共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 343 毫秒
1.
P. Sudha V. Ramprasad M. D. V. Nagendra H. D. Kulkarni N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1131-1152
This paper addresses methodological issues in estimating carbon (C) sequestration potential, baseline determination, additionality
and leakage in Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh, southern part of India. Technical potential for afforestation on cultivable
wastelands, fallow, and marginal croplands was considered for Eucalyptus clonal plantations. Field studies for aboveground and belowground biomass, woody litter, and soil organic carbon for baseline
and project scenarios were conducted to estimate the carbon sequestration potential. The baseline carbon stock was estimated
to be 45.3 t C/ha, predominately in soils. The additional carbon sequestration potential under the project scenario for 30 years
is estimated to be 12.8 t C/ha/year inclusive of harvest regimes and carbon emissions due to biomass burning and fertilizer
application. Considering carbon storage in harvested wood, an additional 45% carbon benefit can be accounted. The project
scenario has a higher benefit/cost ratio compared to the baseline scenario. The initial investment cost requirement, however,
is high and lack of access to investment is a significant barrier for adoption of agroforestry in the district.
相似文献
N. H. RavindranathEmail: |
2.
B. H. J. De Jong E. Esquivel Bazán S. Quechulpa Montalvo 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1153-1168
The acceptance of forestry-based project activities to mitigate greenhouse gases emissions has been subjected to a number
of methodological questions to be answered, of which the most challenging are baseline establishment and identification of
and measuring leakage. Here we pose hypotheses for and quantify leakage of the Scolel Té project in Chiapas, Mexico. In this
project small-scale farmers are implementing forestry, agroforestry, and forest conservation activities, with carbon sequestration
as one of the goals. The main leakage monitoring domain is defined as the area owned by the participating farmers or communities
outside the area where the specific project activities take place. The null-hypothesis (no leakage) is that non-project land
owned by the farmer or community will experience the same carbon stock changes as predicted by the regional baseline, specifically
developed for the project. First we assessed the most likely causes and sources of leakage that may occur in the project.
From this analysis, one type of leakage seems to be important, i.e., activity shifting. Second we estimated the leakage of
a sample of participating farmers and communities. Actual land use was then compared with expected land use derived from the
baseline. The Plan Vivo of each participant, complemented with readily available tools to identify the main sources and drivers
of leakage are used to develop simple leakage assessment procedures, as demonstrated in this paper. Negative leakage was estimated
to be negligible in this study. Incorporating these procedures already in the project planning stage will reduce the uncertainties
related to the actual carbon mitigation potential of any forestry project.
相似文献
B. H. J. De JongEmail: |
3.
Development of regional climate mitigation baseline for a dominant agro-ecological zone of Karnataka,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
P. Sudha D. Subhashree H. Khan G. T. Hedge I. K. Murthy V. Shreedhara N. H. Ravindranath 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):1051-1075
Setting a baseline for carbon stock changes in forest and land use sector mitigation projects is an essential step for assessing
additionality of the project. There are two approaches for setting baselines namely, project-specific and regional baseline.
This paper presents the methodology adopted for estimating the land available for mitigation, for developing a regional baseline,
transaction cost involved and a comparison of project-specific and regional baseline. The study showed that it is possible
to estimate the potential land and its suitability for afforestation and reforestation mitigation projects, using existing
maps and data, in the dry zone of Karnataka, southern India. The study adopted a three-step approach for developing a regional
baseline, namely: (i) identification of likely baseline options for land use, (ii) estimation of baseline rates of land-use
change, and (iii) quantification of baseline carbon profile over time. The analysis showed that carbon stock estimates made
for wastelands and fallow lands for project-specific as well as the regional baseline are comparable. The ratio of wasteland
Carbon stocks of a project to regional baseline is 1.02, and that of fallow lands in the project to regional baseline is 0.97.
The cost of conducting field studies for determination of regional baseline is about a quarter of the cost of developing a
project-specific baseline on a per hectare basis. The study has shown the reliability, feasibility and cost-effectiveness
of adopting regional baseline for forestry sector mitigation projects.
相似文献
N. H. RavindranathEmail: |
4.
Jayant A. Sathaye Kenneth Andrasko 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(6):971-1000
Climate change programs have largely used the project-specific approach for estimating baseline emissions of climate mitigation
projects. This approach is subjective, lacks transparency, can generate inconsistent baselines for similar projects, and is
likely to have high transaction costs. The use of regional baselines, which partially addresses these issues, has been reported
in the literature on forestry and agriculture projects, and in greenhouse gas (GHG) mitigation program guidance for them (e.g.,
WRI/WBCSD GHG Project Protocol, USDOE’s 1605(b) registry, UNFCCC’s Clean Development Mechanism). This paper provides an assessment
of project-specific and regional baselines approaches for key baseline tasks, using project and program examples. The regional
experience to date is then synthesized into generic steps that are referred to as Stratified Regional Baselines (SRB). Regional
approaches generally, and SRB in particular explicitly acknowledge the heterogeneity of carbon density, land use change, and
other key baseline driver variables across a landscape. SRB focuses on providing guidance on how to stratify lands into parcels
with relatively homogeneous characteristics to estimate conservative baselines within a GHG assessment boundary, by applying
systematic methods to determine the boundary and time period for input data.
相似文献
Kenneth AndraskoEmail: |
5.
Asako Takimoto P. K. Ramachandran Nair Janaki R. R. Alavalapati 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(7):745-761
The recognition of agroforestry as a greenhouse-gas mitigation strategy under the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) offers an opportunity to agroforestry practitioners to benefit from the global Carbon
(C) credit market. Our knowledge on this important topic from the semiarid regions such as the West African Sahel (WAS) is,
however, very limited. In order to fill this gap, this study was undertaken in the Ségou region of Mali (annual temperature,
29°C; annual rainfall, 300–700 mm in 60 to 90 days), focusing on two improved agroforestry systems (live fence and fodder
bank) along with traditional parkland agroforestry systems of the region. A cost–benefit analysis was conducted to assess
the economic profitability and risks associated with the systems considering them as 25-year projects and their potential
for participation in C credit market. The traditional systems had high C stock in their biomass and soil, but little potential
for sequestering additional C; on the other hand, the improved systems had low C stock, but high sequestration potential.
For the standard size live fence (291 m) and fodder bank (0.25 ha) projects, the estimated net present values (NPV) were $
96.0 and $158.8 without C credit sale, and $109.9 and $179.3 with C sale, respectively. From the C sale perspective, live
fence seemed less risky and more profitable than fodder bank. Carbon credit sale is likely to contribute to economic development
of the subsistence farmers in the WAS.
相似文献
Asako TakimotoEmail: |
6.
The double trade-off between adaptation and mitigation for sea level rise: an application of FUND 总被引:6,自引:2,他引:4
Richard S. J. Tol 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):741-753
This paper studies the effects of adaptation and mitigation on the impacts of sea level rise. Without adaptation, the impact
of sea level rise would be substantial, almost wiping out entire countries by 2100, although the globally aggregate effect
is much smaller. Adaptation would reduce potential impacts by a factor 10–100. Adaptation would come at a minor cost compared
to the damage avoided. As adaptation depends on socio-economic status, the rank order of most vulnerable countries is different
than the rank order of most exposed countries. Because the momentum of sea level rise is so large, mitigation can reduce impacts
only to a limited extent. Stabilising carbon dioxide concentrations at 550 ppm would cut impacts in 2100 by about 10%. However,
the costs of emission reduction lower the avoided impacts by up to 25% (average 10%). This is partly due to the reduced availability
of resources for adaptation, and partly due to the increased sensitivity to wetland loss by adaptation.
相似文献
Richard S. J. TolEmail: |
7.
Greenhouse gas mitigation in developing countries through technology transfer?: a survey of empirical evidence 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Sonja Peterson 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(3):283-305
While greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are projected to rise primarily in the developing countries, the potential for developing
new GHG mitigation technologies exists primarily in the industrialized countries. It is thus important, not only for predictions
about future emission paths but also for climate change mitigation policies, to understand how the international diffusion
of such technologies takes place and how it affects the energy infrastructure and GHG emissions in developing countries. This
paper provides an overview of the channels through which these technologies diffuse and focuses on the empirical evidence
pertaining to the effects these technologies have on GHG emissions in developing countries.
相似文献
Sonja PetersonEmail: |
8.
Preety M. Bhandari Suruchi Bhadwal Ulka Kelkar 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):919-933
India occupies 2.4% of the world’s geographical area with a large percentage of its land under agriculture. About 228 Million
hectares (Mha) of its geographical area (nearly 69%) fall within the dryland (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid) region. Of
the total cultivated area of 142 Mha, major part of agriculture in the country is rainfed, extending to over 97 Mha and constituting
nearly 68% of the net cultivated area, therefore making the agricultural sector vulnerable and exposed to the vagaries of
weather conditions. Climate change adds to this dimension of stress. A strong need is felt for targeting programmes in these
areas that address issues related to employing suitable soil and water conservation measures. In this context this paper seeks
to examine the case for watershed development as an adaptive strategy. An examination of the possibility of fortifying the
existing programme with a view to adapting to expected changes in climate in future is undertaken. Also, the possibility of
watershed development integrating into a suitable mitigation strategy for the country is assessed.
相似文献
Preety M. BhandariEmail: |
9.
Recent paleogeographic scenarios postulate the isolation of continental Africa during the Late Cretaceous. The absence of abelisaurid theropods from Upper Cretaceous African strata was offered as support of hypothesized African isolation with the acknowledgement that the paucity of African abelisaurids may be mostly an issue of sampling. Here we report on a shed theropod tooth from the Upper Cretaceous (Maastrichtian, ∼70 Ma) Duwi Formation of Egypt. The tooth was referred to the Malagasy abelisaurid “Megalosaurus” crenatissimus (=Majungasaurus crenatissimus) in 1921. A discriminant function analysis was run to test for morphological congruence between the Egyptian tooth and the dentitions of 24 theropod taxa. The analysis correctly classified 96.6% of the teeth in the sample and assigned the tooth to Majungasaurus. As current paleogeographic reconstructions posit Madagascar had attained its current position relative to Africa before the Late Cretaceous, it is unlikely that the Egyptian tooth actually pertains to Majungasaurus. Nevertheless, its classification as an abelisaurid supports its referral to the clade. This tooth thus constitutes defensible evidence of an abelisaurid from the post-Cenomanian Cretaceous of mainland Africa. Combined with recent discoveries of abelisaurids in Niger and Morocco, the result indicates that Abelisauridae was a diverse group in Africa during the Cretaceous, existing in multiple places for at least ∼25 Ma and weakens support for hypotheses of an isolated Africa during the Late Cretaceous.Electronic Supplementary Material Supplementary material is available for this article at
相似文献
Joshua B. Smith (Corresponding author)Email: Phone: +1-314-9357033Fax: +1-314-9357361 |
Matthew C. LamannaEmail: |
10.
Kenneth T. Gillingham Steven J. Smith Ronald D. Sands 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(7):675-701
In the coming century, modern bioenergy crops have the potential to play a crucial role in the global energy mix, especially
under policies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions as proposed by many in the international community. Previous studies have
not fully addressed many of the dynamic interactions and effects of a policy-induced expansion of bioenergy crop production,
particularly on crop yields and human food demand. This study combines an updated agriculture and land use (AgLU) model with
a well-developed energy-economic model to provide an analysis of the effects of bioenergy crops on energy, agricultural and
land use systems. The results indicate that carbon dioxide mitigation policies can stimulate a large production of bioenergy
crops, dependent on the level of the policy. This production of bioenergy crops can lead to several impacts on the agriculture
and land use system: decreases in forestland and unmanaged land, decreases in the average yield of food crops, increases in
the prices of food crops, and decreases in the level of human demand of calories.
相似文献
Steven J. Smith (Corresponding author)Email: |
11.
Approaches to semi-synthetic minimal cells: a review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Following is a synthetic review on the minimal living cell, defined as an artificial or a semi-artificial cell having the
minimal and sufficient number of components to be considered alive. We describe concepts and experiments based on these constructions,
and we point out that an operational definition of minimal cell does not define a single species, but rather a broad family
of interrelated cell-like structures. The relevance of these researches, considering that the minimal cell should also correspond
to the early simple cell in the origin of life and early evolution, is also explained. In addition, we present detailed data
in relation to minimal genome, with observations cited by several authors who agree on setting the theoretical full-fledged
minimal genome to a figure between 200 and 300 genes. However, further theoretical assumptions may significantly reduce this
number (i.e. by eliminating ribosomal proteins and by limiting DNA and RNA polymerases to only a few, less specific molecular
species). Generally, the experimental approach to minimal cells consists in utilizing liposomes as cell models and in filling
them with genes/enzymes corresponding to minimal cellular functions. To date, a few research groups have successfully induced
the expression of single proteins, such as the green fluorescence protein, inside liposomes. Here, different approaches are
described and compared. Present constructs are still rather far from the minimal cell, and experimental as well as theoretical
difficulties opposing further reduction of complexity are discussed. While most of these minimal cell constructions may represent
relatively poor imitations of a modern full-fledged cell, further studies will begin precisely from these constructs. In conclusion,
we give a brief outline of the next possible steps on the road map to the minimal cell.
相似文献
Pier Luigi Luisi (Corresponding author)Email: |
Francesca FerriEmail: |
Pasquale StanoEmail: |
12.
Alexander Golub Jos Cozijnsen Annie Petsonk 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(5):433-453
This article examines possibilities for linkage between the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and Russia, with
a view to enhancing cooperation on a broader scale than the project-based approaches that have been tested thus far. Three
paths for possible EU-Russia linkage are presented by which the Russian Assigned Amount under the Kyoto Protocol can be greened
in order to stimulate emissions trading: 1. Joint implementation—reductions earned via individual projects in Russia; 2. Greened
allowances or green investment schemes; and 3. Linked cap-and-trade systems, in which a Russian domestic emissions trading
system would link with the European Union Emissions Trading System. The authors conclude that the third option, emissions
trading through linked domestic emissions trading systems, offers the best opportunities at the lowest transaction costs.
The authors discuss useful innovative instruments like call options and slip level arrangements on government-to-government
and business-to-business levels.
相似文献
Annie PetsonkEmail: |
13.
Integrated strategies to reduce vulnerability and advance adaptation,mitigation, and sustainable development 总被引:4,自引:1,他引:3
Indur M. Goklany 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(5):755-786
Determinants of adaptive and mitigative capacities (e.g., availability of technological options, and access to economic resources,
social capital and human capital) largely overlap. Several factors underlying or related to these determinants are themselves
indicators of sustainable development (e.g., per capita income; and various public health, education and research indices).
Moreover, climate change could exacerbate existing climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria,
water shortage, coastal flooding and threats to biodiversity) faced specifically by many developing countries. Based on these
commonalities, the paper identifies integrated approaches to formulating strategies and measures to concurrently advance adaptation,
mitigation and sustainable development. These approaches range from broadly moving sustainable development forward (by developing
and/or nurturing institutions, policies and infrastructure to stimulate economic development, technological change, human
and social capital, and reducing specific barriers to sustainable development) to reducing vulnerabilities to urgent climate-sensitive
risks that hinder sustainable development and would worsen with climate change. The resulting sustainable economic development
would also help reduce birth rates, which could mitigate climate change and reduce the population exposed to climate change
and climate-sensitive risks, thereby reducing impacts, and the demand for adaptation. The paper also offers a portfolio of
pro-active strategies and measures consistent with the above approaches, including example measures that would simultaneously
reduce pressures on biodiversity, hunger, and carbon sinks. Finally it addresses some common misconceptions that could hamper
fuller integration of adaptation and mitigation, including the notions that adaptation may be unsuitable for natural systems,
and mitigation should necessarily have primacy over adaptation.
相似文献
Indur M. GoklanyEmail: |
14.
Institutions play an important role in the adaptive capacity of a system in responding to climate change. This review paper
characterizes the status of the collective institutional response (government, industry, First Nation, community, civil society)
to climate change in the forest sector of the Canadian province of Ontario, and highlights the presence and nature of inter-institutional
networks as part of the response. Based on a synthesis of the commonalities in the public administration and policy literature
on tackling wicked problems, and the resilience literature, inter-institutional networks, which foster exchange of different
types of knowledge, are an important aspect of enhancing the adaptive capacity of social–ecological systems such as the forest
sector. Based on a content analysis of publicly available documents and insights gained from representatives of government,
community members and non-governmental organizations, mitigation and adaptations strategies are described. At the provincial
level there have been some new innovations in inter-institutional networks, but expansion of the forest stakeholders involved
in such networks would further enhance adaptive capacity. In particular, it is important to network with First Nations and
other forest-dependent communities who have a heightened vulnerability to climate change. The presence of a collaborative
capacity builder could foster the transfer, receipt and integration of knowledge across the networks, and ultimately build
long-term collaborative problem-solving capacity in the Ontario forest sector.
相似文献
H. Carolyn Peach BrownEmail: |
15.
Neil Strachan 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2007,12(4):455-470
There is substantial uncertainty regarding baseline greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions forecasts—i.e., how GHG emissions will
grow over time in the absence of policy intervention. Thus baseline uncertainty should be a key consideration in setting GHG
emissions targets as a mitigation strategy to respond to global climate change. At a minimum, the emissions target must be
less than the baseline level to induce changing behavior and new investment. Despite this fundamental policy criterion, baseline
considerations have played only a minor role in target setting under international climate policy. Baseline uncertainty applies
to both absolute and intensity based emissions targets. It is demonstrated that one advantage of intensity targets is reduced
uncertainty in the projected baseline, however there will always be some residual uncertainty in model projections. To illustrate
the importance of considering baseline uncertainty in GHG target setting, the Bush Climate Change Initiative is analyzed against
its projected baseline as a case study of a modest intensity target. Based on comparison with historical data, the range of
projections by major energy-economic models, past discrepancies in the accuracy of model projections and the added complexity
of sector-specific drivers for non-CO2 GHGs, it is shown that the Bush Initiative cannot be guaranteed or even expected to deliver actual reductions against an
uncertain baseline. This finding emphasizes the importance of setting a target that accounts for baseline uncertainty to achieve
genuine mitigation of GHG emissions.
相似文献
Neil StrachanEmail: |
16.
Further evidence of nuclear reactions in the Pd/D lattice: emission of charged particles 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Almost two decades ago, Fleischmann and Pons reported excess enthalpy generation in the negatively polarized Pd/D-D2O system, which they attributed to nuclear reactions. In the months and years that followed, other manifestations of nuclear
activities in this system were observed, viz. tritium and helium production and transmutation of elements. In this report,
we present additional evidence, namely, the emission of highly energetic charged particles emitted from the Pd/D electrode
when this system is placed in either an external electrostatic or magnetostatic field. The density of tracks registered by
a CR-39 detector was found to be of a magnitude that provides undisputable evidence of their nuclear origin. The experiments
were reproducible. A model based upon electron capture is proposed to explain the reaction products observed in the Pd/D-D2O system.
相似文献
Pamela A. Mosier-BossEmail: |
17.
Community-based vulnerability assessment has often assumed that the local is the relevant level of adaptation to climate change.
This paper suggests that not only do a number of levels from the international to the regional influence which adaptations
can take place locally, but the governance network that is made up by actors on different levels may to a large extent be
formed in responses to globalising factors, such as internationalisation of economies and the changing role of the state.
The paper presents a study of adaptation in reindeer (Rangifier tarandus) herding, forestry and fishing communities in northern Norway, Sweden, and Finland, with a focus on assessing stakeholders’
own perceptions of environmental, socio-political and economic factors that affect them. In general, the paper illustrates
the integration of non-subsistence economies into large and complex interactions where local adaptation is a result of the
sum of stresses impacting individual entrepreneurs, and the potential they have to adapt their practices given governance
(and their access to support) on different scales.
相似文献
E. Carina H. KeskitaloEmail: |
18.
Shimpei Iwasaki Bam Haja Nirina Razafindrabe Rajib Shaw 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2009,14(4):339-355
Climate change combined with human activities poses significant risks to people’s livelihood especially in developing countries.
Adaptation at the community level is of crucial importance in enabling them to respond to the direct and indirect effects
of changes in climate. In a case study of fishing communities in Chilika lagoon, India, the focus is made on understanding
climate change adaptation at the community level and scaling it up into the policy perspective through application of Sustainable
Livelihood Approach. This article challenges the research and policy community to encourage the identification of locally
negative constraints and positive strengths toward climate resilient communities in rural areas.
相似文献
Rajib ShawEmail: |
19.
Kirsten Halsnæs Priyadarshi Shukla 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2008,13(2):105-130
The paper presents a number of ideas on how climate change policy implementation in developing countries can be supported
by alternative international cooperation mechanisms that are based on stakeholder interests and policy priorities including
broader economic and social development issues. It includes a brief review of current development policies, technological
research and promotion efforts, and climate change that demonstrates that mutual policy initiatives undertaken by governments
and the private sector actually have major positive impacts on climate change without being initiated by this global policy
concern. Furthermore a number of examples are given on how future development objectives in Brazil, China, and India jointly
can support economic and social goals and global climate change concerns if these goals are taken into consideration and supported
by international cooperative mechanisms. The paper proposes international cooperative mechanisms that can support the implementation
of integrated development and climate change policies. The mechanisms include an international sustainable development (SD)
and Climate Finance Mechanism (SDCFM), technology development and transition programmes, technology standards, and other measures.
相似文献
Priyadarshi Shukla (Corresponding author)Email: |
20.
Earliest zygodactyl bird feet: evidence from Early Cretaceous roadrunner-like tracks 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Fossil footprints are important in understanding Cretaceous avian diversity because they constitute evidence of paleodiversity
and paleoecology that is not always apparent from skeletal remains. Early Cretaceous bird tracks have demonstrated the existence
of wading birds in East Asia, but some pedal morphotypes, such as zygodactyly, common in modern and earlier Cenozoic birds
(Neornithes) were unknown in the Cretaceous. We, herein, discuss the implications of a recently reported, Early Cretaceous
(120–110 million years old) trackway of a large, zygodactyl bird from China that predates skeletal evidence of this foot morphology
by at least 50 million years and includes the only known fossil zygodactyl footprints. The tracks demonstrate the existence
of a Cretaceous bird not currently represented in the body fossil record that occupied a roadrunner (Geococcyx)-like niche, indicating a previously unknown degree of Cretaceous avian morphological and behavioral diversity that presaged
later Cenozoic patterns.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
相似文献
Masaki MatsukawaEmail: |