上海市海岸带管理的现状、挑战及发展分析

为了实现上海市海岸带地区的经济、社会与环境的可持续发展，从法律法规、管理机构及协调机制、管理公报和规划、海岸带生态与环境保护措施、海岸带灾害预防与应急管理、科技支撑等方面对上海市海岸带管理状态进行了分析。与欧盟海岸带综合管理进展标准相比较，上海市海岸带管理总体上尚处于初级阶段。然后，根据上海市海岸带管理的现状以及未来面临的挑战，从海岸带综合管理实施模式探索、海岸带系统科学与工程研究以及经济产业与生态建设布局整体优化等方面提出了上海海岸带综合管理的发展建议。〖     

海岸带可持续发展的系统综合管理模式初探

本文在简要讨论了海岸带及其资源可持续开发利用的基础上，提出了海岸带管理的整合模式──系统综合管理模式。并详细分析了海岸带系统综合管理模式的内容和方法。     

东营市海岸带区域综合承载力评估

随着人类对海岸带开发强度的不断提高,海岸带资源、环境问题日益突出,海岸带可持续发展成为人类共识,海岸带区域综合承载力研究作为该区域可持续发展的基础性研究,可以为海岸带区域合理开发与管理提供重要理论支撑。本文选取东营市海岸带为研究区域,以海岸带湿地遥感解译数据、浅海水质监测数据及社会经济统计数据为数据源,运用状态空间法计算了研究区2010—2014年海岸带区域的综合承载力;对东营市与潍坊市、滨州市的海岸带区域综合承载力进行了比较分析;预测了2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力;依据研究结果探讨了海岸带可持续利用的未来途径。结果表明:在过去的2010—2014年和预测的2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力均处于超载状态,但总趋势是向好的;同时,2010—2014年东营市海岸带在吸引外资、港口发展、海岸带生态系统服务价值、浅海海域水环境方面具有明显优势,但社会公共服务投入不平衡、不稳定。与2016—2020年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力预测结果相比较而言,2011年东营市海岸带区域综合承载力超载最明显,与该年环境压力大和社会投入不足有关。2014年东营市各县区海岸带区域综合承载力均处于超载状态,广饶县超载最明显;同时各县区自然、社会、经济发展水平差异较大,市辖区社会经济指标优于各县区。东营市海岸带区域综合承载力相比潍坊市、滨州市在资源、环境、生态方面具有明显优势,但在社会支撑方面投入不足,因此可以通过保持资源、生态优势,弥补社会投入不足等措施提高东营市海岸带可持续利用水平。     

海岸带土地开发利用及生态环境效应研究简述

海岸带土地利用变化是影响海岸带生态环境的一个重要方面，也是目前国内外学术界广为关注和研究的热点问题，研究海岸带土地利用变化及其对生态环境的影响对于了解区域的生态环境演变乃至全球变化具有重要意义。分析海岸带土地利用变化研究在全球变化研究中的地位，阐述海岸带地区土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究，对研究全球气候变化、海平面上升、陆地与海洋交互作用及由此引起的岸线变迁、入海营养盐和悬浮物及沉积物等物质通量变化、海岸带生物多样性、海岸带区域乃至整个全球C、N等物质总循环等都具有重要意义。基于以上研究，简述海岸带土地利用变化及其对生态环境影响研究进展，总结分析海岸带土地利用变化及环境效应影响研究目标和重点研究内容     

围填海对南通淤泥质海岸资源影响的综合评价研究

在系统分析淤泥质海岸围填海开发活动对海岸带资源影响的基础上,重点考虑岸滩冲淤变化特性、岸滩资源利用现状、利用潜力以及泥沙淤积对港口航道造成的资源损失,通过成本型、效益型两大类共16个指标,构建了适合淤泥质海岸资源状况评价的压力-状态-响应(PSR)模型,实现了围填海开发活动对海岸带资源影响的综合评估。利用该模型计算了江苏省南通市沿海的围填海活动对海岸带资源影响的评价系数,计算结果为0.596,表明南通当前的围填海开发活动已经对当地的海岸带资源造成了较大影响,在今后的沿海开发过程中,需要注重海岸带资源的节约与保护。     

近年来江苏省海岸带土地利用/覆被变化时空动态研究

海岸带是陆海生态系统交错带，具有重要的经济与生态价值，其生态环境具有脆弱性特征。海岸带的开发利用使其地区生态环境发生变化，而土地利用/覆被变化是地区生态环境变化的重要组成部分和主要原因之一。取1980、2000、2005、2008年4个时相的TM遥感影像为数据源，通过土地利用结构、土地利用多样性以及土地利用程度指数分析江苏省1980年以来海岸带土地利用/覆被变化的时空动态特征，揭示地域差异与梯度分异特征。研究结果表明：（1）江苏省海岸带土地利用结构表现为生态用地占比高，城镇与农村居民点占比低的特征。1980年以来，不同土地利用类型数量不断变化而结构相对稳定；类型趋于多样化且利用强度增加。（2）江苏省海岸带土地利用存在地域差异特征。土地利用结构存在不同模式且变化相对稳定；土地利用程度在南北方向上存在高 低 高分布特征，但逐步被打破。（3）江苏省海岸带土地利用在陆海方向上存在梯度特征。土地利用多样性陆海方向呈现低 高 低模式，土地利用强度陆海方向呈现高 中 低模式。土地利用多样性高值区逐步向海岸带中部移动；海岸带各缓冲区土地利用程度分异逐步增大。以射阳河口作为分界点，南北地区梯度规律存在差异性     

海洋生态文明建设能否改善海岸带环境——来自国家海洋生态文明示范区的证据

发展海洋经济,保护海洋生态环境,加快建设海洋强国是中国式现代化的重要内涵。为协同推进海洋生态保护与海洋经济高质量发展,国家开展了海洋生态文明示范区建设,旨在深化海洋生态治理,破解海洋发展难题。该研究将海洋生态文明示范区视为准自然实验,依托2006—2019年沿海47个城市的面板数据,采用双重差分法探究试点政策对海岸带环境的影响机理。研究发现：(1)海洋生态文明示范区建设显著改善了海岸带环境,有效推动了沿岸环境与近岸水质环境的污染治理。(2)异质性分析表明,地区市场化水平和地方政府晋升机制对海洋生态文明示范区的建设成效存在不同的调节作用。(3)从影响机制来看,海洋生态文明示范区建设通过提高政府治理强度和增加企业税负压力两种方式影响海岸带环境,加大政府治理强度能有效减少沿岸废水、废气排放,却无法凸显其对近岸水质环境的“绿化”效果;增加企业税负压力有利于发挥市场化、有偿化管理机制对海岸带环境的影响。该研究基于陆海视角围绕海岸带环境效应展开分析,丰富了示范区建设的海岸带环境效应研究。综合整治过程中应秉持陆海统筹理念,在充分发挥政治引领作用的同时,有效提升经济治理效能,稳步推进海岸带环境质量持续...     

厦门海岸带湿地变化的研究

通过“压力-状态-响应”分析模型，对厦门海岸带湿地变化的主要原因（压力）、成分退化和结构改变（状态）以及对厦门海岸带生态系统的主要影响（响应力）之间的作用机制进行了探讨。提出厦门海岸带湿地面临的主要压力来自海岸带围垦造地、近海滩涂养殖和九龙江河口输入；状态变化突出表现在浅海海域面积的减少。红树林的面积减少。近岸泥沙淤积。沉积物类型改变和沉积物污染；主要影响是造成厦门海域水质下降、近海底橙生物类型改变、航道泥沙淤积、水产养殖产量下降和珍稀海洋物种分布和数量改变。     

海岸带城市环境-经济系统的协调发展评价及应用--以天津市为例

在海岸带城市的环境一经济系统分析的基础上,建立了适用于海岸带城市的环境一经济协调发展评价指标体系。并以天津市为例。采用综合指数法对其协调度和综合发展水平进行了计算。结果表明。天津市环境与经济发展关系相对趋于协调。但1995年后天津市的环境经济协调发展模式已从经济增长滞后型发展为环境质量滞后型。利用灰色系统GM(1,1)模型对天津市未来15年的经济协调度和发展水平进行预测,发现天津市环境与经济发展协调度在未来将显现下降趋势,从2000年的0．95下降到2015年的0．59。城市综合发展水平在2005年之后也开始呈下降趋势。     

基于灰度形态学和小波变换的淤泥质潮滩水边线提取

平坦的海岸带淤泥质潮滩水边线是模糊的水陆边界，在遥感图像上呈现复杂的边缘，特征获得连续、准确的水边线轮廓是水边线自动提取过程中的难点之一。以长江口崇明东滩为例，选取两景有代表性的Landsat TM影像，采用灰度形态学方法对图像进行预处理，然后采用小波模极大值法获取不同尺度下的水边线轮廓，解决了高细节区边缘的破碎问题，实现了淤泥质海岸带潮滩模糊边界的水边线自动提取。     

Current status of coastal zone issues and management in China: a review

This paper identifies and examines social-economic and environmental issues recently emerged in China's coastal zone. Evaluation of management scheme and progress in perspectives of coordinated legislation, institutional arrangement, public participation, capacity building, and scientific research (mainly coastal planning and functional zoning) in China's coastal zone are made. The Chinese government has made a significant effort in developing legislation for the coastal zone. Jurisdictional and zoning boundaries, and allocating use rights for coastal and marine resources have been established. State Oceanic Administration is the leading agency responsible for China's ocean policymaking and overall management of ocean and coastal affairs. A demonstrated project for integrated coastal management in Xiamen has been implemented, and is characterized as "decentralization" approach in decision-making process. In view of the above, comprehensive coastal management in China is a big challenge, facing with many difficulties. Finally, recommendations are raised for tackling these issues for China's coastal zone management.     

Scenarios for integrated river catchment and coastal zone management

The European Water Framework Directive requires EU Member States to introduce water quality objectives for all water bodies, including coastal waters. Measures will have to be introduced if these objectives are not met, given predictions based on current trends. In this context, the estimation of future fluxes of nutrients and contaminants in the catchment, and the evaluation of policies to improve water quality in coastal zones are an essential part of river basin management plans. This paper investigates the use of scenarios for integrated catchment/coastal zone management in the Humber Estuary in the U.K. The context of this ongoing research is a European research project which aims to assist the implementation of integrated catchment and coastal zone management by analysing the response of the coastal sea to changes in fluxes of nutrients and contaminants from the catchments. The example of the Humber illustrates how scenarios focusing on water quality improvement can provide a useful tool to investigate future fluxes and evaluate policy options for a more integrated coastal/catchment management strategy.     

Problems of cross-scale coastal management in Scandinavia

Transdisciplinary knowledge integration and cross-scale management remain challenges in coastal management after several decades of research and experience with integrated and sustainable coastal management. The aim of this paper is to identify requirements for knowledge integration and development of multi-scale approaches to coastal management through reviewing and re-analysing three Swedish-European research projects: the SUCOZOMA project about sustainable coastal zone management, the FRAP project about conflicts between coastal fishery and species protection, and the SECOA project about solutions to contrasts in coastal metropolitan areas. The strategy of adaptive governance is considered in the light of its ability to assess knowledge requirements for sustainable resource management under conditions of climate change.     

Objectives for management of socio-ecological systems in the Great Barrier Reef region,Australia

A wide range of goals and objectives have to be taken into account in natural resources management. Defining these objectives in operational terms, including dimensions such as sustainability, productivity, and equity, is by no means easy, especially if they must capture the diversity of community and stakeholder values. This is especially true in the coastal zone where land activities affect regional marine ecosystems. In this study, the aim was firstly to identify and hierarchically organise the goals and objectives for coastal systems, as defined by local stakeholders. Two case study areas are used within the Great Barrier Reef region being Mackay and Bowen–Burdekin. Secondly, the aim was to identify similarities between the case study results and thus develop a generic set of goals to be used as a starting point in other coastal communities. Results show that overarching high-level goals have nested sub-goals that contain a set of more detailed regional objectives. The similarities in high-level environmental, governance, and socio-economic goals suggest that regionally specific objectives can be developed based on a generic set of goals. The prominence of governance objectives reflects local stakeholder perceptions that current coastal zone management is not achieving the outcomes they feel important and that there is a need for increased community engagement and co-management. More importantly, it raises the question of how to make issues relevant for the local community and entice participation in the local management of public resources to achieve sustainable environmental, social, and economic management outcomes.     

Challenges for marine spatial planning in the context of multiple sea uses,policy arenas and actors based on experiences from the German North Sea

Today, increasing use intensity and establishment of new sea uses such as offshore wind farming can be observed in coastal and marine waters. This development also increases the pressure on coastal and marine ecosystems. The exclusive economic zone of the German North Sea can serve as an example for this development, in particular illustrating the need to combine multiple uses and societal demands within a given sea area. In order to deal with the resulting conflicts and cumulative impacts, new planning tools and integrated approaches to planning and management are developing. While the sea becomes a contested but at the same time politically recognised area, also conflicts rooted in different perceptions, values and attitudes of coastal people can be observed. In order to deal with the current challenges in marine areas, marine spatial planning and similar tools for integrated planning need to be developed in the form of communication processes, which link diverse sets of information and span a dialogue between groups of society and across spatial scales including the transnational dimension.     

China's coastal wetlands: Conservation history,implementation efforts,existing issues and strategies for future improvement

China has approximately 5.80 × 10⁶ ha coastal wetlands by 2014, accounting for 10.82% of the total area of natural wetlands. Healthy coastal wetland ecosystems play an important role in guaranteeing the territory ecological security and the sustainable development of coastal zone in China. In this paper, the natural geography and the past and present status of China's coastal wetlands were introduced and the five stages (1950s–1970s, 1980s–1991, 1992–2002, 2003–2010 and 2011–present) of China's coastal wetlands conservation from the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949 to present were distinguished and reviewed. Over the past decades, China has made great efforts in coastal wetland conservation, as signified by the implementation of coastal wetland restoration projects, the construction of coastal wetland nature reserves, the practice of routine ecological monitoring and two national wetland surveys, the promulgation of local wetland conservation statutes and specific regulations, the coordination mechanism to enhance management capacity, the wide development of coastal wetland research and public participation, and the extensive communication to strengthen international cooperation. Nonetheless, six major issues recently emerged in China's coastal wetland conservation are evidently existed, including the increasing threats of pollution and human activities, the increasing adverse effects of threaten factors on ecosystem function, the increasing threats of coastal erosion and sea-level rising, the insufficient funding for coastal wetlands conservation, the imperfect legal and management system for coastal wetlands, and the insufficient education, research and international cooperation. Although the threats and pressures on coastal wetlands conservation are still apparent, the future of China's coastal wetlands looks promising since the Chinese government understands that the sustainable development in coastal zone requires new attitudes, sound policies and concerted efforts at all levels. The major strategies for future improvement of China's coastal wetland conservation include: exploring effective measures in response to major threaten factors; improving the conservation and compensation system for coastal wetlands; strengthening coastal wetland legislation and management; increasing funds for coastal wetland conservation and research; and strengthening coastal wetland education and international cooperation.