安徽省土壤中氟分布的研究

安徽省２２９个土壤剖面土壤总氟和土壤水溶性氟含量测定数据表明,５个地理分区之间土壤总氟差异不大,Ａ层和Ｃ层均值分别为５２２ｍｇ／ｋｇ和６０４ｍｇ／ｊｋｇ而土壤水溶性氟在不同地区之间的差异显著,其分布规律是自北向南降低;淮北平均〉江淮丘陵〉沿江平原〉皖南地区〉大别山区。     

安徽省土壤中氟分布的研究

安徽省２２９ 个土壤剖面土壤总氟和土壤水溶性氟含量测定数据表明,５ 个地理分区之间土壤总氟差异不大,Ａ 层和Ｃ层均值分别为５２２ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ 和６０４ ｍ ｇ／ｋｇ;而土壤水溶性氟在不同地区之间的差异显著,其分布规律是自北向南降低：淮北平原＞ 江淮丘陵＞ 沿江平原＞ 皖南山区＞ 大别山区。土壤总氟与土壤水溶性氟无相关性。     

酸雨对长江三角洲地区四种典型土壤中锌解吸的影响

近年来酸雨危害频繁发生,特别是长江三角洲地区,酸雨致使土壤中重金属锌的吸附和解吸发生了一定的变化。选取具有代表性的长江三角洲地区4种典型土壤,通过加入外源重金属锌培育污染土样,在不同pH的酸雨下对已污染土样进行解吸。通过实验探究土壤母质对于重金属锌的吸附及解吸的特点,为国家制定土壤标准提供可靠的数据支持。结果表明：土壤中锌的解吸量随着pH的降低而增加;比较不同母质发育而成的土壤,在pH=4.0、5.6模拟已污染土壤中锌的解吸量顺序为：沟沟堆积母质〉湖相沉积物母质〉河相沉积物母质〉海相沉积物母质。在pH=2.0、3.0时,河相沉积物母质、湖相沉积物母质解吸量迅速增加,超过海相沉积物母质锌的解吸量。     

湖南主要农田土壤中氮的形态

本试验采集了湖南省八种主要母质发育的２３个农田土壤耕层样本，其中水田土壤１６个，旱地土壤７个．将土壤氮分为七级．即交换性ＮＨ４＋十ＮＯ３－，水解性ＮＨ４＋，氨基糖氮，可溶性碱稳定态氮，酸溶性腐殖质态氮，固定态ＮＨ４＋，难溶性腐殖质态氮。分析结果表明，土壤中交换性ＮＨ４＋十ＮＯ３－的含量为２２．０土９．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的１．７土０．７％；水解性ＮＨ４＋为３２４．４土１０９．５ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的２３．９±５．６％；氨基糖氮为１１８．９土４３．０ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的９．１土３．２％；可溶性碱稳定态氮为４９７．１土２０５．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的３６．２土８．３％；酸溶性腐殖质态氮为２９．２土１０．２ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的１３土０．８％；固定态ＮＨ４＋为４７．２土２４．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的３．６±１．７％；难溶性腐殖质态氮为３４１．３土２７０．８ｍｇ／ｋｇ，占全氮的２２．２土１１．６％。     

Cu Ni As Cr对萝卜出苗的影响

利用盆栽试验研究Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ、Ａｓ、Ｃｒ４个元素不同浓度对萝卜出苗的影响．结果表明，土壤含Ｃｕ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上时，随着含Ｃｕ量的增加，出苗数随之减少．在酸性土壤上发生Ｃｕ和Ｎｉ危害时，可用提高土壤ｐＨ至中性的办法来消除．在中性土壤上，含Ｎｉ５０ｍｇ／ｋｇ以上对萝卜出苗有害．Ｃｕ、Ｎｉ复合污染比单一元素污染的危害大，且毒性Ｎｉ＞Ｃｕ．土壤Ｃｒ、Ａｓ含量越大，对萝卜出苗的危害也越大，并且毒性Ｃｒ（６＋）＞Ｃｒ（３＋）．     

珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤中镍的含量分布特征

对珠江三角洲典型区域农业土壤取样调查表明:研究区农业土壤中镍的含量范围在2.29～112.00mg·kg-1之间,平均值(27.79±18.39)mg·kg-1,有24.9%土壤样品的镍含量超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618—1995)的二级标准;土壤中镍的含量主要受成土母质的影响,滨海沉积物和三角洲冲积物发育的土壤中镍含量明显高于其它成土母质的土壤;可能受到富含镍的西江和北江沉积物质的影响,西江和北江三角洲沉积区土壤中镍含量明显高于东江三角洲沉积区。调查结果为研究区域的土壤环境质量调查、评价和治理提供重要的基础资料和决策依据。     

内蒙古典型草原土壤的氟含量

对内蒙古草原区典型草原不同区域内土壤氟水平及分布规律进行了研究。结果表明，典型草原土壤氟含量从东到西呈上升趋势，典型草原土壤表层氟含量平均值为２８５．４６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，与国内外有关文献值相比属中等水平，处于内蒙古土壤表层氟背景值范围内。     

南方高产茶园土壤养分特性

本文对南方高产获园土壤养分特性进行研究．结果表明，高产茶园土壤表层碱解Ｎ１００．３ｍｇ／ｋｇ、全Ｎ１．３８ｇ／ｋｇ．有机质３１．０ｇ／ｋｇ，均按丰富；茶叶产量与上壤碱解Ｎ呈显著正相关．由于重施磷肥，磷素在土壤中趋于积累．土壤表层全磷含量比相应的荒地土壤平均高０．４７ｇ／ｋｇ．由于少施钾肥．老茶园土壤比荒地土壤全钾含量明显下降，下降率最高达３０．２５％，平均达２５．６０％．高产茶园土壤具有独特的熟化层（２０－４０ｃｍ）．红壤茶园土壤肥力最高，赤红壤和砖红壤茶园相近．根据研究结果，建议采用‘控氮、降磷、增钾”的施肥原则．     

内蒙古典型草原土壤的氟含量

对内蒙古草原区典型草原不同区域内土壤氟水平及分布规律进行了研究。结果表明，典型草原土壤氟含量从东到西呈上升趋势。典型草原土壤表层氟含量平均值为２８５．４６ｍｇ／ｋｇ，与国内外有关文献值相比属中等水平，处于内蒙古土壤表层氟背景值范围内。     

珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环研究

主要研究了珠江口红树林硫的累积和循环特点，并探讨其对土壤中硫累积的影响．结果表明，珠江口五个红树群落硫的贮存量平均为１７０．４２ｋｇ／ｈｍ２；在群落硫元素的生物循环中，年存留量平均为１７．６０１ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年归还量平均为３５．６０３ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，年吸收量平均为５３．２０４ｋｇ／ｈｍ２，周转期为３－８ａ，富集率均大于１．选定浅海沉积物的平均含硫量作为林下土壤成土母质的本底含硫量，估算红树植物生长后土壤含硫量的变化，并与群落硫的年归还量作比较．红树林对其林下土壤硫的累积作用有两方面，一是对海水硫的生物选择吸收与归还，二是为海水中的ＳＯ４（２－）为黄铁矿提供有机还原剂和嫌气微生物的能源，尤以后者的作用更重要．     

广东省杨村华侨柑桔场土壤微量元素含量与分布的研究

采集并分析全场不同母质形成的有代表性的土壤样本142个.研究结果表明，各类土壤全B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于全国平均值，全量Cu平均值高于全国平均值.有效B、Mo、Zn和Mn含量的平均值均低于临界值，有效Cu的平均值稍高于临界值;但66.7％的土样有效Cu含量低于临界值.硼、钼、锌和锰严重缺乏，铜多数缺乏.全场各类土壤的微量元素含量差异较大，各类土壤微量元素的垂直和水平分布特征不尽相同，尤其是垂直分布差异明显.从土壤微量元素的全量与母质的关系来看，以玄武岩、紫色砂页岩母质形成的土壤全量较高，砂砾岩母质形成的土壤全量中等，砂页岩和冲积物母质形成的土壤全量较低.     

湖北省土壤有效硅含量分布

在全省主要土壤上布点，取土壤样品529个．全省土壤有效硅（SiO2）平均含量为202.6mg／kg，含量变化范围为15．7－725.5mg／kg，低于缺硅临界值（＜95mg／kg）的样点占总样点的38.2％．其土壤有效硅平均含量高的有：黄褐土（471．3mg／kg）、石灰土（377.3mg／kg）和灰潮土（332.7mg／kg）；平均含量中等的有：紫色土（189、5mg／kg）、水稻土（174.7mg／kg）、潮土（110.7mg／kg）、黄棕壤（106.0mg／kg）；平均含量低于缺硅临界值的有红壤（89.1mg／kg）和黄壤（41.4mg／kg）土壤有效硅含量对土壤母质有依赖关系．土壤pH值及水稻上不同水型对土壤有效硅含量也有影响，土壤有效硅含量与土壤有效磷、铁、锰存在着相关关系．     

Fluorine in the UK environment

Relatively low concentrations of fluorine in drinking water ( 1 mg F/l) have been shown to significantly reduce the degree of dental caries in children and fluorine would also appear to have a beneficial effect on bone formation in both humans and farm animals. However, it is apparent that elevated levels of fluorine in the diet have sometimes resulted in problems of increased dental caries and of the development of bone deformities. Much of the fluorine in rocks and soils occurs in apatite and hydroxysilicate minerals, fluorite being the only relatively common rock forming mineral containing fluorine as an essential constituent.Little systematic data are available on fluorine concentrations in soils, plants and natural waters in the UK. General background soil concentrations lie in the range 200 – 400 mg F/kg. For waters the average fluorine content is low, <0.1 mg F/l.In the British Isles there are several areas where there are enhanced levels of fluorine. In the northern Pennines, Derbyshire, northeast Wales and Cornwall, fluorite occurs as a significant component of mineralisation and much fluorine has been added to the environment from mining waste dumps. Soils in northeast Wales contain up to 3,650 mg F/kg and in the northern Pennines up to 20,000 mg F/kg. Waters contain up to 2.3 mg F/l. In southwest England, the granites are generally fluorine-rich with the fluorite granites of the St Austell pluton containing as much as 1 percent fluorine. These rocks are frequently kaolinised and intensively worked as a source of china clay. Soils in the vicinity of the waste tips contain up to 3,300 mg F/kg and grasses up to 2,950 mg F/kg. Surface waters in the St Austell area contain up to 1.25 mg F/l.Atmospheric fluorine pollution around brickworks in the Peterborough and Bedford areas has resulted in fluorosis in farm animals. Other sources of atmospheric fluorine pollution are aluminium smelters, steelworks and fossil fuel burning.     

双氰胺在四川3种主要土壤上的硝化抑制作用

采用室内培养试验方法,在不同浓度双氰胺(DCD)处理条件下,对四川3种主要土壤(紫色土、黄壤、灰潮土)的N2O释放量,NH4+-N及NO3--N含量动态变化进行了研究.结果表明,DCD对3种土壤N2O释放及土壤NO3--N含量有明显抑制作用,随DCD浓度增加,其抑制效果越显著.DCD同时能推迟NO3--N含量达到高峰,使土壤NH4+-N含量在较长时间保持相对较高水平,提高氮肥利用率,减少氮素流失.DCD在3种土壤上硝化抑制效果存在差异,表现为紫色土＞灰潮土＞黄壤.同时提出DCD在3种土壤上的适宜添加量,紫色土上为普通碳铵施入量的0.5%,黄壤和灰潮土上为0.3%.     

三峡水库消落区土壤汞吸附解吸动力学特征

对三峡水库消落区5种土壤进行了汞的吸附-解吸试验,用不同的等温吸附方程和化学反应动力学方程进行了模拟比较,结果显示,不同土壤对汞的吸附解吸动力学规律相类似,吸附速率和解吸速率均与土壤pH值呈显著(r=0.933,p＜0.05)和极显著相关性(r=0.962,p＜0.01),但吸附量和解吸量各不相同,其中,紫色潮土对汞的吸附量最大,酸性紫色土最小;灰棕潮土对汞的解吸量最大,黄壤最小,其它类型土壤介于它们之间.     

Chemical changes in agricultural soils of Korea: data review and suggested countermeasures

The monitoring of chemical properties, including heavy metals, in soils is necessary if better management and remediation practices are to be established for polluted soils. The National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology initiated a monitoring study that investigated fertility and heavy metal contents of the benchmarked soils. The study covered paddy soils, upland soils, and horticultural soils in the plastic film houses, and orchard soils throughout the Korea from 1990 to 1998. Likewise, 4047 samples of paddy and 2534 samples of plastic house in 1999 and 2000 were analyzed through the Soil Environment Conservation Act. Soil chemical properties such as pH, organic matter, available phosphate and extractable calcium, magnesium and potassium contents, and heavy metal contents such as cadmium, copper, lead, zinc, arsenic, mercury, and cobalt contents were analyzed. The study showed that the average contents of organic matter, available phosphate, and extractable potassium rapidly increased in plastic house soils than in upland or paddy soils. Two kinds of fertilizer recommendation systems were established for the study: the standard levels by national soil average data for 77 crops and the recommendation by soil test for 70 crops. Standard nitrogen fertilizer application levels for cereal crops changed from 94 kg/ha in 1960s, 99 kg/ha in 1970s, 110 kg/ha in 1980s to 90 kg/ha in 1990s. The K2O-fertilizer also changed from 67 kg/ha in 1960s, 76 kg/ha in 1970s, 92 kg/ha in 1980s, and only 44 kg/ha in 1990s. In rice paddy fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, and Zn in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 1.01), 4.70 mg kg(-1) (0-41.59), 4.84 mg kg(-1) (0-66.44), and 4.47 mg kg(-1) (0-96.70), respectively. In the uplands, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soils (0-15 cm depth) were 0.135 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0 to 0.660), 2.77 mg kg(-1) (0.07-78.24), 3.47 mg kg(-1) (0-43.00), 10.70 mg kg(-1) (0.30-65.10), and 0.57 mg kg(-1) (0.21-2.90), respectively. In plastic film houses, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, and As in surface soil were 0.12 mg kg(-1) (ranging from 0 to 1.28), 4.82 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 2.68 mg kg(-1) (0-46.50), 31.19 mg kg(-1) (0.19-252.0), and 0.36 mg kg(-1) (0-4.98), respectively. In orchard fields, the average contents of Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, As, and Hg in surface soils (0-20 cm depth) were 0.11 mg kg(-1) (ranged from 0-0.49), 3.62 mg kg(-1) (0.03-45.30), 2.30 mg kg(-1) (0-27.80), 16.60 mg kg(-1) (0.33-105.50), 0.44 mg kg(-1) (0-4.14), and 0.05 mg kg(-1) (0.01-0.54), respectively. For polluted soils with over the warning content levels of heavy metals, fine red earth application, land reconsolidation and soil amelioration such as lime, phosphate, organic manure, and submerging were recommended. For the countermeasure areas, cultivation of non-edible crops such as garden trees, flowers, and fiber crops; land reformation; and heavy application of fine red earth (up to 30 cm) were strongly recommended. Land use techniques should be changed to be harmonious with the environment to increase yield and income. Soil function characteristics should be taken into account.     

海南岛土壤中的锌

土壤中锌的含量异常会阻碍植物生长．海南岛地处热带地区，上壤中锌的含量为1.85～107.89mg／kg，平均31.46mg／kg；0.1mol／L盐酸提取有效锌含量0.50～9.80mg／kg，平均3.86mg／kg．玄武岩上的土壤含锌量为87.35～107.89mg／kg，滨海砂上含锌量大多不足20mg／kg，其它土类的锌含量大多在15～50mg／kg．除了个别土壤锌含量偏低外，绝大多数土壤锌含量是正常的．土壤锌含量的地理分布是：东北部地区明显高，其次是西南部，再次为西北部、中部和东南部地区，岛四周的滨海砂土地区最低．海南岛的土壤锌含量与母质种类的关系最为密切，玄武岩母质上的比花岗岩的高得多．气候条件也是影响锌含量的重要因素之一，湿润地区锌有向下淋溶的趋势．干热地区锌有上移的倾向．质地粘重的土壤含锌量往往较高．土壤有机质对锌含量的影响不明显．     

云南部分蔬菜中氟积累特征及其成因初步分析

对云南蔬菜产区部分蔬菜进行了分析,发现氟残留量普遍超过了1 mg/kg。在所检测的蔬菜中,菠菜的水溶性氟平均含量最高,为13.18 mg/kg。就叶菜类不同组织器官来看,氟的分布是:叶中的氟残留量>根中的氟残留量>茎中的氟残留量(以干质量计算);就不同叶位来看,从老叶到幼叶氟残留量有逐渐下降的趋势。结合蔬菜产地的土壤分析结果,认为蔬菜中氟残留量不仅与土壤氟含量有关,而且还可能与施肥状况、蔬菜类别有关。文章还提出了减少蔬菜中氟残留量的对策。     

土著微生物原位修复石油污染土壤试验研究

利用当地土著微生物优势菌群,辅以物理和化学的方法,结合当地地质微环境特点,开展了陕北某油井旁的石油污染黄土土壤修复研究。设置两个试验区、一个空白区和一个对照区,在两个试验区中分别加入3%的土著优势菌群制剂,选择优化出的土著菌群经鉴定,主要有：假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas）、微球菌属（Micrococcus）、放线菌属（Actinomayces）、真菌类的青霉属（Penicillium）、曲霉属（Aspergillus）等。试验结果显示：土著优势菌剂一般需要3-7d的延滞期（lag phase）,然后进入对数期（logarithmic phase）;两个试验区土壤中人为添加石油含量分别为1542、1886mg·kg^-1时,经过11-32d原位土著优势微生物菌剂的修复,土壤中的石油污染物降解率可达69.52%-88.11%,而对照区土壤中人为添加的石油含量变化不大,降解率基本在10%以内,说明在自然条件下土壤中石油降解是缓慢的。谷糠黍糠、麦麸两种添加剂对优化菌液的修复效果的作用基本相同。试验过程中对土壤温度、水分、氧和营养物质等影响因素进行了调控,起到了良好的作用。