围滩鱼塘中藻类生物量与水体养分关系的研究

通过大塘试验和围格试验,研究了围滩鱼塘生态系统中藻类的种群分布,变化及其与环境因子的关系。结果表明,鱼塘藻类共有１７门１２７种,年平均数量１１９．３９＊１０＾６个／Ｌ、平均生物量９０．６０ｍｇ／Ｌ,藻类种群数量,生物量等存在动态变化;组成、生物量都以蓝、绿、硅藻门为主;影响藻类种群的主要水环境因子是氮磷比和总磷。     

围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响

以鄂尔多斯高原温性荒漠草原为对象,对比研究了放牧和围封条件对草原植物地下生物量、土壤有机质、土壤微生物数量及酶活性的影响,旨在为干旱区退化草地的恢复与重建提供科学依据。结果表明,(1)与放牧区相比,围封显著增加了表层土壤(0~10 cm)草地植物地下生物量23.81%,极显著增加了次表层土壤(10~20 cm)草地植物地下生物量37.21%,而对土壤有机质含量无显著影响。(2)围封极显著提高了表层土壤真菌种群数量71%,次表层土壤细菌种群数量147%,显著提高了底层土壤(20~40 cm)真菌164%和表层、次表层土壤放线菌种群数量56%和8.9%。(3)围封区的次表层土壤脲酶活性显著增加了31.13%,表层土壤蔗糖酶活性显著降低了24.14%,表层土壤过氧化氢酶和碱性磷酸酶活性分别显著提高了16.59%和11.76%。(4)围封与放牧条件下,各指标相关性表现不尽一致;放牧条件下,放线菌种群数量与各指标相关性均不显著(P0.05),而在围封下,放线菌与真菌种群数量及碱性磷酸酶活性无显著相关性(P0.05),与其他指标均表现出显著(P0.05)或极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数达68%以上;放牧条件下,真菌种群数量与4种土壤酶活性均呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,相关系数在84%以上,而围封条件下,其与4种酶活性均呈显著正相关关系(P0.05)。     

基于AQUATOX模型的乌梁素海富营养化模拟及控制研究

乌梁素海是典型的寒旱区湖泊,具有多草、多藻、水浅及寒区气候等特征。针对乌梁素海湖泊富营养化及水华问题,运用AQUATOX模型对乌梁素海湖区主要营养盐的季节变化以及不同藻类(蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻)的演替规律进行了模拟。模拟结果显示,该研究建立的乌梁素海生态系统模型,能较好的模拟水域中营养盐的动态变化以及不同藻类(蓝藻、绿藻、硅藻)的季节演替规律,与乌梁素海实际水环境状况大体吻合。在模拟的基础上,对控制入湖氮、磷污染负荷后营养盐浓度及藻类生物量的响应关系进行探讨。结果显示,在氮磷与营养物响应关系方面,消减入湖氮磷负荷能有效降低乌梁素海湖区相应营养物浓度,且随消减量的加大,其浓度也不断降低。同时消减入湖N,P负荷的20%,营养物TN,TP浓度分别降低17.06%和4.83%;消减入湖N,P负荷的30%,营养物TN,TP浓度分别降低25.62%和6.92%;消减入湖N,P负荷的50%,营养物TN,TP浓度分别降低42.58%和11.56%。在氮磷与藻类响应关系方面,消减氮磷负荷可以有效降低湖内绿藻、蓝藻生物量。同时消减入湖N,P负荷的20%、30%和50%,绿藻及蓝藻生物量平均降幅分别为7.77%、12.60%、19.54%和6.05%、10.60%、13.12%。单一控制磷负荷亦能有效降低绿藻和蓝藻生物量,且作用更加明显,而单一控制氮反而会使蓝藻的生物量增加。因此,在乌梁素海富营养化的治理中,需采取同时消减入湖氮磷负荷或者单一消减磷负荷的措施,以实现抑制水华暴发、改善区域生态的目的。     

不同氮磷比对藻类生长的影响

实验采用铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa),对其在不同氮、磷质量浓度的人工培养基中进行培养,研究不同氮磷比对藻类生长的影响.结果表明,氮磷营养盐在藻类生长过程中是重要的影响因子.在不同磷质量浓度条件下,藻类生长的最佳条件pp=O.07mg·L-1,且在磷质量浓度大于O.07 mg·L-1时,藻类生长状况要优于磷质最浓度小于0.07 mg·L-1时.在不同氮磷比条件下.藻类最佳生长条件为氮磷比等于40:1,藻类生长取决于氮的质量浓度.藻类生长对pH有重要影响.去除过量的氮磷等营养元素是防治湖泊富营养化的重要方法.     

围封对荒漠草原沙芦草种群构件生物量分配特性的影响

以宁夏盐池县四墩子荒漠草原沙芦草(Agropyron mongolicum)为研究对象,通过对比研究围栏内外沙芦草种群各构件生物量、构件分配格局及其相关关系,试图揭示围栏封育对植物资源分配格局和生态策略的影响。结果表明,(1)围栏封育后,沙芦草种群的高度、丛幅、盖度以及株丛生物量显著提高,提高比例依次为78.96%(P=0.040)、63.50%(P=0.013)、50.89%(P=0.032)、205.38%(P=0.022),而密度无显著变化(P=0.330)。(2)围封对沙芦草种群各构件生物量具有显著影响,与围栏外相比,围栏内沙芦草种群根、叶、穗生物量显著提高,提高比例依次为183.52%(P=0.020)、334.09%(P=0.011)、381.25%(P=0.005);且围栏内外均表现为根生物量最大(围栏内为38.53 g,围栏外为13.59 g),穗生物量最小(围栏内为6.16 g,围栏外为1.28 g)。(3)围封后,沙芦草种群的生物量分配比发生了不同程度的变化。其中,生殖枝和叶的生物量分配比显著升高,分别升高了31.45%(P=0.020)和4.20%(P=0.000),而营养枝生物量分配比和根冠比显著降低,降低比例分别为281.62%(P=0.002)和13.33%(P=0.023)。(4)除营养枝生物量与丛幅间表现为显著负相关关系外(P=0.039),沙芦草种群各构件生物量间以及各构件生物量与株高、丛幅之间均存在显著或极显著正相关性。围栏封育对沙芦草种群构件生物量及其分配格局有显著的影响,说明围封是植物维持其种群持续更新能力和恢复其在群落中地位的重要措施之一。     

米氏凯伦藻对氮源的吸收利用特征

对不同氮源的吸收利用特征在一定程度上决定了藻类的生长策略和种群生物量,采用单因子实验,以NaH2PO4作为唯一磷源,固定初始磷浓度为0.65 μmol·L-1,选用硝酸钠、亚硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素分别作为氮源进行批次培养,对比研究米氏凯伦藻(Karenia mikimotoi)在不同氮源不同氮磷浓度比(cN/cP)条件下的吸收利用特征.结果表明:当cN/cP为80时,米氏凯伦藻细胞数量增长明显,对硝酸钠、亚硝酸钠、氯化铵和尿素的吸收量分别为51.64 μmol·L-1、29.28 μmol·L-1、42.17μmol·L-1、41.42 μmol·L-1.4种氮源对米氏凯伦藻的营养价值存在差别,其由大至小的排列顺序依次为:硝酸钠,尿素,亚硝酸钠,氯化铵.     

天津典型湿地芦苇种群生产力和氮磷营养结构与环境因子的关系

天津芦苇(Phragmites australis)湿地是东亚—澳大利亚候鸟迁徙必经之地,具有重要的生态功能。近几十年来,随着城市化进程的快速发展和人口的增加,天津地区水体咸化、氮污染等问题严重。调查了天津典型湿地七里海、北大港和大黄堡湿地芦苇种群地上部生物量、形态特征及氮、磷营养状况,探讨其与环境氮、磷营养和含盐量的关系,结果表明:(1)天津典型湿地芦苇种群地上部最大生物量变化范围为978~1 263 g·m-2,并未随样地间含盐量和氮含量等环境因子的变化而显著改变;(2)在最大生物量时期(8月),北大港湿地芦苇地上部氮含量和氮储量明显低于七里海和大黄堡;8月北大港湿地芦苇叶片氮磷比为12.48,氮限制植物生长;七里海和大黄堡湿地芦苇叶片氮磷比分别为14.89和15.72,氮、磷共同限制植物生长;(3)当前环境压力显著影响了芦苇地上部氮、磷营养状况。底泥含盐量增加可降低芦苇叶片氮、磷含量;随着底泥氮营养的增加,芦苇茎氮含量呈线性增加;而随着底泥磷营养的增加,芦苇叶和茎磷含量并未增加。虽然天津地表水体氮污染严重,但是氮而非磷成为芦苇生长的主要限制因子,天津芦苇湿地仍然具有吸纳环境氮污染物的潜力。     

常熟农村不同水体氮磷污染状况

于2007年11月至2008年10月,对常熟市辛庄镇不同水体氮磷污染状况进行定点观测,初步探讨了河道和鱼塘水体氮磷浓度的变化特征及其污染来源.结果表明:辛庄镇河道水样无机氮、总氮、正磷酸盐和总磷的平均质量浓度分别为2.07、2.31、0.30和0.53 mg·L-1,表明辛庄镇河水氮磷污染已十分严重.河道和鱼塘水体氮形态都以无机氮为主,分别占总氮的89.6%、72.7%;磷形态以可溶态为主,分别占总磷的73.6%、71.1%.河水硝态氮、铵态氮、总氮、无机氮、正磷酸盐、可溶性磷和总磷平均质量浓度分别比鱼塘水高0.30、0.17、0.11、0.47、0.12、0.15和0.12 mg·L-1.河道和鱼塘水体硝态氮、无机氮和总氮浓度随时间的变化趋势较一致,正磷酸盐、可溶性磷和总磷浓度随时间的变化趋势则显著不同.河水氮磷污染源主要来自生活污水及养猪场废水,鱼塘水体的氮磷污染则与饵料和肥料的投入有很大关系,大气氮沉降也是导致水体氮浓度升高的重要原因.     

氮磷质量浓度对普通小球藻和鱼腥藻生长竞争的影响

研究氮磷质量浓度对藻类生长竞争的影响,对于揭示如何通过控制环境因子促进有益藻类生长繁殖、抑制有害藻类生长繁殖,并利用藻类调节养殖环境和提高水体初级生产力具有重要意义。设置了4个氮磷质量浓度梯度(N 0.18μg·m L-1,P0.025μg·m L-1;N 0.36μg·m L-1,P 0.050μg·m L-1;N 0.72μg·m L-1,P 0.100μg·m L-1;N 3.60μg·m L-1,P 0.500μg·m L-1),通过测算比生长速率、生长曲线、竞争抑制参数,研究了不同氮磷质量浓度对普通小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和鱼腥藻(Anabaenasp.strain PCC)生长和种间竞争的影响。结果表明,在单种培养体系中,普通小球藻和鱼腥藻的最大藻细胞数量均随氮磷质量浓度的增加而增加,最大藻细胞数量分别为198.9×105 cells·m L-1和424.8×105 cells·m L-1;氮磷质量浓度对藻类的竞争能够产生明显影响,在共培养体系中,鱼腥藻的最大藻细胞数量表现为:中高氮磷组(208.9×105 cells·m L-1)中低氮磷组(98.3×105 cells·m L-1)高氮磷组(64.7×105 cells·m L-1)低氮磷组(45.3×105 cells·m L-1)。同时,种间竞争抑制参数的测算结果表明,4组氮磷质量浓度下鱼腥藻对普通小球藻的竞争抑制参数(α)分别为2.599、0.564、0.772、1.618,普通小球藻对鱼腥藻的竞争抑制参数(β)分别为0.434、0.321、0.466、-8.899,鱼腥藻对普通小球藻的竞争抑制参数(α)均大于普通小球藻对鱼腥藻的竞争抑制参数(β);低氮磷质量浓度时,鱼腥藻对普通小球藻的竞争抑制参数(α)最大,为2.599;中高氮磷质量浓度时,普通小球藻对鱼腥藻的竞争抑制参数(β)最大,为0.466。根据Lotka-Volterra竞争模型中的两物种竞争结局可初步判断,低、中高氮磷、高氮磷质量浓度时,鱼腥藻在竞争中占优势;中低氮磷质量浓度时,鱼腥藻和普通小球藻稳定共存。     

不同氮磷比对淡水藻类生长的影响及水环境因子的变化

在实验室水族箱内建立微型生态系统,研究氮磷比[m(N)/m(P)]对微型生态系统中叶绿素-a、总有机碳、溶解氧、pH的影响,并用多重比较检验法分析试验所得数据。试验发现,Chl-a、TOC、DO、pH在不同氮磷比的处理间均有一定的差异,其中DO、pH在不同处理间的变化比Chl-a、TOC更为显著。但它们随氮磷比的变化均没有表现出明显的规律性。还发现在各处理中,Chl-a与DO、pH间存在明显的正线性相关性;与TOC的相关性不显著。结果认为,氮磷比对这些环境因子的影响主要还受制于它对处理中浮游植物生长的影响,氮磷比对这些环境因子的影响并不显著。     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.