田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测工作的质量保证

总结了田湾核电站外围辐射环境监测中的质量保证实施情况，包括：人员培训和考核，仪器设备溯源，样品采集、运输、贮存及生物样品前处理的质控，样品分析和现场监测的质控，数据的记录处理和管理要求等，最后提出几点建议。     

关于建立环境监测信息管理系统的思考

阐述了建立环境监测信息管理系统的必要性，提出其组成、系统监测数据流程和数据库数据录入、输出、查询统计功能设计及系统实施过程中的体系结构、系统管理的要求，建议由省级以上环保主管部门组织环境监测信息管理系统的设计、推广工作，提高环境监测信息管理水平。     

构建跨江发展的现代化环境监测预警体系

南京市第十二次党代会提出了“跨江发展”战略，标志着江北地区发展进入了一个加速期。同步规划建立先进的环境监测预警体系，是加快实现“三个转变”的具体体现，也是江北地区规划和产业定位的迫切需要。因此，结合南京市的实际，从信息系统、工作机制、技术装备、队伍建设4个方面，阐述了现代化环境监测预警体系的建设要求。     

南京市污染源普查的质控工作探讨

对南京市在污染源普查过程中采取的质控措施进行了探讨，分析出普查质控工作的不足，并提出了几点建议。为提高以后普查的质量拓宽思路。     

室内PM_(2.5)沉降的研究与控制

以燃烟为室内污染源,对不同污染程度下室内PM_(2.5)浓度进行动态监测,得到PM_(2.5)的沉降规律。研究发现,污染源对室内PM_(2.5)浓度及沉降时间有显著影响,随着燃烟量的增加,室内PM_(2.5)浓度相应升高,恢复到PM_(2.5)初始值所需的沉降时间越长。在质量平衡模型的基础上,建立了封闭条件下室内颗粒物的沉降模型。经验证,PM_(2.5)沉降曲线的变化规律与颗粒物沉降模型一致,说明构建的沉降模型合理可靠。最后,给出了自然通风对控制室内PM_(2.5)污染的效果,为室内PM_(2.5)污染控制提供参考。     

扬中市环境监测站实验室认可中的质量保证

介绍了扬中市环境监测站在创建实验室认可的过程中，将环境监测全过程的质量保证措施纳入质量体系文件，并通过检查实施情况，实现对环境监测全过程的质量管理。     

昆山环境空气中NOx的污染及防治浅析

简要地分析了近几年来的昆山市环境空气质量，并着重分析了NOx的污染来源和排放总量，根据环境监测和环境统计的数据，得出昆山市NOx排放呈增加趋势，由此提出了控制NOx污染问题的对策措施和建议。     

简讯

浙江省环境监测质量控制和水质网络会议十一月初在温州市召开。会议特邀中国环境监测总站高级工程师章亚麟作了分析质量控制的学术报告,省站有关同志就实验室基础、数据处理和数理统计、永质监测质量保证、实验室质量控制程序等基础知识作     

环境监测中的数据审核

提出在环境监测数据审核过程中，应着重注意现场采样、室内分析、综合判断等方面的内容审核，以确保监测数据的正确可靠。     

关于借鉴环境监测经验构建低碳经济监管体系的探讨

在低碳经济发展中,需要对其实施过程和效果进行有效地监管、考核和评价,这就需要建立完善的低碳经济监管体系。然而,由于低碳经济理念形成时间较短,其自身的知识体系还不完善,目前中国构建低碳经济监管体系还存在不少难题。尝试借鉴和利用环境监测的经验来帮助构建低碳经济监管体系,并提出了相应的措施。     

水环境监测实验室的质量控制和质量保证

质量控制和质量保证是水环境监测工作的重要组成部分,质量体系是实验室内部实施质量管理的法规,覆盖了监测样品、监测过程、仪器设备、人员素质、设施与环境、量值溯源与校准、检验方法和化学试剂等全部质量控制要求。能够准确地反应水环境质量现状和预测污染的发展趋势。     

Monitoring, modelling and environmental exposure assessment of industrial chemicals in the aquatic environment

Monitoring and laboratory data play integral roles alongside fate and exposure models in comprehensive risk assessments. The principle in the European Union Technical Guidance Documents for risk assessment is that measured data may take precedence over model results but only after they are judged to be of adequate reliability and to be representative of the particular environmental compartments to which they are applied. In practice, laboratory and field data are used to provide parameters for the models, while monitoring data are used to validate the models' predictions. Thus, comprehensive risk assessments require the integration of laboratory and monitoring data with the model predictions. However, this interplay is often overlooked. Discrepancies between the results of models and monitoring should be investigated in terms of the representativeness of both. Certainly, in the context of the EU risk assessment of existing chemicals, the specific requirements for monitoring data have not been adequately addressed. The resources required for environmental monitoring, both in terms of manpower and equipment, can be very significant. The design of monitoring programmes to optimise the use of resources and the use of models as a cost-effective alternative are increasing in importance. Generic considerations and criteria for the design of new monitoring programmes to generate representative quality data for the aquatic compartment are outlined and the criteria for the use of existing data are discussed. In particular, there is a need to improve the accessibility to data sets, to standardise the data sets, to promote communication and harmonisation of programmes and to incorporate the flexibility to change monitoring protocols to amend the chemicals under investigation in line with changing needs and priorities.     

Substance-related environmental monitoring strategies regarding soil, groundwater and surface water — an overview

Substance-related monitoring is an essential tool within environmental risk assessment processes. The soundness of policy decisions including risk management measures is often directly related to the reliability of the environmental monitoring programs. In addition, monitoring programs are required for identifying new and less-investigated pollutants of concern in different environmental media. Scientifically sound and feasible monitoring concepts strongly depend on the aim of the study. The proper definition of questions to be answered is thus of pivotal importance. Decisions on sample handling, storage and the analysis of the samples are important steps for the elaboration of problem-oriented monitoring strategies. The same applies to the selection of the sampling sites as being representative for scenarios to be investigated. These steps may become critical to handle for larger international monitoring programs and thus trigger the quality of their results. This study based on the work of an IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) task group addresses different kinds and approaches of substance-related monitoring of different compartments of soil, groundwater and surface water, and discusses their advantages and limitations. Further important aspects are the monitoring across policies and the monitoring data management using information systems.     

Substance-related environmental monitoring

Background  Due to the requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive and other legal regulations (e.g., national laws like the German Federal Soil Protection Act), but also due to the implementation of the new EU chemicals management system REACH, environmental monitoring will gain increasing importance for the surveillance of environmental quality as well as for the assessment of chemicals. Against this background, the Work Group on ‘Environmental Monitoring’ of the Division of ‘Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology’ within the German Chemical Society has compiled a position paper on substance-related environmental monitoring. Scope  Core elements of this position paper are the definitions of important terms like monitoring, exposure monitoring, effect monitoring, and integrated monitoring. Moreover, temporal and spatial aspects (monitoring of spatial distributions, trend monitoring, and retrospective monitoring) and their applications are discussed. The main focus of this position paper is the coverage of aspects which have to be observed for the preparation and implementation of a monitoring program. Essential is the clear specification of the targets of the monitoring which determine the development of the monitoring concept and its realization, e.g., if environmental media (compartments) or organisms are most appropriate as samples for the aim of the study. Of course, also the properties of the target substances are important (e.g., lipophilicity/bioaccumulation as pre-requisite for an exposure monitoring with organisms). Finally, the monitoring phases of sample planning, sampling, storage and transport of samples, selection of analytical methods, quality assurance measures as well as reporting are discussed. Perspectives  An important issue for the future is to link the quantification of chemicals in environmental compartments (exposure and pollution monitoring) more closely to the study of biological effects (effect monitoring) than has been the case up to now. Furthermore, by inclusion of a spatial differentiation, a comprehensive evaluation of the state of an ecosystem can be obtained and the relevance of the results improved. Practical examples of monitoring studies which illustrate various aspects covered in this position paper will be presented in a series of publications by members of the Work Group in the following issues of this journal.

Evaluation of environmental monitoring strategies

In environmental monitoring, it is important that the monitoring system should emit early warnings when undesired events occur. These events may be sudden or of a more subtle nature. In the design of such monitoring systems, a proper balance between cost and risk must be achieved. There are 2 classic types of risk connected with early warning systems, namely the risk of not detecting significant changes and the risk of false alarms. The purpose of this paper is to describe a method for comparing the performance of different monitoring systems, considering the classic types of risk and cost. The method is applied to the monitoring of the lichen cover as a test case. The expected utility has been used as a measure of performance. When estimating the probabilities of the events, spatial microsimulation and Monte-Carlo simulation techniques have been used. The monitoring programs studied are based on satellite images, aerial photos, field samples, and land-cover maps. The major conclusions of this study are that standardized quality measures are extremely useful for evaluating the usability of environmental monitoring methods. In addition, when estimating gains and costs, spatial microsimulation techniques are useful. To improve the method, however, macroconstraints should also be used for aligning the simulation model.     

A Management Systems Review of the Superfund RI/FS: Opportunities for Streamlining

The Management Systems Review is an important component of EPA’s quality assurance program. MSRs enable managers to assess the effectiveness of environmental data operations and the quality assurance/ quality control activities designed to ensure that the results are of the expected quality. These reviews inform managers about aspects of the environmental data operation that are working well and those which may warrant some improvement. A recent review of the Superfund remedial investigation/feasibility study (RI/FS) has shown that the MSR is an excellent tool for providing a systematic definition of complex environmental data operations and for enabling a thorough analysis of these operations. The MSR utilized information gathered from interviews of Regional staff and management and from case studies of recently completed RI/FSs. The findings indicated that environmental data play an important role in most RI/FS decisions and that thorough and structured scoping is critical to the effectiveness of the RI/ FS. Analysis of the RI/FS process using a comprehensive flow model identified several opportunities for changes that may increase efficiency in data collection and the reliability of RI/FS decisions. These changes provide for more effective scoping activities, a streamlined feasibility study, and increased use of treatability studies during the RI. A pilot demonstration of these process changes is being planned for a Regional RI/FS.     

环境监测现场室管理实践与探索

环境监测现场室管理工作是环境监测中一项基础性管理和技术工作,监测现场的管理工作是否科学有序,关系到环境监测效率的高低,对环境监测数据质量的准确性、可靠性、可比性、完整性和公正性也有着十分重要影响。因此,做好环境监测现场室管理工作已成为环境监测管理工作者必须掌握的一项基础性科学技术。文中从环境监测现场室管理工作的实践经验出发,进一步进行探索研究,力求环境监测现场室管理工作高效可行。     

Management of marine cage aquaculture

Goal, Scope and Background Marine cage aquaculture produces a large amount of waste that is released directly into the environment. To effectively manage the mariculture environment, it is important to determine the carrying capacity of an aquaculture area. In many Asian countries trash fish is dominantly used in marine cage aquaculture, which contains more water than pellet feed. The traditional nutrient loading analysis is for pellet feed not for trash fish feed. So, a more critical analysis is necessary in trash fish feed culturing areas. Methods Corresponding to FCR (feed conversion rate), dry feed conversion rate (DFCR) was used to analyze the nutrient loadings from marine cage aquaculture where trash fish is used. Based on the hydrodynamic model and the mass transport model in Xiangshan Harbor, the relationship between the water quality and the waste discharged from cage aquaculture has been determined. The environmental carrying capacity of the aquaculture sea area was calculated by applying the models noted above. Results Nitrogen and phosphorus are the water quality parameters considered in this study. The simulated results show that the maximum nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations were 0.216 mg/L and 0.039 mg/L, respectively. In most of the sea area, the nutrient concentrations were higher than the water quality standard. The calculated environmental carrying capacity of nitrogen and phosphorus in Xiangshan Harbor were 1,107.37 t/yr and 134.35 t/yr, respectively. The waste generated from cage culturing in 2000 has already exceeded the environmental carrying capacity. Discussion Unconsumed feed has been identified as the most important origin of all pollutants in cage culturing systems. It suggests the importance of increasing the feed utilization and improving the feed composition on the basis of nutrient requirement. For the sustainable development of the aquaculture industry, it is an effective management measure to keep the stocking density and pollution loadings below the environmental carrying capacity. Conclusions The DFCR-based nutrient loadings analysis indicates, in trash fish feed culturing areas, that it is more critical and has been proved to be a valuable loading calculation method. The modeling approach for Xiangshan Harbor presented in this paper is a cost-effective method for assessing the environmental impact and determining the capacity. Carrying capacity information can give scientific suggestions for the sustainable management of aquaculture environments. Recommendations and Perspectives It has been proved that numerical models were convenient tools to predict the environmental carrying capacity. The development of models coupled with dynamic and aquaculture ecology is a requirement of further research. Such models can also be useful in monitoring the ecological impacts caused by mariculture activities. ESS-Submission Editor: Hailong Wang (hailong.wang@ensisjv.com)     

EROD and CYP1A protein in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) from an urban estuary relative to that in benzo[a]pyrene-exposed hatchery specimens

Bottom-feeding fish such as flounder and killifish have been widely used in monitoring hepatic monooxygenase induction in polluted water bodies. While channel catfish are often utilized in tissue monitoring of fresh and estuarine water bodies, few data are available on their use in environmental monitoring of hepatic monooxygenase activity. In this project, the presence of CYP1A protein was verified in channel catfish through recognition by Mab 1-12-3, an antibody which recognizes the CYP1A homologue in a variety of teleost species. CYP1A protein levels and 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) activity in laboratory control and benzo-a-pyrene (BaP)-challenged channel catfish were compared to those in feral channel catfish from Back River, an urban estuarine tributary to Chesapeake Bay. Though more variable, mean CYP1A protein levels in the field-collected fish were similar to those of the BaP-induced laboratory fish. However, EROD activity of the Back River fish was less than one half that observed in the BaP-induced laboratory fish. When normalized to CYP1A protein levels, EROD activity was slightly lower in the Back River fish than either the laboratory control or BaP-treated fish. This finding may indicate possible inhibition or inactivation of the CYP1A protein in the feral fish.     

关于水质采样中的质量控制措施

水质采样在水环境保护工作中发挥着非常重要的作用,对水质监测结果有着非常直接的影响。文中将探讨水质监测当中经常存在的问题,并提出一些有效的质量控制措施,进一步保证水质采样的结果。为此,笔者在文中对水质采样中的质量控制措施进行探讨,希望对促进中国水环境保护事业的发展,可以起到有利的作用。