不同地表雨水径流冲刷特性分析

选择北京市某城区典型地表(校园、自行车道、商业街和高架桥)的雨水径流作为研究对象,系统分析了不同地表雨水径流的冲刷特性。分析结果表明:不同地表初期冲刷现象都比较明显,控制不同地表20%的初期雨水可以削减污染物总量的40%～60%,高架桥初期雨水径流中COD、SS和TP浓度最高,校园初期雨水径流中TN浓度最高。不同地表雨水径流的水质优劣顺序为:校园>商业街>自行车道>高架桥。校园和自行车道在整个降雨过程中D50和D90粒径大小相近,分别为30μm和50μm左右,且变化幅度都较小。高架桥和商业街在雨水径流初期D50和D90粒径有明显减小,但后期均出现较大幅度的波动,其粒径明显大于校园和自行车道。上述研究成果对于城市不同地表雨水径流污染控制和场地开发具有重要意义。     

高效旋流分离-生态砾间接触氧化联合装置处理初期雨水径流应用研究

设计高效旋流分离—生态砾间接触氧化联合装置处理初期雨水径流。确定高效旋流分离器的最优进水压力为0.03MPa,生态砾间接触氧化装置的最优水力停留时间(HRT)为8h,模拟初期雨水SS、COD、TN、氨氮和TP的去除率分别达到93.00%、91.00%、74.00%、95.00%和83.00%。该联合装置主要通过离心力作用,填料层吸附和过滤作用,微生物的同化和异化作用,植物根系的吸收、截留和降解作用将污染物去除。构建中试系统应用至实际初期雨水径流的处理,中试系统运行稳定,出水SS、COD、TN、氨氮和TP平均分别为89.00、42.00、3.97、1.84、0.42mg/L,有效削减初期雨水径流污染物的排放量,从而缓解天津市滨海新区的面源污染。     

合流制排水系统降雨径流初期冲刷效应

通过对昆明主城区3个集水区合流制排水系统10次降雨径流过程水质水量的监测,计算了污染物的次降雨平均浓度(EMC),并采用无因次累积负荷体积分数曲线(M(V)曲线)和初期冲刷系数方法对初期冲刷现象进行了探讨。结果表明:(1)对于同一个常规污染指标,不同集水区的EMC平均值没有较明显差异,但都表现出较高浓度的污染特征。不同集水区总悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、COD、TN和TP的EMC平均值分别为140.18~174.11、144.65~161.78、21.44~23.18、1.80~2.35mg/L。(2)3个集水区所有观测降雨事件中,TP、TN、COD和TSS的初期30%径流量所对应的污染物累积负荷量(FF30)平均值分别为38.7%、37.1%、40.7%、44.6%;TSS和COD的初期冲刷强度明显较TP和TN变化更剧烈,不同污染物初期冲刷强度依次为TSSCODTPTN。(3)对于合流制排水系统,在区域特征相近情况下,汇水面积越小则初期冲刷效应越显著。而当汇水面积大到一定程度时,不同集水区之间初期冲刷强度没有显著差异。(4)降雨量、平均雨强和最大雨强与合流制排水系统的初期冲刷强度呈显著的正相关性,是影响其初期冲刷的重要水文参数;降雨历时和前期晴天与其初期冲刷强度没有显著相关性,两者对初期冲刷无明显影响。     

深圳大工业区初期雨水水质污染特征研究

为研究深圳大工业区初期雨水水质污染特征,分别选择深圳大工业区6个功能区作为监测点监测初期雨水中污染物浓度。结果表明:深圳大工业区居住区和商业区初期雨水COD污染最严重,COD最高分别达到1 467.00、1 333.00mg/L;出口加工区及高科技工业和现代物流业区域的初期雨水TN、TP浓度略低于其他区域。初期雨水中COD、氨氮、TP浓度与SS浓度存在线性相关关系,而TN浓度与SS浓度的线性相关性较差,不同区域随降雨历时变化规律波动各异。深圳大工业区附近河流SS、COD、TN、氨氮、TP浓度受初期雨水影响较大。     

西安市城市主干道路面径流初期冲刷效应

以西安市城市主干道南二环太白路高架桥为路面径流采样区域,采用人工等时间间隔采样方法,在桥梁排水立管对2010年9—11月的3场径流事件进行全程采样,测试径流过程SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、溶解性Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的浓度变化,研究路面径流的初期冲刷效应及其影响因素。结果表明,西安市城市主干道路面径流污染严重,降雨数小时后的末期径流仍具有较高的污染水平;径流过程污染物浓度变化规律与其赋存形态有关,SS、COD、Pb等以颗粒态为主的污染物的浓度随雨强变化剧烈波动,NH3-N、溶解态COD、溶解态Zn等以溶解态为主的污染物浓度变化受雨强影响较小,随径流过程呈逐渐减小趋势;路面径流初期冲刷现象并非普遍存在,与污染物的赋存状态和场次降雨特征密切相关,溶解态污染物易于出现初期冲刷现象,颗粒态污染物是否出现初期冲刷与场次降雨特征有关;测试的3场径流事件初期30%的径流携带的SS、COD、溶解性COD、NH3-N、Pb、Zn和溶解性Zn的负荷占场次径流总负荷的比例分别为21.8%～50.0%、25.5%～49.3%、36.3%～52.6%、52.6%～66.7%、26.8%～45.0%、27.2%～63.4%和36.2%～62.6%,表明仅对初期径流进行治理无法实现对西安市路面径流污染的有效控制。     

太湖地区何家浜流域初期雨水对水稻田污染物的冲刷效应

为研究农田非点源污染物在降雨过程中初期冲刷效应的变化规律,在太湖地区何家浜流域划定若干块水稻田作为研究区域,并分别选取单块封闭水稻田沿河岸的直入河点和多块水稻田沿沟渠汇流后的沟渠入河点为采样点,对比封闭小区域和非封闭大区域污染物输移的特征,通过监测在降雨-径流过程中的水量、水质,并结合相关分析方法,分析降雨初期污染物的冲刷规律。结果表明,初期雨水对水稻田污染物的冲刷强度从颗粒态悬浮物(SS)、颗粒态氮(PN)、颗粒态磷(PP)到溶解态氮、磷逐渐减弱,其中最明显的是SS,定义新的雨水初期冲刷效应强度量化考核指标后,计算得各主要指标的冲刷效应强度I值从大到小依次为:SS(0.059 3)PP(0.021 2)TP(总磷,0.013 0)TN(总氮,0.006 8)PN(0.004 6)PO3-4-P(磷酸盐,0.003 7)NN(硝态氮,-0.002 8);封闭小区域的初期冲刷效应非常明显,非封闭大区域的初期效应相对较弱,比较小区域和大区域,颗粒态污染物如SS、PP和PN等初期冲刷效应被弱化的程度较小,溶解态污染物如NN、PO3-4初期冲刷效应被弱化的程度较大。     

城市区域不同屋顶降雨径流水质特征

城市屋顶降雨径流是城市面源污染的主要组成部分之一。为了解城市不同屋顶降雨径流的水质特性,以重庆地区5种屋顶为例进行了20场降雨径流的水质监测。研究结果表明,不透水屋顶降雨径流污染物浓度均随降雨历时的延长而降低,混凝土屋顶降雨径流的COD、TP、TN、NH3-N平均浓度分别是瓦屋顶的1.6、1.7、1.4和1.5倍,且不透水屋顶降雨径流总氮的70%~80%为无机氮,总磷的20%~32%为磷酸盐;浅层屋顶降雨径流COD、TN、TP、NH3-N和NO-3-N浓度分别是深层绿色屋顶的0.25~0.26、0.3~0.5、0.07~0.09、0.3~0.6、0.05~0.06倍,且绿色屋顶降雨径流总氮的60%~80%为硝态氮。前期干旱天数和混凝土屋顶径流中的TN、接骨草屋顶径流中的氨氮浓度呈显著正相关关系,混凝土屋顶径流TP浓度与降雨强度显著正相关,降雨持续时间和瓦屋顶径流TSS平均浓度显著正相关。研究结果为城市建筑屋顶降雨径流的科学管理提供了参考。     

滇池流域某分流制小区雨水径流水质及初期冲刷规律研究

为研究滇池流域呈贡地区典型城市小区的雨水径流水质规律及其初期冲刷效应,以便为揭示滇池污染原因和水环境治理积累基础资料,研究选取洛龙河公园旁边一典型分流制城市小区为对象,在雨水排放口布置监测点进行雨水水质水量监测。结果表明,雨水径流污染较为严重,各场次TSS、COD的EMC值都超过了《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918-2002)的一级B标准。初期冲刷效应普遍存在,且随着雨强的增大而增强,截留降雨前期50%的雨水径流量,能有效截留TSS、COD、TN、TP、NH_3-N的比例分别为56.1%~68.3%、55.1%~64.0%、54.9%~61.4%、44.4%~57.7%和54.7%~58.0%。滇池流域呈贡地区城市小区在雨水径流量累积达到0.6之前,截留效率随着截留径流量的比例增加而增加,控制截留的径流量体积比例在0.4~0.8能够取得较高的污染物截留效率。     

苏州市工业用地地表径流污染特性研究

对苏州新区枫桥工业园湘江路段的10场有效降雨事件的地表径流污染特性进行了研究.研究表明.地表径流水质参数COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP均服从对数正态分布,在95%置信水平下,SS与COD、TP、TN之问存在线性相关性(R=0.45～0.72).统计了污染物事件平均浓度(EMC),COD、SS、NH3-N、TN、TP的EMC中值分别为213、491、2.65、5.19、1.07 mg/L,相对应的单位面积污染物负荷分别为1 898、4 375、24、46、10 kg/(hm2·a).与韩国Chongju工业区和上海市相比,SS负荷高是苏州新区枫桥工业园地表径流水质的主要特点,削减SS负荷对控制其非点源污染具有重要意义.     

沸石渗滤床在城市初期雨水径流污染控制的应用研究

根据城市初期雨水径流的污染负荷初始冲刷效应以及主要污染物COD和N/P与SS成线性相关性的污染特点,对初期雨水的主要污染物COD和N/P开展了控制技术研究。以示范工程为基础,研究城市初期雨水径流污染控制的强化处理技术即沸石渗滤床技术,运行结果表明,对NH3-N、TP、COD都有较好的去除效果,其中对NH3-N的去除效果较为明显,进水氨氮浓度在2～5 mg/L,出水都能达到地表IV类水标准(NH3-N≤0.5 mg/L)。     

Evaluation of trichloroethene recovery processes in heterogeneous aquifer cells flushed with biodegradable surfactants

The ability of two biodegradable surfactants, polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween 80) and sodium dihexyl sulfosuccinate (Aerosol MA), to recover a representative dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL), trichloroethene (TCE), from heterogeneous porous media was evaluated through a combination of batch and aquifer cell experiments. An aqueous solution containing 3.3% Aerosol MA, 8% 2-propanol and 6 g/l CaCl(2) yielded a weight solubilization ratio (WSR) of 1.21 g TCE/g surfactant, with a corresponding liquid-liquid interfacial tension (IFT) of 0.19 dyn/cm. Flushing of aquifer cells containing a TCE-DNAPL source zone with approximately two pore volumes of the AMA formulation resulted in substantial (>30%) mobilization of TCE-DNAPL. However, a TCE mass recovery of 81% was achieved when the aqueous-phase flow rate was sufficient to displace the mobile TCE-DNAPL toward the effluent well. Aqueous solutions of Tween 80 exhibited a greater capacity to solubilize TCE (WSR=1.74 g TCE/g surfactant) and exerted markedly less reduction in IFT (10.4 dyn/cm). These data contradict an accepted empirical correlation used to estimate IFT values from solubilization capacity, and indicate a unique capacity of T80 to form concentrated TCE emulsions. Flushing of aquifer cells with less than 2.5 pore volumes of a 4% T80 solution achieved TCE mass recoveries ranging from 66 to 85%, with only slight TCE-DNAPL mobilization (<5%) occurring when the total trapping number exceeded 2 x 10(-5). These findings demonstrate the ability of Tween 80 and Aerosol MA solutions to efficiently recover TCE from a heterogeneous DNAPL source zone, and the utility of the total trapping number as a design parameter for a priori prediction of DNAPL mobilization and bank angle formation when flushing with low-IFT solutions. Given their potential to stimulate microbial reductive dechlorination at low concentrations, these surfactants are well-suited for remedial action plans that couple aggressive mass removal followed by enhanced bioremediation to treat chlorinated solvent source zones.     

Chloroaromatic pollutants in mussels incubated in two finnish watercourses polluted by industry

Concentrations of different chlorinated compounds were measured in mussels incubated in two polluted watercourses, a river (the River Kymijoki) and a lake (Lake Vanaja) for four weeks in summer 1995. The sum concentrations of polychlorinated phenols (PCP) and biphenyls (PCB) were both about 1 μg/g lipid weight (lw) in Lake Vanaja mussels, while in the River Kymijoki mussels PCPs were non-detectable and PCBs were measured 120 ng/g lIw. The concentrations of toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin (PCDD) and dibenzofuran (PCDF) congeners ranged between <17 and 370 pg/g Iw in Lake Vanaja mussels and between <38 and 11,000 pg/g lw in the River Kymijoki mussels. Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDE) were detected in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki (0.4–1.1 ng/g Iw), but not in those incubated in Lake Vanaja. Polychlorinated phenoxyanisoles (PCPA) were measured 33 ng/g lw and polychlorinated phenoxyphenols (PCPP) 300 ng/g lw in the mussels incubated in the River Kymijoki. PCPAs were also detected in reference samples, which were sediment and pike from the River Kymijoki and Baltic salmon, seal and white-tailed sea eagle.     

The variation of street air levels of PAH and other mutagenic PAC in relation to regulations of traffic emissions and the impact of atmospheric processes

The occurrence of particle associated PAH and other mutagenic PAC was determined in 1996 in the street air of Copenhagen. In addition, particle extracts were tested for mutagenicity. The measurements were compared with previous measurements in 1992/1993. The levels had decreased in this period. The decrease was caused by an implementation of light diesel fuels for buses and the exchange of older petrol-driven passenger cars with catalystequipped new ones. About 65% of the reduction was caused by the application of the light diesel fuels. Under special conditions, chemical processes in the atmosphere produced many more mutagens than the direct emissions. The concentrations of S-PAC and N-PAC were 10 times lower than those of PAH, while the levels of oxy-PAH were in the same order of magnitude as those of PAH. Benzanthrone, an oxy-PAH, is proposed to be formed in the atmosphere in addition to direct emissions. Benzo(a)pyrene, often applied as an air quality criteria indicator, was photochemically degraded in the atmosphere. A strong increase in the mutagenic activities was observed to coincide with a depletion of benzo(a)pyrene.     

Teratological effects of pesticides in vertebrates: a review

Abstract

In the last decades, the use and misuse of pesticides in the agriculture have increased, having a severe impact on ecosystems and their fauna. Although the various effects of pesticides on biodiversity have been already documented in several studies, to our knowledge no consistent overview of the impact of pesticides in vertebrates, both terrestrial and aquatic, is available. In this review, we try to present a concise compilation of the teratogenic effects of pesticides on the different classes of vertebrates – mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish.     

Radionuclides and trace elements in fish collected upstream and downstream of Los Alamos national laboratory and the doses to humans from the consumption of muscle and bone

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to determine radionuclide and trace element concentrations in bottom‐feeding fish (catfish, carp, and suckers) collected from the confluences of some of the major canyons that cross Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) lands with the Rio Grande (RG) and the potential radiological doses from the ingestion of these fish. Samples of muscle and bone (and viscera in some cases) were analyzed for ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, ¹³⁷Cs, ^totU, ²³⁸Pu, ^239,240Pu, and ²⁴¹Am and Ag, As, Ba, Be, Cr, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, and Tl. Most radionuclides, with the exception of ⁹⁰Sr, in the muscle plus bone portions of fish collected from LANL canyons/RG were not significantly (p<0.05) higher from fish collected upstream (San Ildefonso/background) of LANL. Strontium‐90 in fish muscle plus bone tissue significantly (p<0.05) increases in concentration starting from Los Alamos Canyon, the most upstream confluence (fish contained 3.4E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [126E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]), to Frijoles Canyon, the most downstream confluence (fish contained 14E‐02 pCi g^‐1 [518E‐02 Bq kg^‐1]). The differences in ⁹⁰Sr concentrations in fish collected downstream and upstream (background) of LANL, however, were very small. Based on the average concentrations (±2SD) of radionuclides in fish tissue from the four LANL confluences, the committed effective dose equivalent from the ingestion of 46 lb (21 kg) (maximum ingestion rate per person per year) of fish muscle plus bone, after the subtraction of background, was 0.1 ± 0.1 mrem y^‐1 (1.0 ± 1.0 μSv y^‐1), and was far below the International Commission on Radiological Protection (all pathway) permissible dose limit of 100 mrem y^‐1 (1000 μSv y^‐1). Of the trace elements that were found above the limits of detection (Ba, Cu, and Hg) in fish muscle collected from the confluences of canyons that cross LANL and the RG, none were in significantly higher (p<0.05) concentrations than in muscle of fish collected from background locations.     

Book review

The Pesticide Manual ‐ A World Compendium, 8th Edition, C.R. Worthing, Editor and S.B. Walker, Assistant Editor, British Crop Protection Council, BCPC Publications Sales, Bear Farm, Binfield, Bracknell, Berkshire RG12 5QE, England. 1987, 1100 pp., UK £50; Overseas £56. ISBN 0–948404–01–9.     

Patterns of volatile metabolites and nonvolatile trichothecenes produced by isolates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Stachybotrys,Fusarium, Trichoderma,Trichothecium</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Memnoniella</Emphasis>

We reported previously that trichodiene, a volatile trichothecene derivative, was produced by a Stachybotrys isolate, also known to produce highly cytotoxic, non-volatile, macrocyclic trichothecenes (satrotoxins). We investigated the relationship between the production of trichodiene and various non-volatile trichothecenes for several molds. Volatile metabolites were concentrated by adsorption on Tenax TA and analyzed by GC/MS, while non-volatile metabolites were separated by HPLC, derivatized and analyzed by GC/MS. Stachybotrys chartarum isolates producing macrocyclic trichothecenes secreted significantly larger amounts of trichodiene and other sesquiterpenes than isolates which only produced simple trichothecenes. The amounts of secreted trichodiene were relatively small in all cases. With the exception of Memnoniella, which excreted small amounts of sesquiterpenes, the other isolates produced varying amounts of sesquiterpenes, including trichodiene, as well as simple tricothecenes, no detectable trichodiene, but large amounts of griseofulvin derivatives. In Stachybotrys there is apparently a correlation between trichodiene and macrocyclic trichothecene production. In the remaining isolates, there was no simple relationship between trichodiene and non-volatile trichothecene synthesis. Trichodiene is produced in larger amounts by Stachybotrys isolates, which also produce satratoxins, but it will be difficult to utilize this metabolite to detect toxic isolates in buildings due to the relatively small amounts excreted.     

Observations on the influence of water and soil pH on the persistence of insecticides

Abstract

The pH‐disappearance rate profiles were determined at ca. 25°C for 24 insecticides at 4 or 5 pH values over the range 4.5 to 8.0 in sterile phosphate buffers prepared in water‐ethanol (99: 1 v/v). Half‐lives measured at pH 8 were generally smaller than at lower pH values. Changes in half lives between pH 8.0 and 4.5 were largest (>1000x) for the aryl carbamates, carbofuran and carbaryl, the oxime carbamate, oxamyl, and the organophosphorus insecticide, trichlorfon. In contrast, half lives of phorate, terbufos, heptachlor, fensulfothion and aldicarb were affected only slightly by pH changes. Under the experimental conditions described half lives at pH8 varied from 1–2 days for trichlorfon and oxamyl to >1 year for fensulfothion and cyper‐methrin. Insecticide persistence on alumina (acid, neutral and basic), mineral soils amended with aluminum sulfate or calcium hydroxide to different pH values and four natural soils of different pH was examined. No correlation was observed between the measured pH of these solids and the rate of disappearance of selected insecticides applied to them. These observations demonstrate the difficulty of extrapolating the pH dependent disappearance behaviour observed in homogeneous solution to partially solid heterogeneous systems such as soil.     

The chemical stability of formulations of some hydrolyzable insecticides in aqueous mixtures with hydrolysis catalysts

Abstract

The active ingredients in commercial formulations of malathion, oxamyl, carbaryl, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos diluted to “spray tank”; concentrations with buffered distilled or natural water of pH 4–9 were stable for at least 24 hr. Formulations of trichlorfon were not stable at pH 7 or above but disappearance rates were slower than for the pure chemical in homogeneous solution. Cupric ion was observed to be an effective catalyst for the hydrolysis of a variety of pure organophosphorus insecticides but did not catalyze hydrolysis of the active ingredients of the formulations examined. Increasing the dilution of the formulation increased the susceptibility of malathion, oxamyl, and carbaryl to hydrolysis.     

Organochlorine compounds in a three-step terrestrial food chain

The concentrations of 15 organochlorine chemicals (PCBs and pesticides) were studied in a Central European oak wood food chain system: Great tit (Parus major), caterpillars (Tortrix viridana, Operophtera brumata, Erannis defoliaria), and oak-leaves (Quercus robur). Juvenile tits receive organochlorines from the mother via egg transfer and, eventually to a greater extent, from the caterpillar food source during nestling period. The concentrations of PCB 153 (2,2′,4,4′,5,5′-hexachlorobiphenyl, the most abundant in this study) was found in leaf material at ca. 1 ng/g, in caterpillars 10 ng/g, and in bird eggs 170 ng/g on an average and on a dry mass basis.