循环流化床燃煤电厂铅的迁移特性

选取2家燃煤电厂3台循环流化床机组进行现场监测,在不同负荷条件下,采集并分析燃煤、烟气、飞灰、炉渣等样品的Pb含量,通过物料平衡核算,对循环流化床机组各环节Pb的迁移特性进行研究。结果表明:机组负荷变化对烟气、飞灰、炉渣的Pb含量影响不大,烟气Pb排放质量浓度均在2μg/m~3以下。电袋复合除尘处理后,烟气中颗粒态Pb的浓度总体低于气(溶胶)态Pb的浓度。Pb在炉渣和飞灰中均有富集,平均富集因子分别为2.16和3.02。飞灰较炉渣对Pb具有更强的富集能力,布袋灰中Pb含量略高于电除尘灰。循环流化床锅炉燃烧后Pb分布在飞灰、炉渣和外排烟气中的比例分别为62.49%、37.49%和0.02%,Pb释放率低于煤粉炉,在Pb污染控制方面更具优势。除尘过程对烟气中Pb的影响主要表现为飞灰对Pb的吸附和除尘器对飞灰的分离脱除,尤以后者为主。由于烟气中气(溶胶)态Pb所占的比例很低,Pb基本吸附在飞灰上,除尘效率的高低直接决定了Pb的去除效果。     

齐齐哈尔市春季大气中PM2.5的污染特征分析

2013年4—6月分析了齐齐哈尔市大气PM2.5的浓度特征、元素组成、水溶性离子及其来源,并利用单颗粒分析技术获得了单颗粒的形貌、化学组成及粒度分布。结果表明,监测周期PM2.5日均质量浓度为34μg/m3,受气象条件影响显著。PM2.5单颗粒类型主要为烟尘集合体、飞灰和矿物颗粒,分别来源于煤炭燃料的燃烧、机动车尾气排放和扬尘。其中约90%的PM2.5颗粒粒径小于1.0μm,属大气细粒子。全样分析表明,PM2.5主要组成元素是Al、Fe、Ca、K、Mg和Na,而Zn、Cu和Pb因受到人为污染富集度较高。SO42-、NO3-和Cl-为PM2.5主要监测到的水溶性阴离子,NO3-与SO42-的质量浓度比说明了固定排放源对齐齐哈尔市春季大气PM2.5的贡献大于移动排放源。     

京津冀典型城市采暖季颗粒物浓度与元素分布特征

选择京津冀地区3个典型城市和从南至北的4个国家大气背景站作为研究对象,收集采暖季空气颗粒物PM2.5、PM10样品,微波消解-ICP-MS法分析了样品中的68种元素。结果表明,北京、天津、石家庄PM2.5和PM10日均质量浓度均高于国家二级标准限值和背景点,一元线性回归分析结果表明,PM10与PM2.5质量浓度呈线性相关,Na、Mg、Al、S、K、Ca、Fe质量浓度为0.1~10μg/m3,Si、P、Ti、Mn、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ba、Pb质量浓度为10~100 ng/m3,其他元素质量浓度为0.01~10 ng/m3或未检出。在元素构成上,S、Na、Al、K、Fe、Mg、Ca、P、Si等是主要元素,元素含量均大于1%。其他微量元素每种元素含量为0.1%~1%。14种重点防控重金属在PM2.5中的吸附显著高于PM10,主要来源于燃煤、燃油、工业排放、机动车尾气等。     

微波消解法测定铅锌冶炼厂废旧除尘布袋及其飞灰中重金属的应用研究

以广东某铅锌冶炼厂的废旧除尘布袋及其布袋上的飞灰为实验材料,以HNO3-H2O2-HF对布袋及飞灰进行微波全量消解,采用BCR三步浸提法提取飞灰中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cr、Ni、Cd 6种重金属,并利用火焰原子吸收仪器检测布袋及飞灰中6种重金属的含量及飞灰中各形态含量。结果表明,铅锌冶炼厂废旧布袋和飞灰中重金属含量较高,远大于《国家土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15168—1995)三级标准值。不同重金属在飞灰中的形态分布差异较大,Ni主要以残渣态和酸可交换态为主,Cu和Pb以残渣态为主,Zn的4种形态分布都较均匀,Cd、Zn潜在的迁移性最强。     

非离子氨及计算方法研究

一、计算方法 1.氨水溶液的化学平衡 NH_3+H_2O(?)NH_3·H_2O(?)NH_4~++OH~- 平衡与水温、pH值有关。在碱性条件下,平衡向有利于生成NH_3的方向发展:在酸性条件下,平衡向有利于生成NH_4~+的方向发展。同样,水温对于平衡亦有影响。 在氨水溶液的化学平衡中,NH_3与NH_4~+为共扼酸碱,即:     

河南省典型城市PM2.5无机元素污染特征及来源分析

分析2012年采暖季和非采暖季郑州市、洛阳市和平顶山市大气细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))样品中22种无机元素含量和污染特征,采用富集因子法、因子分析法研究当地PM_(2.5)中无机元素来源。结果表明:3个城市PM_(2.5)中无机元素总量在采暖季均高于非采暖季,不同季节占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的比例为1.7%~3.6%。Al、Na、Ca等地壳元素在PM_(2.5)中占比与PM_(2.5)浓度呈负相关关系,而Zn、Pb、Cu等人为源元素的占比随PM_(2.5)浓度增加无明显下降趋势。3个城市PM_(2.5)中Se、Cd、Br的富集因子高于1 000,Pb、Zn、Cu的富集因子为100~1 000,Co、Sc、Cr、Ni、As、Mn、Ba的富集因子为10~100,说明这些元素主要来源于人为源。13种人为源元素质量浓度在22种元素中占比为18.9%~26.3%,K、Fe、Ca、Al等4种元素占比为67.9%~76.1%。因子分析结果表明:3个城市无机元素来源组成有很大相似性,主要来源于燃煤、机动车、扬尘和建筑尘等,但Ni、Co、Sr、Ba还有来自其他排放源的贡献。     

飞灰中Fe_2O_3含量测定影响因素

1温度应控制在 70℃。低于 5 5℃ ,滴定速度又快时 ,结果偏高 ;高于 70℃时结果也偏高。 2p H值 :控制在 1 .8左右。小于 1时结果偏低 ;大于1 .9,误差较大。 3 Al2 O3含量 :Al2 O3含量高时更应严格控制温度与 p H值 ,否则结果偏差大飞灰中Fe_2O_3含量测定影响因素@齐立强$华北     

武汉南郊高校内不同功能区PM2.5化学成分分析

通过在武汉某高校校园的生活区、运动场、实验田区和施工区布设4个采样点,检测分析PM_(2.5)及其中金属元素和水溶性无机离子的含量。结果表明,施工区PM_(2.5)平均值超标0. 3倍,其余三区均达标,校园大气环境总体良好; PM_(2.5)中质量浓度较高的元素为Fe、Mg、Mn、Pb; Cd、Pb的富集因子 100,判断其来源于建筑施工、实验田翻耕、汽车尾气等人为污染; PM_(2.5)中主要水溶性无机离子为SO_4~(2-)和NO_3~-,生活区、施工区的NO_3~-及生活区的SO_4~(2-)主要来源于二次污染,施工区SO_4~(2-)来源于二次污染和施工材料; X射线衍射显示施工区PM_(2.5)中存在石英、高岭石等矿物。     

金属离子和氧化剂对3,5-二氯酚光化学降解的影响

在实验条件下 ,Fe2 +、KCl O3、KCl O4 、KBr O3、KIO4 对 3 ,5 -二氯酚光化学降解起加速作用 ,且随其浓度增大 ,加速作用也在增强。KIO4 的加速作用比较强。光照时 ,KIO4 +Mn2 +对 3 ,5 -二氯酚光化学降解的加速作用非常显著。无光照时 ,当 KMn O4 浓度增加时 ,3 ,5 -二氯酚被迅速氧化 ;KIO4 +Mn2 + /Fe2 + 能够使 3 ,5 -二氯酚发生化学降解 ,尤其是 KIO4 +Mn2 + 的作用。     

喀斯特地区贵州铝厂周边植物对金属元素的监测能力

通过对喀斯特地区贵州铝厂周边农作物(白菜、玉米和豆角)、蕨类(贯众)和苔藓(双色真藓)中的Al、Fe、Pb和Ca等金属元素的质量比检测,并按生活区、农田区、工业区统计分析,结果表明:5种植物中Al和Fe的质量比均表现为工业区生活区农田区,Pb的质量比均表现为生活区农田区工业区,而植物基质土壤中Ca的质量比受岩溶环境的影响相对其他元素规律性不强。通过对比分析不同植物对Al、Fe、Pb、Ca的富集系数,结果表明:双色真藓、贯众对Al、Fe、Pb的富集能力相对较强,由于贯众数量稀少,无法提供科研实验所需用量,故双色真藓更适合作为该地区环境监测的指示植物。在这5种植物中,只有Fe与Pb之间均呈极显著正相关,二者之间存在协同效应。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.     

Contaminant Profiles of Two Species of Shorebirds Foraging Together at Two Neighboring Sites in South San Francisco Bay, California

The San Francisco Bay estuary isused by over one million shorebirds during springmigration and is home to several hundred thousandduring the winter. Most shorebird use occurs in thesouthern reach of the estuary (South Bay). Thereduced water circulation and discharge fromindustrial sources in the South Bay are responsiblefor the highest levels of some trace elements in theestuary. Wintering shorebirds have been found to havestrong site fidelity to areas as small as a fewkilometers in the South Bay, which may increase theirexposure to contaminants near local point sources. Inaddition, different shorebird species foraging at thesame site have been shown to have differentcontaminant burdens. Thus, our objectives were totest whether contaminant burdens differed by species,or whether contaminant burdens differed in shorebirdscollected at adjacent sites. We examined thecontaminant profiles of two species of shorebirds,long-billed dowitchers (Limnodromus scolopaceus)and western sandpipers (Calidris mauri) thatforage together at two sites, Hayward and Newark,separated by 8 km in the South Bay. We usedmultivariate analysis of variance tests to compare thecomposition of 14 elemental analytes in their livertissues and estimated their molar ratios of Hg and Se. Composite samples were used for contaminant analysesbecause of the small body size of the shorebirds. Seven elemental analytes (Ag, Ba, Be, Cr, Ni, Pb, V)were below detection limits in a majority of thesamples so statistical analyses were precluded. Inthe measurable analytes (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Se, Zn),we found no significant intra-site differences ofcontaminant profiles for the two species. We pooledthe samples to examine inter-site differences andfound significant differences in contaminant profilesbetween shorebirds at the neighboring sites (P = 0.03). Shorebirds at Newark had higher (P < 0.05) concentrations of As, Cd, and Se than those at Hayward. Dowitchers at Newark had concentrations of Hg and Se which were highly correlated (P < 0.003) in a mean molar ratio of 1:19, similar tothat reported in other birds. In the larger dowitcherspecies, we also examined exposure to 20organochlorine compounds. Organic analyses showedthat the dowitchers had been exposed to DDE, PCBs,dieldrin and trans-nonachlor, but with no significantdifferences in concentrations between Hayward andNewark (P > 0.05).     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.