用萃取剂LIX84I从电子废弃物处理液中选择性萃取铜

考察了相比、水相pH、混合时间等因素对LIX84I萃取铜的影响，结果表明：这些因素对铜的萃取率都有一定的影响，最优化的条件是有机相为30％LIX84I＋70％煤油、室温、相比=2：1、出口水相pH值=2．0、搅拌速度=910r／min、萃取级数为3级，每级的时间为3min。对铜进行三级萃取和一级反萃，可以得到符合电积要求的硫酸铜溶液，萃取率和反萃取率分别可以达到94．6％和97．8％。     

二丁基卡必醇萃取废线路板中金的性能研究

采用二丁基卡比醇(DBC)从印刷电路板废料中萃取金。考察了萃取剂浓度、氯离子浓度、氢离子浓度、反萃取剂浓度对反应的影响。实验结果表明:DBC萃取剂在盐酸介质中萃取浸取液中[Au3+]=0.307mg/L的最佳萃取条件为:[H+]=2.00mol/L,[Cl-]=1.00mol/l,O/A=1∶1,萃取时间=90s,DBC=50%(体积比)。在此条件下一级萃取率可达97.33%。选用亚硫酸钠作为反萃剂。通过实验总结出用该反萃剂从负载[Au3+]=0.272mg/L的DBC萃取剂中反萃金的最佳反萃条件为:亚硫酸钠浓度=5%,反萃时间=90s,O/A=5∶2。在此条件下,一级反萃率为95.04%。     

电镀污泥中镍的回收技术研究

采用30％N902从除杂后的电镀污泥氨浸液中回收金属镍。在萃取原料液pH=9,相比（A／O）=2：1,反应时间为5min条件下可使镍的萃取率达到99％。负载有机相经水洗后,用2mol／L A／O=1：1的硫酸进行反萃,反萃时间为30min,反萃级数为8级,得到产品硫酸镍。硫酸镍溶液中镍离子含量〉90g／L,其它杂质达到产品质量要求。     

废弃电子元器件酸性浸出液中铜的萃取研究

利用国产新型铜萃取剂DZ988,以PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸溶液氧化浸取废弃电子元器件得到的酸浸液为萃取原液(含铜浓度CCu=3.132 g/L),进行铜的萃取研究,考察各因素对铜的萃取及反萃取的影响。试验结果表明,铜的萃取率随萃取剂浓度、O/A比、萃取温度及pH的提高而提高;在萃取剂浓度设定为25%,萃取料液浓度用氨水调至pH=2,油水比O/A=1:1,常温的条件下,对废弃电子元器件的PEG-NO2/H2SO4混酸浸出液中的铜的萃取率可达99.45%,铜、铁分离系数达1 151;以硫酸作反萃剂,对负载铜的萃取剂进行反萃取研究,在硫酸溶液浓度为250 g/L,相比O/A=1:1时,铜的反萃率接近100%。同时,DZ988基本不萃取Co、Ni,后续可从铜萃余液中继续回收Co、Ni。     

电镀污泥中镍的回收技术研究

采用30%N902从除杂后的电镀污泥氨浸液中回收金属镍。在萃取原料液pH=9,相比(A/O)=2∶1,反应时间为5min条件下可使镍的萃取率达到99%。负载有机相经水洗后,用2mol/L A/O=1∶1的硫酸进行反萃,反萃时间为30min,反萃级数为8级,得到产品硫酸镍。硫酸镍溶液中镍离子含量90g/L,其它杂质达到产品质量要求。     

从钛白水解母液中回收氧化钪中间试验

氧化钪是一种稀土元素氧化物,是国防尖端科学的重要材料,也是冶金、航天、原子能、电子等工业部门的重要材料。随着科学技术的发展,钪的应用日趋广泛。用萃取法衔接化学法“从钛白水解母液中回收氧化钪”工艺,是借助有机磷萃取剂进行液-液萃取,然后经酸洗除去杂质,并反萃得氢氧化钪沉淀,最后经草酸盐、氢氧化物、再草酸盐三步沉淀分离和灼烧后,成功地从含氧化钪15g/m~3。左右的废酸水中制得总氧化钪含量大于98.5％的产品。该工艺与目前国内从钛白水解母液提取氧化钪工艺     

络合萃取法处理甲苯二异氰酸酯氢化废水的试验研究

研究络合萃取处理甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）生产氢化废水的工艺过程,考察了pH值、萃取相比、萃取温度、萃取时间等因素对萃取效果的影响,并通过正交试验对工艺条件进行优化,结果表明：采用酸性含磷类萃取剂,煤油为稀释剂,在pH值为8.0、萃取温度为25℃、萃取时间为3 min、萃取相比为1.5︰1优化条件下,对氢化废水中苯胺类的萃取率大于97％。负载萃取剂以31%的盐酸作反萃剂,反萃取相比为20︰1条件下可实现完全再生,反萃液经处理可回收2,4-二氨基甲苯和2,6-二氨基甲苯。     

Nation膜中嵌入Fe^2＋光催化降解亚甲基蓝的研究

将亚铁离子嵌入Nation膜中利用Fe^3＋／Fe^2＋光催化降解亚甲基蓝，脱色率达90％。研究探讨了降解亚甲基蓝时H2O2以及pH值的影响。亚甲基蓝光催化降解氧化反应符合一级动力学规律，表观速率常数为0．5689min^-1。     

反应萃取处理含Cr^6＋废水的研究

用三烷基胺的煤油溶液为萃取剂，用１．０ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ水溶液为反萃剂，对含重金属离子Ｃｒ＾６＋废水进行了反应萃取处理的初步研究，试验结果表明，通过该萃取工艺，废水中的Ｃｒ＾６＋浓度可降低到０．５ｍｇ／Ｌ以下，达到有关排放标准。     

萃取-反萃法综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿中磷和镁

针对某磷矿浮选尾矿的资源特点,将其作为高镁低品位磷矿进行处理,用萃取-反萃法分离酸浸液中的镁和磷。选择正丁醇作为萃取剂,在磷酸浓度为30%、萃取相比为1:1,温度为常温,萃取时间为5min的均衡搅拌条件下,五氧化二磷萃取率可达68%以上;用水作为反萃剂,在其加入量为反萃前有机相体积的30%,反萃时间为3min,常温条件下进行反萃,反萃率可达90%以上。该研究为综合回收磷矿浮选尾矿提供了基础性资料,     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.