生活污水表现出良好的去除有机物及同步硝化反硝化能力.进水COD浓度为573.5～997.7 mg/L时,膜出水COD去除率为88.3%～99.2%.进水氨氮浓度为45.5～99.2 mg/L时,膜出水氨氮去除率为72.1%～99.8%,总氮去除率为62.0%～96.3%.批式实验结果表明,生物膜去除总氮的最佳溶解氧浓度为1 mg/L,其中氨氮和总氮去除率分别为100%和60%.生物膜系统内可能存在好氧反硝化现象.DO为3 mg/L且有机碳源充足时,生物膜总氮去除率为99.0%,SND率达到99.8%.扫描电镜对生物膜的观察发现生物膜内部存在着明显的孔隙,有利于溶解氧和有机基质从外界向生物膜内部传递.     

微生物超量吸收实现生物脱氮

研究了SBR在不同pH值条件下处理模拟城市生活污水中的脱氮效果.结果表明,在曝气时间为4 h,沉淀静置时间为4h,进水COD浓度为250~300 mg.L-1,进水NH4+-N浓度30~40 mg.L-1时,R2(pH为8.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~1 mg.L-1同时有大量的硝态氮生成,出水中硝态氮(NO3--N+NO2--N)的浓度基本在8~10 mg.L-1之间,TIN(TIN=NH4+-N+NO3--N+NO2--N)的去除率在70%左右.R1(pH为7.0±0.2)出水氨氮浓度降到0~5 mg.L-1,而硝态氮浓度在整个过程中基本保持不变且含量极低(1~2 mg.L-1),污泥中总氮含量较高且4 h好氧阶段呈先下降后上升的趋势,典型周期好氧开始时污泥中总氮含量为214 mg.g-1,好氧1 h时含量为210 mg.g-1,好氧结束时含量为215 mg.g-1,水相中TIN的去除率达到85%以上.说明在本研究特殊的工艺条件下,SBR能实现较高的生物脱氮效果,但氮的去除并不是通过传统的硝化反硝化途径实现,而是通过排除微生物超量吸收的富氮污泥来实现.     

SBBR同步硝化反硝化处理生活污水的影响因素

序批式生物膜反应器SBBR采用塑料鲍尔环填料,在有氧情况下用于处理实际生活污水.该反应器能很好地创造缺氧微环境,载体生物膜具有吸附储碳能力,出现了良好的同步硝化和反硝化现象.反应器中溶解氧浓度在较大的范围内(0.8～4.0 mg·L-1)能有效地实现同步硝化和反硝化.当溶解氧浓度大于4.0 mg·L-1后,TN容积去除率大幅下降,出水TN大幅上升.增加载体生物膜厚度有利于同步硝化和反硝化.进水浓度基本不影响脱氮的效率,但出水TN随进水浓度增加而升高,建议原水浓度高时可增加后续脱氮处理或减少进水量来满足出水要求.优化运行方法和参数后,SBBR连续运行的TN去除率可稳定在74%～82%.     

反硝化生物滤池反冲洗前后的生物膜特征研究

依托实验室稳定运行的反硝化生物滤池反应器,研究其反冲洗前后生物膜活性和胞外聚合物的变化特征。反硝化生物滤池进水NO3--N平均浓度为32.35 mg/L,出水NO3--N浓度低于0.95 mg/L,对NO3--N去除率达99.2%;COD进、出水平均浓度分别为290.84和154.43 mg/L。反硝化生物滤池的反冲洗周期为14 d,生物膜活性由反冲洗前的11.92 mg TF/g SS提高到反冲洗后的40.06 mg TF/g SS;生物膜胞外聚合物由反冲洗前的50.28 mg/g SS降低到反冲洗后的38.20 mg/g SS,且蛋白质与多糖含量之比也由3.28降低为3.16。反冲洗后生物膜的活性明显提高,胞外聚合物含量减小。     

固相反硝化反应器对含盐水体脱氮效率的预测模型

以聚丁二酸丁二醇酯(PBS)颗粒作为反硝化固体碳源和生物膜载体的填料床反应器处理含盐水体的脱氮效果表明,在温度在(29±1)℃的条件下,反应器对含盐水体中NO3--N具有良好的反硝化性能.以NO3--N去除率为响应值,利用响应曲面法考察进水硝酸盐浓度和水力停留时间对脱氮效率的影响.因素分析表明,进水NO3--N和HRT...     

不同电子供体的硫自养反硝化脱氮实验研究

采用硫自养反硝化处理模拟低浓度硝酸盐污染水.分别以单质硫、Na2S和Na2S2O3作为电子供体在3个反应器中连续运行进行脱氮实验,以考察不同电子供体条件下的脱氮效果.结果表明,在进水NO3--N浓度为13 mg.L-1的条件下,以Na2S2O3为电子供体脱氮效果最好,Na2S系统最差;Na2S2O3系统对低温的适应能力最强.20℃以上时,单质硫系统脱氮效率受传质效率和HRT的影响较大,HRT≥2 h时,系统对NO3--N和TN的平均去除率较高,分别为81%和79%,而HRT<2 h时,NO3--N和TN去除率分别降为47%和51%,出水NO2--N无明显积累,平均为0.53 mg.L-1;Na2S系统HRT保持在4 h时,NO3--N和TN的平均去除率分别为47%和41%,出水NO2--N平均质量浓度为0.29 mg.L-1;而Na2S2O3系统的NO3--N和TN平均去除率分别为99%和90%,出水NO2--N平均质量浓度为0.080 mg.L-1,且最短HRT可缩短至0.5 h.分子生物学分析表明,3个系统中存在不同的优势硫自养反硝化菌,单质硫系统中存在脱氮硫杆菌,而Na2S和Na2S2O3系统中得到的反硝化菌基因片段在基因库中尚未找到相似性高的菌种,可能是尚未登记的硫自养反硝化菌新菌种.     

味精废水厌氧氨氧化生物脱氮的研究

采用厌氧氨氧化工艺(ANAMMOX)处理味精废水,结果显示,总氮容积去除负荷可达457 mg·L-1·d-1,高于传统硝化-反硝化工艺,可成为传统硝化-反硝化工艺的替代技术.厌氧氨氧化菌对NO2--N的耐受范围为96.5～129 mg·L-1.受基质NO2--N抑制后,厌氧氨氧化反应器难以自行恢复,将基质浓度稀释到临界浓度以下则可恢复效能.反应器对进水cNO2-N/cNH4 -N比值有一定的适应能力.在所试的进水cNO2--N/cNH4 -N比值(1.0～1.4)范围内,出水基质浓度基本保持不变.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.