倡导生态文明推进可持续发展

经济的快速增长和不合理的经济活动，造成了我国“环境透支”和“事态赤字”的“生态环境泡沫经济”恶性发展，诸多人地系统脆弱区生态经济结构失衡，生态贫困、经济贫困、知识贫困交织重叠，大大加重了生态灾难的危害。因此，必需加快资源节约型和环境友好型社会建设，实现整个社会的生态化，推进人与自然的和谐。     

滇西北生态脆弱区中小学教师环境意识水平分析及环境教育能力评估

怒江僳僳族自治州地处云南西北部的青藏高原南延部横断山脉纵谷地带,是典型的高山峡谷区,区内森林资源丰富,山高坡陡,可耕地面积少,带来的陡坡垦殖现象十分突出。加上经济发展和人口压力等因素的胁迫,使得怒江流域的生态环境问题异常突出。“环境保护,教育为本”,面对当前怒江环境问题日益突出的事实,必须开展怒江中小学教师环境意识水平分析评估,开展怒江中小学教师环境教育能力调查与评估,从而了解怒江中小学教师环境意识及环境教育能力的现状水平,通过环境教育培训,促使教育者的环境意识及环境教育能力得到提高,进一步达到解决环境问题的目的。     

生态脆弱区旅游开发与环境建设协调发展问题研究——以石羊河流域为例

在生态脆弱区发展旅游,如果规划得当、管理科学,应该是一条可行的生态改良和发展经济的道路。石羊河流域是甘肃省河西内陆河流域中生态环境最脆弱的地区,分析了石羊河流域生态环境的脆弱性及旅游开发的可行性,并从规划、建设、管理等层面提出旅游开发与环境建设协调发展的解决对策。     

流域综合开发,推动县域经济共同发展

流域是一种特殊类型的区域,它具有自然和经济二重性,其开发能推动县域经济共同发展.讨论了流域开发的目的和意义,提出了开发原则和措施.     

艾比湖流域生态环境综合治理措施研究

分析艾比湖流域生态环境存在的问题，从生态功能区建设、流域污染综合治理、环境监控体系建设及环境保护宣传教育4个方面提出艾比湖流域综合治理的对策以遏制艾比湖流域生态环境恶化趋势，使区域经济和生态环境走可持续发展道路。     

城市流域综合整治及环境经济损益分析

随着社会的进步和经济的发展，随之带来的城市污染也日益严重，进行城市流域科学、合理的规划和综合整治，具有十分重要的意义。本文以重庆市清水溪流域为例，在分析流域现状的基础上，结合重庆市总体规划，提出了城市流域综合整治的措施：沿岸两例污水管网建设、两岸垃圾整治、河道清淤及防洪、两岸绿化带及景点建设、水土保持、水源地涵养区规划与建设等。并从生态、社会和经济方面进行分析，对产生的环境效益进行评价：整治工程建成后清水溪流域接纳的污染物CODcr将削减857lt／a、总磷削减160t/a、SS削减6156t／a；流域生态环境大大改善；同时将带来巨大的直接经济效益；整治工程是为民造福的民心工程。     

流域水环境治理的农村养殖废物污染控制技术探讨

流域农村养殖废物是区域水体的主要污染源,区域水体污染严重制约区域的经济建设和社会发展。本文针对农村养殖废物产生及污染水环境特点,结合我国流域水环境治理的具体实践,提出了资源化和生态控制养殖废物污染的工程措施及其发展方向。     

生态保护背景下长江航道管理体制探析

生态保护优先是长江经济带发展的根本遵循,为明确长江航道管理体制改革的进一步方向,通过总结梳理航道管理体制现状,发现强调航道经济价值的法律体系缺乏流域综合性,长江流域管理机制内部各机构权责交叉、主次不明,航道建设、养护活动中生态环境责任较难落实。为此,应尽快制定《长江航道保护法》,明确长江航道管理在流域协调机制中的地位和关系,完善生态航道建设和生态补偿等制度,使长江航道成为长江流域发展的坚实支撑。     

我国社区参与旅游发展的问题及对策

社区参与旅游发展是一个理论性和实践性都很强的概念.在我国,旅游事业起步晚,发展快,加上社会经济、科技等多方面的制约,在旅游实践中社区参与意识薄弱,参与机制不健全,在很大程度上影响了旅游业的可持续发展.因此必须培育公民的社区参与意识,加强社区参与旅游发展的理论研究,制定相应的经济文化发展战略,重视旅游目的地社区化建设,依据旅游社区的特点,抓住时机,主动参与.     

中国流域水资源生态补偿的法律问题与对策

随着我国经济社会的不断发展,水资源不足和水质污染引起的水危机已经成为许多地区可持续发展中的重要制约因素。在这种背景下,为了平衡环境、社会和经济多元利益,寻求先进的法律机制来调节平衡、保护流域生态环境、促进流域的可持续发展已成为一种共识。开展流域水资源生态补偿是实现流域上下游之间等相关方利益公平的关键所在。但由于我国缺乏生态补偿立法和相应的制度安排,流域水资源生态补偿目前仍面临许多问题：我国流域水资源生态补偿进展缓慢、法律制度滞后、部分法律法规彼此之间矛盾和相互冲突、流域水资源生态补偿的法律制度缺位、立法模式不适合当今流域生态环境问题解决等。本文通过对我国有关涉水法律中存在问题的分析,提出一些有关流域水资源生态补偿法律制度建设和完善的对策,以期对中国流域水资源生态补偿的推进和进一步实现水资源的可持续利用有所帮助。     

新疆北疆地区少数民族贫困县可持续发展水平时空变化解构——以木垒哈萨克自治县为例

可持续发展水平时空解构表明,木垒县可持续发展能力很弱,资源问题成为限制其经济发展、社会发展及环境保护的主要因素。近8年来,木垒县可持续发展水平虽然呈良性上升状态,但其上升主要归功于社会发展因素,经济发展指数、资源指数等对其上升的推动性并不强。仅以提高经济发展水平为目的的掠夺式开发,使得资源匮乏的木垒县因此出现较为严重的资源性环境问题,并制约经济水平的提高。上述分析表明,资源指数成为新疆北疆地区少数民族贫困县可持续发展的基础,少数民族贫困县的贫困现状与其可持续发展能力弱是密切联系的。消除贫困的前提条件是实现可持续发展,因此,提高新疆少数民族贫困县的可持续发展水平这项任务迫切而重要。     

Using Four Capitals to Assess Watershed Sustainability

The La Antigua watershed drains into the Gulf of Mexico and can be considered as one of the most important areas in Mexico because of its high productivity, history, and biodiversity, although poverty remains high in the area in spite of these positive attributes. In this study, we performed an integrated assessment of the watershed to recommend a better direction toward a sustainable management in which the four capitals (natural, human, social, and built) are balanced. We contrasted these four capitals in the municipalities of the upper, middle and lower watershed and found that natural capital (natural ecosystems and ecosystem services) was higher in the upper and middle watershed, while human and social capitals (literacy, health, education and income) were generally higher downstream. Overall, Human Development Index was negatively correlated with the percentage of natural ecosystems in the watershed, especially in the upper and lower watershed regions. Our results indicate that natural capital must be fully considered in projections for increasing human development, so that natural resources can be preserved and managed adequately while sustaining intergenerational well-being.     

基于能值分析的山区县域经济可持续发展评价——以吉林省抚松县为例

选取吉林省抚松县为研究区域，采用能值分析方法，从生态安全、经济发展、社会接受方面建立评价指标体系，对吉林省抚松县生态经济系统进行定量和定性评价。研究结果表明：①2005--2009年抚松县生态经济系统能值投入量和能值产出量均呈增加态势，能值投入以本地资源为主，工业产值迅速增加（以林产品为主），而农产品产值持续减少。②抚松县经济发展水平在全国、全省范围内均属于较低水平，工业发展效率很低，居民生活质量不高。③生态环境压力逐年增大，主要原因是自然资源的大规模开发，但是与其他发达地区、我国西部地区相比，抚松县在生态环境承载力方面仍具有相对优势。据此，提出了通过大力发展旅游产业、绿色食品、林产品的深加工等增强系统开放性，深入挖掘优势资源的高价值形态，以达到山区县域经济的可持续发展。     

边疆民族地区小城镇发展对策研究——以云南省怒江州边境3县为例

云南省怒江傈僳族自治州的贡山、福贡、泸水3县,是一个集边疆地区、民族地区、贫困地区、生态脆弱区和生态敏感地区为一体的特殊地理区域。以怒江州边境3县为例,对边疆民族地区小城镇发展对策进行了实证研究。在分析本区特殊的地域背景、小城镇发展意义、小城镇发展现状、小城镇发展障碍,以及小城镇发展潜力的基础之上,探讨了怒江州边境3县小城镇的发展对策,目的在于为本区以及其它边疆民族地区制定小城镇发展对策时提供参考。     

A new approach to sustainable tourism development: Moving beyond environmental protection

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing industries in the world. It is an increasingly important source of income, employment and wealth in many countries. Its rapid expansion has, however, had detrimental environmental (and socio-cultural) impacts in many regions. In this article, I examine the main economic benefits and environmental impacts of tourism, and review the development of the international sustainable tourism agenda. While much of international tourism activity takes place within the developed world, this article will focus on the (economic) development of the industry in developing countries I conclude that new approaches to sustainable tourism development in these countries should not only seek to minimize local environmental impact, but also give greater priority to community participation and poverty alleviation. I argue, in particular, that more emphasis should be given to a 'pro-poor tourism' approach at both national and international levels.     

Towards Sustainable Integrated Watershed Ecosystem Management: A Case Study in Dingxi on the Loess Plateau, China

The Chinese government initiated a massive conservation program called “Grain-for-Green” in 1999 to reduce soil erosion and improve ecosystem function. Implementing practical sustainable development in the loess plateau still remains problematic, particularly in its eco-fragile areas. Here we discussed an approach for sustainable development at the watershed scale by integrating land use suitability, ecosystem services and public participation in the loess hilly area. We linked land use scenario analysis and economic modeling to compare the outcomes of three scenarios, CLU (Current Land Use), GOLU (Grain-production Oriented Land Use) and PSLU (Potential Sustainable Land Use). The results indicated that compared to PSLU, GOLU may provide a higher economic productivity in the short-term, but not in the long-term. CLU ranked lowest in terms of economic benefits and did not meet the daily needs of the local farmers. To reconcile the land use adjustments with farmers’ basic needs, a labor-saving land use strategy is necessary. Since the PSLU scenario assumes that slope cropland should be converted to pastures or orchards, more time may be available for off-farm work and for more public participation in integrated ecosystem management. Financial support to the local farmers for environmental conservation should be modulated in function of their positive contribution to ecosystem management.     

基于运行机制的旅游扶贫支持系统和开发模式

旅游扶贫作为一种特殊性的开发扶贫形式,核心目标是以发展旅游业带动经济欠发达地区脱贫致富,但目前我国国内旅游扶贫工作仍然存在很多问题.在分析旅游扶贫特性和运行机制的基础上,提出了基于运行机制的旅游扶贫支持系统,阐述了该系统的构建基础及其要素组合,并分别从旅游资源相对优势、资源特性、区域经济、城乡关系及开发时序方面探讨了相应的开发模式,以此关注贫困人口和贫困社区利益这一核心问题.     

Poverty and biodiversity in rural areas based on two investigations in Pujiang County,China

This study presents an integrated framework for the analysis of options of agricultural development and natural resource management at the ecosystem level. Pujiang County in Zhejiang Province, China, is used as a case-study area. The IMGLP model is applied to maximize regional agricultural economic surplus and labor market conditions in Pujiang. The consequences of four poverty reduction strategies (intensification of production, diversification toward livestock production, land expansion, and exit from agriculture) are determined for a set of regional poverty and biodiversity indicators. Diversification seems to be the most promising poverty reduction strategy, but requires an efficient use of animal manure in cropping systems to avoid environmental problems. Improved nutrient management in cropping systems is effective in reducing the regional nitrogen surplus, but less effective in increasing per capita income. The exit strategy is beneficial for reducing poverty and achieving biodiversity, but may have important social consequences that are not addressed in this study. Further reduction of rural poverty is hampered by labor constraints during the harvesting period for high-value crops such as vegetables and fruits. These constraints can be overcome by intensive research and development in the field of agricultural mechanization.     

库尔勒市城市工业布局与环境保护

以库尔勒市城市工业布局的现状及存在的环境问题,分析阐述了在工业开发、经济建设中应该坚持的环保指导思想,工业区环保目标与主要污染手排放总量控制指标,并提出了相应的措施与建议,阐明了加强环境保护。合理工业布局,才能确保库尔勒地区在西部大开发中经济建设与环境保护同步协调发展。