氟橡胶密封材料热氧老化试验与寿命评估

对氟橡胶密封材料进行了热氧加速老化试验,对老化试验前后材料压缩永久变形量与红外光谱进行了分析,结果表明,老化引起材料内部的分子结构变化。建立了该材料在贮存温度下的压缩永久变形与贮存时间的老化动力学方程,预测了25℃下氟橡胶密封材料的贮存寿命,结果表明,氟橡胶在热氧条件下,失效机理为分子断裂和交联;非正常老化因素引起的变形对氟橡胶密封圈的性能影响很大;氟橡胶密封件在25℃下的贮存寿命为13.8 a。     

Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂的制备、表征与三效催化性能

以共浸渍法制得的氧化铝负载铈锆固溶体为载体,并浸渍贵金属Pd得到了Pd/CZ/Al2O3催化剂.实验结果表明,该催化剂在老化前后都表现出良好的三效催化活性,新鲜样品Pd/CZ/Al2O3活性与Pd/CZ相当,老化后样品前者优于后者.结合XRD,BET,TPR等表征手段,讨论了Pd/CZ/Al2O3的催化活性特别是高温老化后活性与其组成结构之间的内在关系,揭示了其老化后仍具有较高活性的主要原因在于保持了Pd与CZ/Al2O3复合载体之间的强相互作用(SMSI).     

荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化

以硫化钠为硫化剂,机械化学硫化荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅,实现金属铅向硫化铅快速转化.通过单因素实验,考察了不同机械化学硫化条件,即球磨时间、球磨转速和球料比对硫化率的影响,并通过XRD、SEM和粒度对硫化产物进行表征.结果表明,硫化率随球磨时间和球磨转速的增大而增大,随球料比的增大先增大后减小,当球磨转速为750r/min、球磨时间为120min、球料比为50：1g/g时,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的硫化率可达96.18%.XRD结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃中金属铅的机械化学硫化产物为PbS、SEM和粒度结果表明,荧光灯管芯柱玻璃的粒径随球磨转速和球磨时间的增加而减小.     

乙烯基乙炔热危险性研究

为研究乙烯基乙炔的热危险性,采用C80微量热仪研究了乙烯基乙炔在空气中的放热现象,得到了升温速率对乙烯基乙炔聚合放热的影响、反应活化能以及绝热条件下达到最大反应速率所需时间TMRad.结果表明:随着升温速率的增大,乙烯基乙炔的起始放热温度和最大放热温度随之升高;活化能范围为50 ～ 170 kJ/mol;TMRad为1,8,24,48 h时对应的起始温度分别为112.69,99.65,93.78,90.23 ℃.     

某三基发射药老化性能退化规律及失效模式探究

目的 获得某三基发射药老化后性能的退化规律,确定其失效模式,预估贮存及使用寿命.方法 根据某三基发射药实际使用环境及方式,采用温度-湿度双应力加速老化试验,模拟装药条件,获得老化样品.以安定剂含量、抗压强度、燃烧性能和机械感度为监测指标,对老化后样品进行测试,探究其性能变化规律,明确失效模式.通过Berthelot方程...     

关于酚二磺酸法测定硝酸盐氮影响因素探讨

酚二碳酸法测定水中硝酸盐氮影响因素很多．本文通过实验和理论两个方面探讨了酚二碳酸显色剂制备反应条件及贮存时间，探讨了待测样品残渣放置时间对样品分析结果的影响．研究结果证明二酚磺酸制备反应温度应在９８℃以上，贮存时间不应超过一个月，样品残渣放置时间不应超过１５ｍｉｎ以进行硝化反应．     

硅胶负载TiO_2催化剂的制备与光催化效果

以硫酸钛为前驱体,尿素为沉淀剂,粗孔微球硅胶为载体,采用水热法在160℃下制备硅胶负载TiO_2(TiO_2/硅胶)光催化剂。通过调节TiO_2含量(15%、30%、40%、55%、70%、85%)和水热时间(2,3,4,5,6 h)制备TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂,并考察了材料的晶体结构、比表面积、TiO_2负载量以及光催化降解腐殖酸性能。结果表明:TiO_2理论投加量为70%,水热时间为5 h时,制备所得的TiO_2/硅胶光催化剂具有最优的光催化活性,此时制备的催化剂为锐钛矿型,比表面积为434.829 m~2/g,TiO_2负载量为37.50%。当使用该催化剂投加量为4 g/L、腐殖酸初始浓度为20 mg/L时,腐殖酸降解率最高,为76.5%,降解过程符合一级反应动力学。催化剂经重复4次使用后,仍具有较好的光催化稳定性。     

CuO(-CeO2)/Al2O3催化剂对萘催化氧化性能研究

采用浸渍法制备了CuO/Al2O3、CeO2/Al2O3和CuO-CeO2/Al2O3这3种催化剂,通过氮吸附、SEM、XRD等手段对催化剂的结构及组成进行了表征,利用固定床反应装置考察了活性组分、气体流量、催化反应温度对萘催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,18%CeO2/Al2O3的萘催化活性较低,18%CuO/Al2O3和9%CuO-9%CeO2/Al2O3的活性较高,两者在300℃时对萘的去除率分别达到91%和89%;CuO-CeO2/Al2O3催化剂具有比CuO/Al2O3更好的低温活性;气流量的变化对两种催化剂性能的影响不大.     

化学工业废物处理与综合利用

X780.31200603018Al2O3催化臭氧化处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯/周云瑞…(清华大学环境科学与工程系)∥环境科学/中科院生态环境研究中心.-2006,27(1).-51~56环图X-5Al2O3催化剂对邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)溶液臭氧化过程的影响结果表明:Al2O3可以显著提高臭氧氧化的效果,反应120min后,TOC的去除率从单独臭氧氧化的23.9%提高到55.1%。实验中还考察了制备条件对Al2O3催化剂活性的影响并确定了反应的最佳工艺条件。在实验考察的范围内:焙烧温度600℃,Al2O3粒径为0.5~1.0mm时催化活性最高;最佳反应工艺条件为:催化剂投加量20g/L,混和气体流速200m…     

碳修饰氧化锌(C-ZnO)微球的合成及其可见光催化性能

以硝酸锌为锌源,D(+)-一水合葡萄糖为碳源,六亚甲基四胺为碱源,柠檬酸钠为表面活性剂,采用水热处理高温碳化法成功制备得到碳修饰的ZnO(C-ZnO)微球。并以罗丹明B(RhB)为模型污染物,考察了不同水热温度、水热时间、碳源投加量下的C-ZnO微球的光催化性能。采用热重分析(TG)、X射线衍射(XRD)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(FE-SEM)、低温氮气吸附-脱附、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、Zeta电位、紫外-可见漫反射吸收光谱(UV-vis DRS)对样品进行表征。研究结果表明:在0. 3 g的碳源投加量,水热温度为160℃下反应14 h后,于700℃氩气氛围中高温碳化所制备的C-ZnO微球具有最佳的光催化活性。在可见光照射下,对碳修饰氧化锌微球RhB的降解率是未修饰ZnO微球降解率的2. 3倍,可达88. 17%。     

纳米生物炭的制备方法比较及其特性研究

本研究以常见农林废弃物—果木枝条、玉米秸秆和花生秸秆为原料,在350~550℃条件下热解制得五种本体生物炭;采用离心法、球磨法、球磨+离心法3种方法提取纳米生物炭,进而对本体生物炭和纳米生物炭的比表面积、元素含量、矿物组成和表面化学性质等进行比较,以探究物料来源、热解温度和制备方法对纳米生物炭性质及稳定性的影响.与本体生物炭相比,球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积增大1.36~6.94倍,但产物未达到纳米颗粒级别,且在水体中稳定性较弱;球磨+离心法制得的纳米生物炭直径为70.06~103.43nm,在水体中稳定性强;离心法制备的纳米生物炭各项指标均不如其他两种方法.纳米生物炭的产率为2.27%~34.80%,且产率随温度的升高而降低.与本体生物炭相比,纳米生物炭含有更多的羟基等含氧官能团和更少的脂肪碳链.与果木枝条制备的纳米生物炭相比,玉米秸秆和花生秸秆来源的纳米生物炭产率高,但水稳性较差,易发生凝聚.果木枝条来源的纳米生物炭碳酸盐等碱性矿物含量丰富,且由于颗粒表面含氧官能团数量多而zeta电位绝对值高,悬液可以稳定分散.不同方法制备得到的纳米生物炭优缺点各异：球磨法制得的纳米生物炭比表面积更大;球磨+离心法制备的玉米和花生秸秆纳米生物炭的产率更高;低温热解果木炭提取的纳米生物炭水稳性更强.     

难降解多环芳烃污染土壤的机械力化学修复

利用机械力化学法修复多环芳烃污染土壤,以四环芳烃芘为代表污染物,研究了球磨时间和球磨转速对土壤中芘去除率的影响。当球磨时间为6 h,球磨速度为500 r/min时,土壤中芘去除率为93.78%。利用SiO₂作为模拟土壤,通过对球磨前后模拟土壤的GC-MS、红外光谱和拉曼光谱分析,探索芘的降解途径和机理。机械力化学修复过程中,芘的苯环被破坏,部分中间产物为环数较少的多环芳烃(PAHs)、碳链较短的烷烃,还有部分被碳化成石墨和不定形碳。利用机械力化学法对实际污染土壤进行修复,修复后土壤中芘和荧蒽浓度分别为21.45,35.68 mg/kg。机械力化学法修复多环芳烃污染土壤具有可行性和广泛的应用前景。     

Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by condensed tannin gel adsorbent

Lead has caused serious environmental pollution due to its toxicity, accumulation in food chains and persistence in nature.In this paper, lead removal from aqueous solutions was investigated using condensed tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from a natural tannin compound. It is found that the adsorption is strongly affected by pH values of aqueous solutions.Within pH range of 3.5-6,when initial lead concentration is 100 mg/L, removal efficiency is more than 90%.Adsorption equilibrium is reached within 150 minutes.The adsorption isotherm fits well with the Langmuir equation, by which the saturated adsorption uptake of 190 mg Pb^2 /g dry tannin gel adsorbent is obtained.By means of thermodynamics analysis,it is revealed that the process is exothermic and the adsorption heat is up to 38.4kJ/mol.With respect to high efficiency, moderate pH requirement and minimized second pollution, the tannin gel adsorbent exhibits a promising potential in the removal of lead from wastewater.     

不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐与耐磨性能的影响

目的分析不同B_(4)C含量对冷喷涂Al/B_(4)C复合涂层防腐和耐磨性能的影响,探索利用冷喷涂低温特点制备Al/B_(4)C复合涂层的可行性。方法利用冷喷涂方法制备4种B_(4)C含量的Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,并利用各种方法表征涂层的结合特征、耐磨性能和防腐性能。结果冷喷涂过程不会改变铝和碳化硼的物相,碳化硼颗粒主要以嵌入方式结合在涂层中,会产生结合缺陷。在本研究中,B_(4)C的质量分数最高可达到34.53%左右,涂层的结合强度随粉末中碳化硼含量的增加先增加、后降低,最高可达26.67 MPa。微区电化学试验分析涂层内部微电位差值,发现Al/B_(4)C界面存在电位差,腐蚀反应会优先在Al/B_(4)C界面发生,从而破坏金属Al成膜,使涂层的耐蚀性能与略低于铝块材。结论冷喷涂技术可以制备微观结构和结合性能良好的高B_(4)C含量Al/B_(4)C复合涂层,涂层中B_(4)C的质量分数最高达34.53%,预期具有良好的热中子吸收性能。同时,B_(4)C颗粒的加入,使得涂层的耐磨性能大大的提升,但是耐蚀性能相比于铝材料略有降低,是未来需要改善的方向。     

超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的吸附性能和机理研究

以粉煤灰为原料,通过球磨制得超细粉煤灰,研究了其对水中偶氮染料甲基橙的吸附性能和机理。结果表明,在25℃,pH值为2,投加量为0.7g,反应时间为120min时,粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率为79.4%,超细粉煤灰对甲基橙的去除率可达93.8%。随温度升高,吸附量降低,证明该吸附为放热过程,并计算不同温度下各热力学参数△G,△H和△S。对实验数据运用相关数学模型拟合,显示等温吸附平衡符合Freundlich吸附等温式,吸附过程动力学更适合二级吸附动力学模型。     

城镇污水污泥低温氧化放热特性的恒温量热分析

针对干化后城镇污水污泥的低温氧化和自加热问题,采用恒温量热分析方法对含水率为10%~70%（干基）的污泥在5个温度（30~70℃）下的低温氧化放热特性进行了实验研究。结果表明:污泥的低温氧化放热主要有3种机制,包括微生物生化氧化、无机成分（Fe/S/O系统）氧化和有机质化学氧化,污泥的低温氧化放热特性是3种机制综合表现的结果,其交叉重叠共同决定了污泥低温下的自加热特性。含水率和环境温度会影响污泥低温氧化放热过程中的各热源贡献并导致主要热源的转变,同时也会影响3种机理各自的放热特性。水分和温度增加都会使污泥的放热增强,即自加热能力变强,从而加大污泥自燃的风险。     

Hydrolyzed AI（Ⅲ） clusters： Speciation stability of nano-All3

Pure nano-Al13 and aggregates at various concentrations were prepared to examine the particle size e ect of coagulation with inorganic polymer flocculant. The property and stability of various species formed were characterized using Infrared, 27Al-NMR, photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and Ferron assay. Results showed that concentration and temperature exhibited di erent roles on the stability of Al13. The quantity of Alb species analyzed by ferron assay in the initial aging period corresponded well with that of Al13, which has been confirmed in a dimension range of 1–2 nm by PCS. Al13 solutions at high concentrations (0.5–2.11 mol/L) were observed to undergo further aggregation with aging. The aggregates with a wide particle size distribution would contribute to the disappeared/decreased Al13 basis on the 27Al-NMR spectrum, whereas a part of Al13 would still remain as Alb. At low concentrations, Al13 solution was quite stable at normal temperature, but lost its stability quickly when heating to 90°C.     

Hydrolyzed Al(Ⅲ) clusters: Speciation stability of nano-Al13

Pure nano-Al13 and aggregates at various concentrations were prepared to examine the particle size effect of coagulation with inorganic polymer fiocculant. The property and stability of various species formed were characterized using Infrared, 27Al-NMR,photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS), and Ferron assay. Results showed that concentration and temperature exhibited different roles on the stability of Al13. The quantity of Alb species analyzed by ferron assay in the initial aging period corresponded well with that of Al13, which has been confirmed in a dimension range of 1-2 nm by PCS. Al13 solutions at high concentrations (0.5-2.11 mol/L)were observed to undergo further aggregation with aging. The aggregates with a wide particle size distribution would contribute to the disappeared/decreased Al13 basis on the 27Al-NMR spectrum, whereas a part of Al13 would still remain as Alb. At low concentrations,Al13 solution was quite stable at normal temperature, but lost its stability quickly when heating to 90°C.     

TDE-85环氧/碳纤维复合材料热老化试验研究

采用动态热分析仪对TDE-85环氧/碳纤维复合材料进行测试,并在探索试验基础上,开展了一系列温度的热老化试验,选择弯曲强度作为TDE-85环氧/碳纤维材料的贮存寿命评定指标,通过对热老化试验后样品弯曲强度数据的统计分析,预测了其贮存寿命。     

Surface functionalized amorphous nanosilica and microsilica with nanopores as promising tools in biomedicine

Cellular interactions with engineered nanoparticles (NPs) are dependent on many properties, inherent to the nanoparticle (viz. size, shape, surface characteristics, degradation, agglomeration/dispersal, and charge, etc.). Modification of the surface reactivity via surface functionalization of the nanoparticles to be targeted seems to be important. Utilization of different surface functionalization methods of nanoparticles is an emerging field of basic and applied nanotechnology. It is well known that many disease-causing organisms induce host lipids and if deprived, their growth is inhibited in vivo. Amorphous nanosilica (ANS) and amorphous microsilica with nanopores (AMS) were prepared by a combination of wet chemistry and high-energy ball milling. Lipophilic moieties were attached to both ANS and AMS via chemical surface functionalization method. Lipophilic ANS and AMS were found to inhibit the growth of Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and chicken malarial parasites via absorption of silkworm hemolymph and chicken serum lipids/lipoproteins, respectively, in vivo. Therefore, intelligent surface functionalization of NP is an important concept, and its application in curing chicken malaria and BmNPV is presented here. Surface functionalization method reported in this paper might serve as a valuable technology for treating many diseases where pathogens induce host lipid.