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稀土元素是重要的战略资源,广泛应用于国防工业、电子行业、环境保护、新能源行业等领域,是高新技术产业发展中必需的重要原料。开发绿色、高效的稀土元素分离与提纯技术对中国稀土资源的高效综合利用具有重要意义。综述了分级结晶和分步沉淀法、离子交换法、萃取色层法以及溶剂萃取法等技术分离与提纯稀土元素的研究现状,分析了这几种方法的优缺点,阐述了溶剂萃取法、离子交换法和萃取色层法在稀土元素分离与提纯技术研究方面的不足,并展望了未来几种方法的发展方向。针对电子废物逐年增加的趋势,概述了稀土元素分离与提纯技术在含稀土电子废物(如废荧光粉、废旧氢-镍电池电极材料和钕铁硼废料)回收工艺中的应用研究进展。以期为制备单一高纯稀土元素提供理论依据,为实现稀土二次资源的回收利用,促进自然资源可持续利用提供技术借鉴。 相似文献
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采用萃取精馏法从醋酸水溶液中分离回收醋酸是一新的研究方向,而适宜溶剂的筛选是研究关键.本实验以高沸点含氮类有机化合物作为醋酸-水萃取精馏的候选溶剂,采用平衡组分分析法对溶剂进行了实验筛选.结果表明,溶剂的引入使体系的相对挥发度有较大程度的提高,其中N-甲基乙酰胺(NMA)使水对醋酸的相对挥发度提高最多,为4.75.因此实验确定NMA为最优溶剂,并进行了醋酸-水萃取精馏的工艺实验.与普通精馏结果对比表明,以NMA为溶剂的萃取精馏法分离醋酸-水的效果非常显著,研究结果对开发环保型的醋酸-水分离新工艺具有重要意义. 相似文献
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萃取精馏法分离醋酸-水的研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
采用萃取精馏法从醋酸水溶液中分离回收醋酸是一新的研究方向,而适宜溶剂的筛选是研究关键.本实验以高沸点含氮类有机化合物作为醋酸-水萃取精馏的候选溶剂,采用平衡组分分析法对溶剂进行了实验筛选.结果表明,溶剂的引入使体系的相对挥发度有较大程度的提高,其中N-甲基乙酰胺(NMA)使水对醋酸的相对挥发度提高最多,为4.75.因此实验确定NMA为最优溶剂,并进行了醋酸-水萃取精馏的工艺实验.与普通精馏结果对比表明,以NMA为溶剂的萃取精馏法分离醋酸-水的效果非常显著,研究结果对开发环保型的醋酸-水分离新工艺具有重要意义. 相似文献
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日本汽车回收再利用制度对中国的借鉴意义 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
随着中国<循环经济促进法>的颁布,报废汽车的回收再利用问题引起了更多的关注.在介绍日本汽车回收再利用制度的内容、运行机制及特点的基础上,分析了中国报废汽车回收再利用的现状及存在问题,阐述了日本汽车回收再利用制度对中国的借鉴意义. 相似文献
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上海试剂一厂以苯酐、辛醇为原料进行催化酯反应,生产苯二甲酸二辛酯。在制备过程中,添加了适量活性炭作为脱色剂。为回收活性炭废渣中的苯二甲酸二辛酯,用萃取剂将它萃取出来,再将萃取液经过蒸馏,使萃取剂与苯二甲酸二辛酯分离,剩余活性炭废渣作为燃料焚烧。 相似文献
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为了去除并回收兰炭废水中的高浓度挥发酚类物质,实验研究了甲基异丁酮溶剂在不同条件下对兰炭废水中挥发酚的萃取及回收效果。结果表明,萃取时间为10 min,温度为35℃,p H低于8.0,萃取体积比(萃取剂体积/兰炭废水体积)在大于1∶5时,经过萃取后废水中挥发酚浓度由6 385 mg/L降至230 mg/L,去除率高达96.4%,有效减轻了后续生化处理的负担。而萃取剂经过蒸馏分离后,挥发酚的回收率可达95%以上,甲基异丁酮的损耗率为0.18%~0.2%。实验表明,甲基异丁酮是一种可以长期循环使用的工业萃取剂,显示了良好的应用前景。 相似文献
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Árpád Ambrus 《Journal of environmental science and health. Part. B》2013,48(3):435-442
Abstract A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits. 相似文献
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介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠 相似文献
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不同泥源对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:1
采用2套上流式生物膜反应器,分别接种少量厌氧氨氧化污泥和大量硝化污泥,考察其对厌氧氨氧化反应器启动的影响。污泥接种入反应器后,测得接种厌氧氨氧化污泥的反应器(R1)内MLSS为0.22 g/L,另一个反应器(R2)MLSS为2.7 g/L。与直接接种厌氧氨氧化污泥相比,R1经过72 d的运行才显现出厌氧氨氧化特性。经过114 d的培养,前者氮去除速率由0.23 kg/(m3.d)提升到5.29 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于89%;R2的氮去除速率由0.01 kg/(m3.d)提升到1.1 kg/(m3.d),总氮去除率大于84.6%。说明普通污泥启动需要一个较长的筛选过程,直接接种少量的厌氧氨氧化污泥比接种普通的污泥能够更快启动厌氧氨氧化反应器。 相似文献
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Janusz A. Pudykiewicz Anna S. Koziol 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1998,32(24):5541
The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing. 相似文献
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造纸废水混凝处理中SFT助凝替代性研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
中小造纸厂废水处理常用PAC作混凝剂 ,PAM作助凝剂。由于PAM成本很高 ,影响了处理设备的投运率。用超细滑石粉 (SFT)替代PAM助凝 ,与混凝剂PAC配合 ,其混凝处理效果基本相当 ,但是处理成本降低 0 .10元 /m3 。由于SFT属环境无害材料 ,不会给排泥带来二次污染 相似文献
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活性炭三维电极法对印染废水的处理研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
对三维电极方法处理印染废水进行了实验研究,初步探讨了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的机理,对影响处理效果的各种要素,如反应时间、槽电压和pH值等进行了条件实验,得出了活性炭三维电极法处理印染废水的最佳运行条件为:停留时间120-180 min,槽电压25~30 V,进水pH值6.5~7.5。结果表明,该反应器能有效地降低废水色度,有较高的COD去除效率,并能提高印染废水的可生化性。 相似文献
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以松木木屑为原料,在自制的小型流化床上,开展了生物质热裂解温度、生物质粒径和进料速率对生物油产率的影响实验研究.结果表明,在热裂解温度分别为450、475、500、525和550℃条件下,当热裂解温度为500℃时,生物油产率最高,平均产率达到53.33%(质量百分比).反应温度越高,炭产量越低,不可冷凝气体产量越高,气体发热值越高;粒径<1 mm的生物质其粒径对生物油产率影响不大;生物质进料速率增加时,生物油产率增加.本研究为生物能的利用提供了新的途径. 相似文献
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Evaluation of the presence of drugs of abuse in tap waters 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A total of seventy samples of drinking water were tested for non-controlled and illicit drugs. Of these, 43 were from Spanish cities, 15 from seven other European countries, three from Japan and nine from seven different Latin American countries. The most frequently detected compounds were caffeine, nicotine, cotinine, cocaine and its metabolite benzoylecgonine, methadone and its metabolite EDDP. The mean concentrations of non-controlled drugs were: for caffeine 50 and 19 ng L−1, in Spanish and worldwide drinking water respectively and for nicotine 13 and 19 ng L−1. Illicit drugs were sparsely present and usually at ultratrace level (<1 ng L−1). For example, cocaine has mean values of 0.4 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L−1 (worldwide), whereas for benzoylecgonine, these mean values were 0.4 and 1.8 ng L−1, respectively. Higher concentrations of benzoylecgonine were found in Latin American samples (up to 15 ng L−1). No opiates were identified in any sample but the presence of methadone and EDDP was frequently detected. Total mean values for EDDP were 0.4 ng L−1 (Spain) and 0.3 ng L−1 (worldwide). Very few samples tested positive for amphetamines, in line with the reactivity of chlorine with these compounds. No cannabinoids, LSD, ketamine, fentanyl and PCP were detected. 相似文献