汲取血的教训

吉林市液化石油气厂,在1979年12月18日下午2时许,发生了一起液化石油气贮罐的特大爆炸燃烧事故。 该厂共有容积为400立方米的球罐和50立方米的卧罐各6个,在事故中爆炸燃烧了各4个,3,000多只装液量为15公斤的民用液化气钢瓶也同时爆炸燃烧,共烧掉液化石油气600多吨,大火直到第二天中午才被扑灭。 经初步调查分析,这起爆炸事故是由于2号球罐发生脆性破坏,即沿上温带环焊缝热影响区与熔合线发生断裂所引起的。2号球罐的破裂,使大量液化石油气喷出气化,随风飘散,遇明火发生爆炸燃烧。事故发生后,消防队赶到现场奋勇扑救,但因火势猛烈。加以高压…     

液化气球罐应力腐蚀开裂试验研究

由于炼制进口高硫原油,在炼油球罐检验中发现越来越多的内表面应力腐蚀裂纹。对球罐应力腐蚀开裂的原因和主要影响因素进行分析。从液化石油气球罐的安全性出发,采用线弹性断裂力学方法,针对16MnR和SPV50Q球罐所用钢材,在分析湿硫化氢环境下应力腐蚀开裂形式的基础上,通过改进的WOL预裂纹试样的应力腐蚀开裂试验,对不同球罐所用钢材、不同硫化氢浓度、不同焊接状态条件下的应力腐蚀开裂进行研究,并对设备所采用的材料、所处的介质浓度、材料的热处理状况等进行分析,并提出了防止对策。该方法也适用于液化石油气球罐应力腐蚀开裂,以预测事故的发生。     

液化石油气球罐本质安全状态及失效模式研究

为了解决液化石油气球罐的本质安全问题，调研了国内外球罐的重大事故原因和国内油田公司球罐的全面检验缺陷情况，分析了球罐检验存在的问题以及安全影响因素，进一步研究了液化气球罐常见失效模式，并剖析了球罐失效的主要原因，综合分析设备生产流程中人、物、系统、制度等要素对球罐本质安全的影响，提出针对性的本质安全策略，从根本上保障球罐的安全运行。     

球罐裂纹与焊接接头表面涂层改性防护

介绍16MnR钢制液化石油气球罐开罐检验内表面焊接接头经常发现裂纹的概况,分析硫化氢应力腐蚀裂纹本质上属焊接接头氢致裂纹,指出通过给内表面焊接接头进行铝涂层改性防护,可避免液化石油气球罐产生裂纹从而创造巨大的社会效益和经济效益.     

液化石油气球罐的安全评定

通过对液化石油气球罐的定期检验,运用软件对球罐进行安全评定。结果表明,缺陷球罐通过基于常规评定方法的安全性评价计算,其在正常工况下运行是安全的,不会发生失效。软件分析在一定程度上可以替代常规人工评定,缺陷评估效率得到很大提高。     

液化石油气球罐泄漏危险的预防和控制探讨

阐述了液化石油气球罐的特点。对液化石油气球罐的泄漏危险性进行了分析,主要存在的泄漏危险有泄漏物质易燃易爆、易发生泄漏、受热易膨胀导致泄漏、泄漏气体易积聚、泄漏事故具有隐蔽性、泄漏物质具有毒害性。根据液化气泄漏危险性分析,提出了预防和控制液化石油气球罐泄漏危害的安全措施:加强设备质量管理,杜绝泄漏现象;合理设置球罐,降低泄漏风险;规范安全操作,减少泄漏量;防止泄漏气体积聚;设置防泄漏安全装置;及时发现泄漏;设置消防给水及灭火设施;妥善处理泄漏事故。     

从液化石油气球罐裂纹看球罐隐患

介绍液化石油气球罐检验发现的裂纹情况,分析裂纹原因,指出裂纹本质是焊接接头氢脆裂纹,并提出防范措施。还建议尽快制定液化石油气球罐安全管理规定,以规范定期检验,消除事故隐患     

液化石油气储罐的应力腐蚀分析及防止措施

在对在役压力容器进行定期检验过程中．1997年11月．本市某液化石油气储配站曾发生过一起一台30m^2液化石油气卧式储罐因应力腐蚀产生裂纹而提前失效的案例。1998年本市某液化石油气公司亦发生过二台100m^3液化石油卧式储罐因应力腐蚀裂纹而遭监控使用的事例。本文从理论上对这几台储罐应力腐蚀裂纹的产生原因及机理进行具体分析，提出了对典型H2S应力腐蚀开裂的处理意见和防范措施．以供同行参考。     

风速对LPG球罐泄漏扩散过程的影响研究

液化石油气(LPG)泄漏扩散受风速、温度、压力等因素影响,其中风力作用对泄漏扩散过程的影响最明显.为研究风速对LPG球罐泄漏扩散的影响规律,以1000 m3球罐为原型,首先建立LPG球罐泄漏扩散数学模型并进行理论计算,其次建立不同风速下LPG球罐泄漏扩散的FLUENT数值模型,结合理论计算对数值模拟结果进行验证.结果表...     

火灾环境下液化石油气储罐综合安全防护技术研究

对火灾作用下液化石油气储罐的安全防护方法进行了分析总结,确定了各种方法的适用范围。通过实验对液化石油气储罐在火灾环境下的失效机理进行了研究,获得了储罐的失效模式,提出火灾环境下液化石油气储罐综合安全防护技术思路,并给出操作流程。     

High-temperature stress-rupture data for the analysis of dangerous goods tank-cars exposed to fire

This paper contains tension and stress-rupture test data on sample railroad tank-car steels at room temperature and temperatures between 500 and 720 °C. The paper describes the test facility, applicable standards, and procedures that were followed during the tests of tension and stress rupture. The paper also contains a simple correlation for the data and gives examples of how it can be used to predict tank failure times when exposed to fire heating.The stress-rupture testing was conducted at constant load (tensile force) conditions. A sample was heated to a specified temperature and the load was applied. The time to failure was then recorded. This testing was needed due to a general lack of available data for the high-temperature stress rupture of tank-car steels. These data are needed for the purposes of predicting tank failure when tank-cars are exposed to heating by fire. The steel samples were obtained from a recent train derailment in Ontario, Canada, and the steel samples included both new and older steels. Samples were cut in both the hoop and longitudinal directions to see if the stress-rupture properties were isotropic.Excellent data were obtained with very little data scatter in each sample. The results show that stress-rupture properties vary from sample to sample. Some older steels were as good as new steels, and some were not. However, all samples were nearly isotropic when it came to high-temperature stress rupture.     

火灾环境下LPG储罐的失效机理研究及其数值模拟

在对国内外液化气储罐失效的相关理论基础上,从内部因素(传热行为分析)对火灾环境下液化石油气储罐的失效过程进行探讨,借助ANSYS和ANSYS LS-DYNA软件对其进行数值模拟.     

事故树分析法在LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故中的应用

LPG(液化石油气)属于危险化学品之一,LPG储罐发生火灾爆炸的机率大,造成的损失比较严重,故对其火灾爆炸事故进行研究具有重要意义。LPG储罐爆炸根据其发生机理分为化学爆炸(燃爆)和物理爆炸两种模式。本文通过对LPG储罐燃爆﹑物理爆炸两类事故进行系统分析,建立了以LPG储罐燃爆、物理爆炸为顶事件的事故树。通过对其事故树的定性分析,得到了影响顶事件的各个最小割(径)集。通过计算底事件的结构重要度,确定了影响LPG储罐火灾爆炸事故的主要因素,并提出了相应的改进措施,进而提高LPG储罐的安全性和运行可靠性。     

LPG球罐BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应模拟研究

为评估LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中超压与热耦合效应对化工企业抗爆控制室和避难所选址的影响,采用TNO多能法数学模型计算冲击波超压,采用多源数学模型计算火球热辐射。编写MATLAB计算程序,并应用ANSYS模拟二者破坏效应的耦合作用。LPG球罐发生BLEVE过程中,爆炸冲击波的传播速度、持续时间和火球的传播速度、持续时间不同,爆炸冲击波主要在燃料高速抛散的初期形成,之后基本与火球脱离。分别模拟计算冲击波超压和火球热辐射对抗爆控制室和避难所的影响,结果表明：抗爆控制室选址只需考虑爆炸冲击波的影响;避难所选址需要考虑冲击波超压和火球热辐射作用双重影响。在研究基础上提出,LPG球罐附近人员逃生的避难所应设置在球罐防火堤外紧邻防火堤处的地下,应具有抗震、防渗、防火、防中毒窒息等功能。人员应在BLEVE发生前进入避难所才能逃生。     

On the thermal rupture of 1.9 m propane pressure vessels with defects in their thermal protection system

This paper describes the results from a series of fire tests that were carried out to measure the effect of defects in thermal protection systems on fire engulfed propane pressure vessels.

In North America thermal protection is used to protect dangerous goods rail tank-cars from accidental fire impingement. They are designed so that a tank-car will not rupture for 100 min in a defined engulfing fire, or 30 min in a defined torching fire. One common system includes a 13 mm blanket of high-temperature ceramic fibre thermal insulation covered with a 3 mm steel jacket. Recent inspections have shown that some tanks have significant defects in these thermal protection systems. This work was done to establish what levels of defect are acceptable from a safety standpoint.

The tests were conducted using 1890 l (500 US gallon) ASME code propane pressure vessels (commonly called tanks in the propane industry). The defects tested covered 8% and 15% of the tank surface. The tanks were 25% engulfed in a fire that simulated a hydrocarbon pool fire with an effective blackbody temperature of 870 °C.

The fire testing showed that even relatively small defects can result in tank rupture if the defect area is engulfed in a severe fire, and the defect area is not wetted by liquid from the inside. A wall failure prediction technique based on uniaxial high-temperature stress rupture test data has been developed and agrees well with the observed failure times.     

LPG船液货泄漏事故风险评估系统研究

通过对液化石油气(LPG)船舶液货舱泄漏事故危险度因素分析,建立液化气液体货物泄漏源强、蒸气释放源强和蒸气扩散计算模型,并制定泄漏事故风险评价流程,基于VB语言编写泄漏事故风险评估系统。利用该系统能够计算得出泄漏事故发生后蒸发气在不同时刻不同区域的蒸发气浓度、爆炸或火灾后对生命财产的伤害半径以及伤害程度等相关参数。对某航行状态下的LPG实船进行模拟分析,结果表明能够对LPG船舶泄漏事故进行有效风险评估,并能对船舶航行安全应急预案的制定和事故后海事鉴定提供一定的技术帮助。     

Fire and risk analysis during loading and unloading operation in liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant

The article focuses on analyzing risks associated with the gas transfer operation in a liquified petroleum gas (LPG) bottling plant in India. The transfer operations involve transferring liquified gas from the transport tanker to the underground storage tank. Due to the rapid expansion of the cities, many LPG bottling plants in India got surrounded by residential areas and business centers. Moreover, to maintain the supply chain, the frequency of the transfer operations at the bottling plant also increased. In this scenario, an accidental release of LPG during the transfer operation may lead to various consequences such as a pool fire, a fireball, and even a catastrophic rupture of the tank with a successive explosion of its contents. In the study, the operations involved in bottling plants are classified into different hazard zones and analyzed. The probability of occurrence of events leading to an accident is modeled using modeling tools such as ALOHA and PHAST. The consequences of an accident following various events, such as jet fire, fireball, etc., are modeled, and the simulation results are compared. The thermal radiation has been estimated as 4–40 kW/m², which could adversely affect the nearby population and could result in damaging plant machinery and equipment.     

LPG罐区事故后果模拟与风险控制研究

LPG在储存过程中,可能由于泄漏或灾难性破裂等原因引发火灾、爆炸、中毒等重大事故。首先根据两类危险源理论,辨识与分析了LPG罐区的危险源及其危险性。然后,利用事件树方法,建立了瞬时泄漏和连续泄漏后果模型。通过研究典型的事故后果计算与模拟分析方法、风险确定与表示方法,借助PHAST和LEAK系统模拟分析与计算了某LPG罐区发生泄漏后的事故后果及其影响,并绘制了个人风险等值线和社会风险F-N曲线。最后,根据分析结果提出了多项针对性的风险控制措施。     

Improved models of failure time for atmospheric tanks under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires

Fire accidents of chemical installations may cause domino effects in atmospheric tank farms, where a large amount of hazardous substances are stored or processed. Pool fire is a major form of fire accidents, and the thermal radiation from pool fire is the primary hazard of domino accidents. The coupling of multiple pool fires is a realistic and important accident phenomenon that enhances the propagation of domino accidents. However, previous research has mostly focused on the escalation of domino accidents induced by a single pool fire. To overcome the drawback, in this study, the failure of a storage tank under the coupling effect of multiple pool fires was studied in view of spatial and temporal synergistic process. The historical accident statistics indicated that the accident scenario of two-pool fires accounted for 30.6% in pool fires. The domino accident scenario involving three tanks is analyzed, and the typical layout of tanks is isosceles right triangle based on Chinese standard “GB50341-2014”. The thermal response and damage of a target tank heated by pool fires were numerically investigated. The volume of 500 m³, 3000 m³, 5000 m³ and 10000 m³ were selected. Flame temperature was obtained by FDS, and then was input onto the finite element model. The temperature field and stress field of target tanks were simulated by ABAQUS. The results showed that the temperature rise rate of the target tanks under multiple pool fires was higher than that under a single pool fire. The failure time of the tank under the coupling effect of multiple fires was lower than that under the superposition of multiple fires without the first stage. The stress and yield strength were compared to judge the failure of the target tank. The model of failure time for the tank under the coupling effect of pool fires was established. Through the verification, the deviation of this model is 4.02%, which is better than the deviation of 15.76% with Cozzani's model.