单种和多种群落湿地对污水的净化效果和植物生长生物量研究

对单种和多种植物人工湿地对污水的净化效果和植物生长生物量进行了研究.结果表明,两种湿地对有机物CODcr的净化效果差异不明显,但多种群落湿地对TP的净化效果优于单种群落湿地,而单种群落湿地对TN的净化效果又强于多种群落湿地.风车草在单种群落里生长旺盛,而在多种群落里生长稍差,单种群落的群落覆盖度明显高于多种群落的群落覆盖度;单种群落地上部分生物量为2395.6g/m2,比多种群落的地上部分生物量多1倍强,而多种群落的地下部分生物量为688.0g/m2,比单种群落的地下部分生物量多80%强;植物根系主要分布在0～5cm表层,该层根系生物量占根系总生物量的60%强.图1表2参12     

产朊假丝酵母CANDIDA UTILIS细胞壁对铜离子吸附位点的研究

目前认为所有生物大分子都对重金属离子有较强吸附性 ,但某些分子可特异地吸附重金属 ,并介导酵母细胞对重金属的抗性[1] .其中细胞表面的高分子聚合物倍受关注 ,酵母细胞壁约含 4 0种蛋白分子 ,但有关这些蛋白质在对重金属离子吸附中的作用目前还未见报道 .产朊假丝酵母Ｃａｎｄｉｄａｕｔｉｌｉｓ是重要单细胞蛋白生产菌株之一 ,因其营养条件要求不高 ,对工业废水有较强耐受和转化能力而广泛用于生产和研究 .我们观察了产朊假丝酵母细胞与分离纯化的细胞壁对铜离子的吸附能力差异 ,并对细胞壁上重金属离子吸附位点进行了研究 .1　材料与方…     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅱ.^27Al—NMR法研究PASC溶 …

采用＾２７Ａｌ－ＮＭＲ法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布。实验结果表明，在ＰＡＳＣ中，由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合物产物间的相互作用，使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。在相同Ｂ值条件下，ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量低于ＰＡＣ中相应Ａｌ单和Ａｌ１３的含量，而ＰＡＳＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量大于ＰＡＣ中Ａｌ其它的含量，其差值随着碱化度（Ｂ）和Ａｌ／Ｓｉ摩尔比的减小而增大。     

On the search for mimetic patterns in environmental disclosure: an international perspective

In this paper, we assert and test the proposition that environmental disclosure (ED) is structured by institutionalised myths and that is why ED is decoupled from environmental performance and media pressures. Focusing on firms from Canada, France and Germany, findings show that ED mimetic isomorphism for different topics varies among countries and by industry sensitiveness to the environment. The results corroborate the institutional presumption that institutionalised myths vary among different contexts. Our findings also suggest that institutionalised ED structures may not reflect environmental performance, mimetic patterns being affected by environmental performance. However, the decoupling between ED mimetic isomorphism and environmental performance decrease when firms’ ED credibility is questioned by the media.     

Compensation for “Meaningful Participation” in Climate Change Control: A Modest Proposal and Empirical Analysis

The debate over an international climate change regime has thus far focused primarily on efficiency concerns in developed countries. This paper suggests a means by which equity concerns may be addressed in the ongoing negotiations. A system of transfers is developed that is motivated by the difference between the damage caused by a country and the damage suffered by that country as a result of climate change. Illustrative calculations of the magnitude and direction of these transfers are made. We find that in general transfers flow from temperate to tropical countries but that the degree of uncertainty associated with these calculations is very large.     

絮凝体的DLA分形模拟及其分形维数的计算方法

运用有限扩散凝聚(DLA)模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了二维模拟.模拟絮凝体分别采用密度函数法、回转半径法、图像分析法进行分形维数计算,分形维数均随模拟絮凝体尺寸的增大而减小.三种计算方法的结果显示,密度函数法和回转半径法得到的分形维数基本相当,但图像分析法所得到的分形维数较小,约为密度函数法和回转半径法所得到的分形维数的0.8左右,其原因可能是图像分析过程中计算机对图像的识别误差所致.以DLA模型模拟得到的絮凝体内部的孔隙率随絮凝体尺寸的增大而增加.絮凝体中孔隙率的增加是絮凝体密度减小、结构松散的主要原因,也是絮凝体分形维数降低的主要因素.     

The mechanism of nestmate discrimination in the tropical social wasp Ropalidia marginata and its implications for the evolution of sociality

Summary We have demonstrated that females of the primitively eusocial tropical wasp Ropalidia marginata can discriminate nestmates from nonnestmates outside the context of their nests. This was accomplished by recroding all behavioural interactions in a neutral arena and comparing tolerance levels. In order for these wasps to make such a discrimination, however, it was essential that after eclosion both the discriminated and the discriminating animals were exposed to their respective natal nests and nestmates. The results suggest that both recognition labels and templates are acquired by the animals from sources outside their body, perhaps from their nest or nestmates. It is thus unlikely that different genetic lines within a colony can be distinguished. We conclude, therefore, that genetic asymmetries created by haplodiploidy, but often broken down by multiple mating and polygyny, are not restored by preferential altruism towards full rather than half sisters by means of kin recognition. Hence we recommend caution in ascribing the multiple origins of eusociality in the Hymenoptera to haplodiploidy.     

A predator’s body coloration enhances its foraging profitability by day and night

Few predators forage by both day and night. It remains unknown, however, how the costs and benefits of foraging or signaling are partitioned in animals that forage at all times. The orb-web spider Cyrtophora moluccensis is brightly colored and forages by day and night. We determined the benefits reaped when it forages by both day and night by estimating the biomass of prey caught in their webs. Additionally, we quantified whether the spider’s presence influences the number of prey caught by day and night and whether its colorful body is visible to diurnal and/or nocturnal insects using diurnal and nocturnal insect vision models. We found that approximately five times the biomass of prey was caught in C. moluccensis’ webs by night than by day. Hemipterans, hymenopterans, and dipterans were predominantly caught by day, while lepidopterans (moths) were predominately caught by night. Accordingly, we concluded that foraging by night is more profitable than foraging by day. We predicted that other benefits, for example, energetic advantages or enhanced fecundity, may promote its daytime activity. Foraging success was greater by day and night when the spider was present in the web than when the spider was absent. We also found that parts of the spider’s body were conspicuous to diurnal and nocturnal insects, possibly through different visual channels. The colorful body of C. moluccensis, accordingly, appears to influence its foraging success by attracting prey during both the day and night.     

仙居县城乡居民消费差异的生态足迹分析

根据生态足迹理论，以浙江省仙居县为例，利用统计调查和问卷调查资料，分别计算了城乡居民生活消费的生态系统占用情况。计算结果表明，该地城市居民的生活消费所占用的生态系统是农村居民所占用的1．73倍，差异最大的是草地，其次是水域、建筑用地、化石能源和耕地，对于林地的占用则是农村居民大于城市居民。     

Repellent scent-marking of flowers by a guild of foraging bumblebees (Bombus spp.)

We have found that foraging bumblebees (Bombus hortorum, B. pascuorum, B. pratorum and B.␣terrestris) not only avoid flowers of Symphytum officinale that have recently been visited by conspecifics but also those that have been recently visited by heterospecifics. We propose that the decision whether to reject or accept a flower is influenced by a chemical odour that is left on the corolla by a forager, which temporarily repels subsequent foragers. Honeybees and carpenter bees have previously been shown to use similar repellent forage-marking scents. We found that flowers were repellent to other bumblebee foragers for approximately 20 min and also that after this time nectar levels in S. officinale flowers had largely replenished. Thus bumblebees could forage more efficiently by avoiding flowers with low rewards. Flowers to which extracts of tarsal components were applied were more often rejected by wild B. terrestris workers than flowers that had head extracts applied, which in turn were more often rejected than flowers that had body extracts applied. Extracts from four Bombus species were equally repellent to foragers. The sites of production of the repellent scent and its evolutionary origins are discussed. Received: 24 November 1997 / Accepted after revision: 8 March 1998     

Trait-mediated indirect effects of predatory fish on microbial mineralization in aquatic sediments

Sediment-dwelling zoobenthos stimulate the mineralization of organic matter and alter nutrient cycling by aerating the sediment via burrows, by feeding on detritus, and by redistributing particles. Here we experimentally revealed that abundant benthic chironomids (Chironomus riparius) can perceive predatory fish (Rutilus rutilus) via chemical cues (kairomones) and spend less time foraging at the sediment surface and more time hiding in their burrows. This predator avoidance behavior significantly increased the exposure of freshly deposited organic particles to oxygen by reducing their burial to subsurface layers and by enhancing the aeration of subsurface layers via burrow ventilation, conditions that together increased the rate of organic matter mineralization. These results demonstrate that predatory fish can exert trait-mediated effects on benthic communities that in turn alter basic ecosystem processes related to nutrient cycling.     

Courtship feeding in katydids benefits the mating male's offspring

Summary For species exhibiting courtship feeding it is typically argued that the food gift presented by males is a sexually-selected trait in serving to acquire fertilizations. An alternative hypothesis is that the trait is maintained by natural selection for parental investment in which the fitness of the mating male's offspring is increased. Here I argue that the spermatophylax, a nutritious part of the spermatophore provided to female katydids, Requena verticalis, functions mainly as parental investment. Previous research suggested that variation in the size of the male donation in this species (1) did not influence the ability of males to transfer ejaculates and (2) resulted in variation in offspring fitness. In the present paper genetic markers and radiolabels are used to show that the offspring are fathered by the males that donate the nutrients. Although these results indicate that the large spermatophylax is maintained by selection for increased parental investment, it is likely that this male offering originated in a sexual selection context whereby males fed females in order to obtain fertilizations.     

聚硅氯化铝（PASC）的形态分布及转化规律：Ⅰ.Al—Ferron逐时络合比色？…

采用Ａｌ－Ｆｅｒｒｏｎ逐时络合比色法比较研究了ＰＡＳＣ与ＰＡＣ中铝的形态分布及转化规律。实际结果表明，在ＰＡＳＣ中，由于聚硅酸与铝水解聚合产物的相互作用，使得铝的水解聚合形态分布及转化情况发生了变化。     

Diversity and stability of herbivorous fishes on coral reefs

Biodiversity may provide insurance against ecosystem collapse by stabilizing assemblages that perform particular ecological functions (the "portfolio effect"). However, the extent to which this occurs in nature and the importance of different mechanisms that generate portfolio effects remain controversial. On coral reefs, herbivory helps maintain coral dominated states, so volatility in levels of herbivory has important implications for reef ecosystems. Here, we used an extensive time series of abundances on 35 reefs of the Great Barrier Reef of Australia to quantify the strength of the portfolio effect for herbivorous fishes. Then, we disentangled the contributions of two mechanisms that underlie it (compensatory interactions and differential responses to environmental fluctuations ["response diversity"]) by fitting a community-dynamic model that explicitly includes terms for both mechanisms. We found that portfolio effects operate strongly in herbivorous fishes, as shown by nearly independent fluctuations in abundances over time. Moreover, we found strong evidence for high response diversity, with nearly independent responses to environmental fluctuations. In contrast, we found little evidence that the portfolio effect in this system was enhanced by compensatory ecological interactions. Our results show that portfolio effects are driven principally by response diversity for herbivorous fishes on coral reefs. We conclude that portfolio effects can be very strong in nature and that, for coral reefs in particular, response diversity may help maintain herbivory above the threshold levels that trigger regime shifts.     

纳米TiO2光催化降解有机磷农药的研究

通过实验,探讨了用纳米TiO2光催化处理有机磷农药模拟废水和实际应用的有机磷农药的可行性.实验表明,以测定不同时间PO43-的浓度来衡量有机磷的降解率,并以此来衡量有机磷农药及其中间产物降解的程度是合理的.光催化降解甲胺磷和水胺硫磷的结果,显示了有机磷农药的降解率与其结构有关.实际应用的有机磷农药也可用光催化降解.     

Carbonaceous resin capsule for vapor-phase monitoring of volatile hydrocarbons in soil: partitioning and kinetic model verification

The resin capsule system (RCS) was tested as a means of providing data on the presence and forms of volatile hydrocarbons. Results indicated that resin capsules provided data showing sensitivity to soil variables (texture and moisture content) and time. The objectives of this paper are to evaluate the RCS methodology and to determine whether carbonaceous resin capsules provide results that can be described by fundamental chemical partitioning and kinetic principles. Findings revealed a significant relationship between quantities of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene adsorbed on the capsule and quantities partitioned into the vapor phase. Kinetic evaluation indicated that the vapor adsorption by the resin capsule is regulated by diffusion processes. No verification of rate-limiting processes was possible due to limitations imposed by the experimental design, but it appears that during early stages, adsorption rate was limited by vapor diffusion through the soil. The resin capsule data also reflected differences that would be expected due to properties of the organic liquids present. These results provide further evidence that the RCS could be developed to suggest direct in situ monitoring to reveal quantities and nature of organic substances in soils.     

假单孢菌碱性木聚糖酶分子活性部位的研究

应用多种化学修饰剂对假单孢菌G6－2产生的碱性木聚糖酶A（XynA)进行了修饰。结果表明，作用于色氨酸和谷氨酸（和／或天冬氨酸（的试剂NBS（N－Bromosuccinimide)和WRK（N－Ethyl-5-phenylisoxazolium-3-sulfonate)可分别使酶活明显降低，百作用与丝氨酸，精氨酸，酪氨酸的试剂对酶活无明显影响。XynA的化学修饰动力学分析表明，每个酶分子中有1个色氨酸残基和1个谷氨酸（或天冬氨酸）残基对酶的活性特别重要。NBS的滴定结果表明，木聚糖的加入使可使1个色氨酸残基被保护，木聚糖对NBS的荧光猝来有22％的保护作用。0．2％的燕麦木聚糖可可阻止NBS树XynA的修饰作用；而即使2％的木聚糖也不能阻止WRK的灭活作用，NBS可使XynA的Km增大4倍，而RK可使其Vmax降低三分之二。这些结果表明，色氨酸和谷氨酸（或天冬氨酸（残基位于XynA的活性部位，且前者位于XynA的底物结合中心，后者位于酶的催化中心；图6表1参14     

植物细胞对环境胁迫的适应性应答Ⅰ:水杨酸对大蒜培养细胞中超氧化物歧化酶的增效诱导

大蒜培养细胞对水杨酸的应答比对温度和水分胁迫的应答更为强烈，其主要特征是抗氧化酶类超氧化物歧化酶的大量生成，同时还观察到水杨酸对冷胁迫或热休克介导的酶诱导作用的强化．上述结果暗示着自由基的生成是环境胁迫作用于植物细胞的机制之一，水杨酸诱导产生的抗氧化活性高于冷胁迫或热休克．这表明化学胁迫可能以一种与物理胁迫不同的方式诱导超氧化物歧化酶同工酶的生成     

盐酸胍诱导的apo-CP43去折叠过程

膜蛋白生物合成与色素组装中蛋白的稳定性可以通过去折叠条件与过程分析得到.利用色氨酸荧光光谱和ANS荧光光谱研究了apo-CP43在盐酸胍条件下的稳定性.色氨酸荧光光谱观测到apo-CP43在盐酸胍作用下去折叠进程的主要特征:荧光强度先是逐渐降低,之后再逐渐升高,而最大荧光发射峰位置则一直持续红移.盐酸胍处理后apo-CP43的F360 nm/F335 nm比值逐渐增大,表明荧光最大发射峰逐步红移.当盐酸胍浓度约为5.5 mol/L时,去折叠比例趋于相对稳定状态,说明此时apo-CP43已经基本完成去折叠.荧光相图法结果显示盐酸胍诱导apo-CP43变性的过程符合三态模型.ANS荧光测定数据显示盐酸胍处理之后最大ANS荧光发射峰位置红移,并且荧光强度逐渐降低.以上数据表明在盐酸胍条件下apo-CP43是一个相对比较稳定的蛋白.     

酶催化降解四溴双酚A反应引起的碳纳米管急性毒性变化

辣根过氧化物酶催化去除四溴双酚A的反应能够改变多壁碳纳米管(multiwall carbon nanotubes,MWCNTs)在水环境中的稳定性。为探究该反应对碳纳米管生态毒性效应的影响,选择大型蚤(Daphnia magna)和斜生栅藻(Scenedesmus obliquus)作为受试生物,分别考察了反应前后MWCNTs对大型蚤的急性毒性以及对斜生栅藻的生长抑制和藻细胞色素的影响。结果表明,在1~10 mg·L-1的暴露浓度下,与原始的MWCNTs相比,反应后的MWCNTs对大型蚤的急性毒性明显减弱。在10 mg·L-1的暴露剂量下,原始的MWCNTs造成大型蚤的死亡率高达65%,而反应后的MWCNTs引起大型蚤的死亡率仅为23%。此外,反应前后的MWCNTs对斜生栅藻的生长均有抑制作用。随着暴露浓度的增大,藻细胞密度、叶绿素a和b的含量逐渐降低。与原始MWCNTs相比,反应后的MWCNTs对斜生栅藻的毒性明显减弱。上述研究结果为评价MWCNTs的环境风险提供了基础数据。