江汉平原温地农业技术体系探讨

以十多年来江汉平原农业地理和涝渍地开发研究实践为基础，综合国内外湿地研究新成果，首次提出了建立中国南方湿地农业技术体系的构想。 地本地区党政军渍灾害严重和生态脆弱化突出的实际，重点探讨了湿地农业关键技术和建立湿地农业开发模式的问题，湿地农业的关键技术主要有涝渍地农业小区综合整治开发规划与实施；涝渍地排水改良技术；涝渍地土壤肥力特征及改良技术；适生生物资源的发现、引进与鉴定；主要作物抗涝渍的机理及抗渍高产栽培；涝渍地作物病虫草害的发生规律及综合防治技术；涝渍地生态环境异化评价与生态恢复技术。基于江汉平原实际，今后湿地农业必须在国土整治与水资源合理分配、调控技术、选择与培育湿地特色产业和恢复优美环境与确保食物安全等方面进行重点攻关研究。     

江汉平原涝渍地农业生态环境恢复的对策与效益分析

由于长江流域日益严峻的外生态环境的压力，加上长期以来湖区不合理的围垦开发利用，使江汉平原涝渍地域的农业生态环境变得十分脆弱。主要表现为气候变率较大，分布不均，涝渍相随，旱涝并存，农业用水的水质劣化趋势加剧，涝渍地的土壤潜沼化仍在继续，土地生产力低下，涝渍地域相对贫困人口增加。要提高认识，更新观念，将水和涝渍地看成一种资源而非负担，从整个流域生态系统出发，用大农业的观点，走社会化自然顺应的生态环境恢复之路，要上防下截，蓄泄兼顾，控制围垦，退田还湖，通过工程，生物和农业措施使涝渍小生境得到改善；要加强理论研究和国际合作，使涝渍生态环境的治理恢复更加科学的可持续。不同类型的涝渍地农业生态环境的恢复实践表明，因地制宜地治理开发可以获取很好的生态经济效益。     

涝渍地农业综合整治开发示范区规划探讨

通过中日合作项目“湖北省江汉平原四湖涝渍地综合开发计划”两个涝渍地综合开发示范区的有关实践，对该区涝渍地开发规划方法进行了系统探讨。研究表明，江汉平原涝渍地大体上可分成以河流冲积物为主和以湖积与冲积共同作用形成的两类地区，两者在地貌、土壤结构、耕作方式和经济发展阶段上存在较大差异，应该区别对待；“单元水系”可作为涝渍地区域综合开发最基层的区域单元。水土资源存在的巨大潜力和障碍应作为规划的出发点，其开发模式可借鉴日本“农田综合整备”的理论与实践；田间土地整治及其附属物设施建设的技术标准应以我国近20年来关于涝渍地排水的工程标准为主，适当参照世界先进国家标准。数量化理论I可作为规划前对涝渍地微域土地进行综合评价的一种合适方法；鉴于涝渍地开发的阶段性，对现阶段涝渍地开发效果的评价指标的选择，应在农田的物理结构改变效果、农业深度开发与结构调整效果和综合经济效益效果等3方面取得平衡。以第一方面的评价为重点，给出了一个相应的评价体系。     

江汉平原涝渍地域农业生态环境特征与评价指标体系

江汉平原涝渍地域由于所处的特殊地理集团、地形条件和不当人为干预等原因,洪、涝、渍灾害频繁发生,农业生态环境受损严重。主要表现为气候资源丰富,但变率较大,分布不均;水资源相对充足,但涝渍相随,旱涝并存,且旱涝灾害有加重的趋势,农业用水的水质劣化趋势加剧;涝渍地的生物资源比较丰富,但生产力低下;涝渍地域相对贫困人口增加,血吸虫疫区不断扩展,在简要描述江汉平原涝渍地域农业生态环境主要特征的基础上,给出了涝渍地农业生态环境评价的主要指标体系,根据这一评价指标体系,可以将用于种植业的涝渍地分为基本适宜、比较适宜和不太适宜三种类型,为涝渍地的综合治理及合理利用与保护提供理论依据。     

江汉平原涝渍地域分异规律研究

通过五年研究，澄清了江汉平原涝渍灾害形成的原因。根据微地貌特点和涝渍状况将江汉平原涝渍地域土地分为7种类型：洲滩平地季节性洪涝地域，淤高平地季节性暗渍地域，中间平地季节性渍害地域，低湿平地渍害地域，滨湖平地涝渍地域，湖泊水面调蓄地域，碟形洼地涝渍圈。江汉平原涝渍微地域分异和演变规律主要表现在6个方面：(1)在平面上与河流呈水平带状分布；(2)在空间上呈梯度分布；(3)碟形洼地涝渍特征呈同心圆分布；(4)涝渍微地域随时间推移发生有序地演变；(5)人类活动越来越成为江汉平原涝渍地域分异的主导因素；(6)江汉平原涝渍微地域与涝渍灾害呈显著的相关性。根据江汉平原涝渍微地域涝渍发生特征，提出了因地制宜、分区开发的指导思想，并选点进行了实证开发示范，取得了显著成效。     

涝渍地作物新品种、新技术和新模式的中试与应用

结合涝渍地的特点，采取行之有效的推广体系，把试验示范，农业结构调整与农业产业化有机结合起来，以引进优质新品种，研究综合配套技术和推广高效农业模式为主要内容，探索了一条试验研究与示范推广的新方法，新措施和新机制；筛选出最适合的新品种，新技术和高效农业模式在涝渍地上示范推广，提高了涝渍地的效益，五年来，共引进新品种105个。引进旱育抛秧技术在晚稻上应用，解决了晚稻旱育抛秧中的三大技术难题，增产达到23．63％，在国内属于领先。示范新技术5项，推广高效农业模式4种。累计示范推广面积15．1万hm^2，新增利润2．2亿元。并建成了涝渍地的五大产业开发带，促进了农业产业化的发展。     

水湿生经济植物开发及涝渍地农业模式研究

简要阐述了利用水生和湿生植物开发涝渍地的必要性，报导了四湖地区涝渍地进行水生和湿生经济植物引种栽培和优化农业模式试验方面的研究结果，还讨论了在平原湖区涝渍地水湿生经济作物优化农业模式的优越性和生态效益。     

江汉平原中低产土壤及其改良利用

在分析江汉平原中低产土壤形成原因的基础上，将其分为涝渍、漏瘠和粘结三种类型，提出了五条改良利用措施：１、渔农复合，增强调蓄能力；２、抗旱治渍、协调水气；３、增肥调养，增肥地力；４、选择适当作物品种和优良耕作栽培模式；５、综合治理、系列配套。     

平原湖区潜育化水稻土改良与利用的研究

对平原湖区农业持续发展急需研究解决的一个重要问题——潜育化水稻土改良与利用,进行全面系统研究总结。阐明了在特定环境条件下,潜育化水稻土分布、成因、类型、特性及障碍因素,并着重对采用耐潜(渍)高产优质水稻品种(组合)、开沟治渍、水稻垄作、优化施肥、水旱轮作等改良利用技术及其组装配套的综合改良利用技术体系的试验研究作了深入系统的阐述。对改良利用的经济、生态和社会效益进行了综合评价。     

渍害田地下排水技术与江汉平原农业综合开发

江汉平原是全国重点开发区域之一。本文由分析江汉平原的资源优势及其主要后备资源渍害中低产田入手,以科学试验资料为依据,从理论与实践的结合上,阐述了地下排水技术是改造渍害中低产田的治本措施,进而说明了该项技术的推广应用是江汉平原农业综合开发的主体和关键。     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.