膜曝气生物膜反应器同步硝化反硝化研究

炭膜作为膜曝气生物膜反应器膜组件处理人工合成废水,在单一反应器内实现了同时去碳脱氮.结果表明,当进水COD和NH^＋₄-N浓度分别为338 mg/L和75 mg/L,HRT为14 h,炭膜腔内压力为13.6 kPa时,COD、NH⁺₄-N和TN的去除效率分别为82.5%、 95.1%和84.2%.但是在反应器运行的后期TN去除效率明显下降,主要是因为高有机负荷导致无纺布上的微生物过度繁殖,严重影响了硝化过程的进行.通过荧光原位杂交和扫描电镜技术观察生物膜微生物结构,得出厌氧或兼氧菌主要分布在生物膜外层的缺氧区,而氨氧化菌主要分布在生物膜内层的好氧区.硝化细菌和反硝化细菌在生物膜内的共存实现了炭膜曝气生物膜反应器的同步硝化反硝化.     

全程自养脱氮新技术处理污泥脱水液的研究

以含有高浓度氨氮的消化污泥脱泥污水为基质,在悬浮填料床反应器中实现了稳定的全程自养脱氮过程.在填料表面培养形成了全程自养脱氮混菌生物膜.反应器的主控条件为T=28℃,pH=8.0左右,溶氧为0.8～1.0 mg/L.两级串联反应器的平均表面负荷为NH₄⁺-N 3～4 g/(m²·d),总的全程自养脱氮率达70%左右.对处理高氨氮含量和低C/N比的废水,全程自养脱氮较常规硝化-反硝化脱氮技术可大大降低氧耗并无需外加有机碳源,因此具有很好的应用前景.     

有机碳源条件下厌氧氨氧化ASBR反应器中的主要反应

采用5个已稳定运行在厌氧氨氧化状态的ASBR反应器,通过COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮、硝酸盐氮、pH等指标的监测和好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌的测定,研究了不同有机碳源条件下反应器中发生的主要反应.结果表明,反应器中存在好氧硝化菌、异养反硝化菌和厌氧氨氧化菌.在COD、氨氮、亚硝酸盐氮等存在条件下,可发生好氧硝化、厌氧氨氧化和异养反硝化反应,先是好氧硝化反应、厌氧氨氧化反应和异养反硝化反应共存,其后依次是异养反硝化反应和厌氧氨氧化反应占主导地位.当C/NO₂^--N在1.7～1.9范围内时,C/NH₄⁺-N为1.7的1号反应器具有最佳的厌氧氨氧化效果,反应结束时其COD去除率、NH₄⁺-N去除率、NO₂^--N去除率分别为100%、81.7%和74.4%.     

BACF处理高氨氮进水的硝化与反硝化作用

采用生物活性炭滤池(BACF)深度处理高NH₄⁺-N微污染水源水.结果表明,BACF对NH₄⁺-N的去除率与进水NH₄⁺-N浓度有关,当进水NH₄⁺-N<1.0mg/L时,去除率达95%以上;当进水NH₄⁺-N较高(1.5～4.9mg/L范围)、进水DO≤10mg/L时,去除率随进水浓度的增加而下降,最低降到30%左右.限制生物活性炭滤池硝化作用的主要因素是进水的DO,由于硝化菌与异养菌的共同竞争,在滤床0.4m深度内DO被消耗殆尽,出水DO基本为0(小于0.2mg/L),滤床被自然分成好氧区与缺氧区,在好氧区发生硝化与有机物的降解反应,在缺氧区则发生反硝化反应,由于碳源受限,反硝化反应进行得不彻底,造成滤池出水NO₂^--N升高.在缺氧区内除存在反硝化菌外,还存在好氧的硝化菌与异养菌.     

含海水污水的短程硝化反硝化

采用SBR工艺通过控制游离氨(FA)浓度实现了含海水生活污水的短程硝化反硝化脱氮,并研究了不同海水盐度情况下,温度、pH值、NH₄⁺-N负荷等诸因素对短程硝化反硝化的影响.试验结果表明:大生活用水范围内的海水盐度情况下仍可实现短程硝化反硝化,但不同海水盐度情况下的NH₄⁺-N去除率与NHH₄⁺-N负荷有关,随着海水占生活污水比例的增加NH₄⁺-N负荷应逐渐减少.当NH₄⁺-N负荷小于0.15kg/(kg·d)时,短程硝化的NH₄⁺-N去除率仍可达到90%以上.升高温度有利于提高短程硝化脱氮效率,当温度从20℃升高到30℃时,亚硝化比增长速率增加1倍.反应温度应保持在25℃～30℃,pH值的最佳范围为7.5～8.5.较高的进水pH值有利于通过游离氨浓度控制亚硝酸型硝化的形成.     

单级序批式生物膜反应器（SBBR）多途径生物脱氮研究

利用传统微生物分析技术与PCR、变性梯度凝胶电泳（DGGE）等分子生物学技术相结合的方法,对单级SBBR反应器中的主要生物脱氮途径进行分析.结果表明,亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化-反硝化途径是主要的脱氮途径,通过该途径去除的NH⁺₄-N占总去除量的65%以上;另外2条途径则分别是亚硝化-反硝化途径以及全程硝化-反硝化途径.所有途径都采取同步和分步2种方式完成,同步方式以曝气阶段的氮素亏损形式予以表现.分步方式则依靠各种脱氮微生物在曝气阶段和厌氧阶段不同的活性程度完成,亚硝酸细菌是曝气阶段的主要活性菌种,完成NH⁺₄-N向NO^-₂-N的转化,而厌氧氨氧化细菌和反硝化细菌则在厌氧阶段成为优势菌种,完成完整的生物脱氮过程.     

水库沉积物贫营养型好氧反硝化菌(Pseudomonas sp.)分离及其对微污染水体脱氮效率分析

为探究深水水库沉积物微生物功能特征及利用价值,于2019年在实验室对小湾水库表层沉积物微生物进行了驯化分离,并分析了其中一株细菌的脱氮效率.结果表明,分离出的细菌XW731经鉴定属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonas sp.）,是一种贫营养型好氧反硝化菌;在分别以NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N为唯一氮源时,该菌对NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和NO₂^--N去除率分别为33.6%、68.5%和9.1%;以NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N为氮源时,对NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为66.4%、89.6%,同步硝化反硝化能力更强.将该菌投加到两种城市微污染水体后测试表明,该菌对城市河道水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为38.3%和42.4%,对城市降雨水体的NH₄⁺-N和NO₃^--N去除率分别为22.2%和7.7%.     

炭膜曝气生物膜反应器硝化作用及其微生物群落结构分析

采用炭膜曝气生物膜反应器处理无机含氮废水,通过改变进水氨氮浓度和水力停留时间,研究了反应器硝化性能、氧利用情况以及氨氮去除负荷,并对生物膜表面特性和硝化菌优势菌种进行分析.结果表明, 在膜内气压0.017 MPa,进水NH⁺₄-N 50 mg/L,HRT为8 h条件下,NH⁺₄-N去除率达到96%,出水NO^-₂-N平均为17 mg/L,一定程度上实现了短程硝化,炭膜所供给氧气被生物膜全部消耗;系统比表面氨氮最大去除速率为9.7 g/(m²·d),炭膜表面有限的生物量制约了去除速率的进一步提高; 荧光原位杂交技术分析揭示生物膜内亚硝化单胞菌（Nitrosomonas）和亚硝化螺菌（Nitrosospira）为亚硝化细菌优势菌种,分别占细菌总菌数的19%和21%,硝化螺菌（Nitrospira）为硝化细菌优势菌种,占总菌数的20%,未检测到硝化杆菌（Nitrobacter）的存在.     

环流曝气塔中生物脱氮过程的研究

利用环流曝气塔进行同时硝化/反硝化(sND)脱氮实验.实验中,分别采用不同降解性能的碳源以及采用不同的碳源投加方式,研究反应器内的脱氮过程,监测处理过程中NO_x^--N浓度和溶解氧DO的变化.实验显示,在COD 800mg/L+800mg/L的分批加料方式下,NH₄⁺-N的降解得到加强,出水中NH₄⁺-N浓度低于3mg/L;利用较难降解物质作为碳源时,利于反应器内低溶解氧条件的出现,促进了反硝化的进行,实验在采用醇类碳源时脱氮效果好于葡萄糖的情况.     

沸石强化生化装置脱氮功能的效果及机理初探

针对石化工业废水开展沸石强化脱氮处理试验研究,通过比较沸石浓度25 mg/L与空白,以及沸石浓度25 mg/L与50 mg/L 2阶段脱氮效果,探讨了沸石促进脱氮功能的机理.结果表明,曝气池中投加沸石可明显提高氨氮和总氮的去除率,硝化细菌总数和硝化功能也得到增强.与空白对照组相比, 沸石浓度25 mg/L的试验组稳定运行后,氨氮去除率提高约10%～13%,总氮去除率约提高13%,出水中NO^-₃-N含量约提高100%,氨氮与总氮之比下降6%,内源硝化耗氧呼吸速率可提高138%,硝化细菌总数是空白对照组2.2倍.沸石浓度提高到50 mg/L后,试验组的脱氮效果略有增加,但效果不明显.通过对试验结果的关联分析,认为沸石提高系统脱氮能力的原因一方面是因为沸石对NH⁺₄及硝态氮的交换吸附,另一方面NH⁺₄离子富集于沸石表面及内部、沸石颗粒独特的好氧-缺氧微环境,以及沸石离解出CO^2-₃ 或HCO^-₃增加碱度等条件,促进了硝化细菌和反硝化细菌的生长,从而提高了系统脱氮能力.     

Autopoiesis: a review and a reappraisal

The aim of the paper is to review critically the notion of autopoiesis as presented by Maturana and Varela. In particular, recognizing that there are difficulties in obtaining a complete and clear picture from the primary literature, an effort is made to present a coherent view--also based on many years of personal contact with Francisco Varela. The paper begins with a few historical notes to highlight the cultural background from which the notion of autopoiesis arose. The basic principles of autopoiesis as a theory of cellular life are then described, emphasizing also what autopoiesis is not: not an abstract theory, not a concept of artificial life, not a theory about the origin of life--but rather a pragmatic blueprint of life based on cellular life. It shown how this view leads to a conceptually clear definition of minimal life and to a logical link with related notions, such as self-organization, emergence, biological autonomy, auto-referentiality, and interactions with the environment. The perturbations brought about by the environment are seen as changes selected and triggered by the inner organization of the living. These selective coupling interactions impart meaning to the minimal life and are thus defined by Maturana and Varela with the arguable term of "cognition". This particular view on the mutual interactions between living organism and environment leads these authors to the notion of "enaction", and to the surprising view that autopoiesis and cognition are two complementary, and in a way equivalent, aspects of life. It is then shown how cognition, so defined, permits us to build a bridge between biology and cognitive science. Autopoiesis also allows one to conceive chemical models of minimal cellular life that can be implemented experimentally. The corresponding work on "chemical autopoiesis" is then reviewed. The surprising impact of autopoiesis in the social sciences ("social autopoiesis") is also briefly discussed. This review also comments on why the theory of autopoiesis had, and still has, a difficult time being accepted into the mainstream of life-science research. Finally, it is pointed out that the new interest in system biology and complexity theories may lead to a reappraisal of autopoiesis and related notions, as outlined also by other authors, such as Tibor Ganti and Stuart Kauffmann.     

公众环境意识与可持续发展关系初探

目前,国内存在的各种环境问题,归根到底是由于发展战略的不同所致,人们开始重新去认识和评价传统发展战略的局限性,标志着人类文明即将步入一个被称之"环境文明"新的历史时代.历史文化传统和经济发展水平决定公众环境意识,公众的环境意识直接影响可持续发展战略的实施,如何增强,提出决策和建议,通过大力开展环境宣传教育,提高公众环境意识,可持续发展,实现可持续发展的战略.     

Self-Injection of a Dipteran Parasitoid into a Spider

 A host invasion strategy hitherto unknown from other insect parasitoids was observed in the dipteran Acrocera orbicula (Fabricius) (Diptera: Acroceridae) parasitizing the wolf spider, Pardosa prativaga (L. Koch) (Araneida: Lycosidae). In laboratory experiments the free-living first instar acrocerid larvae attached themselves firmly to the spiders' integument by the mouthparts, cutting a tiny hole through the integument. No first instar larvae invaded the host. A week later the parasitoids molted, and a small, flexible, and glabrous second instar larva left each of the attached first instar exuviae and invaded the host through the attachment hole of the first instar larva. The novel host invasion pattern observed may reduce physical damage to the host in the initial phase of endoparasitism, enhancing parasitoid survival. Received: 14 April 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 2 July 1999     

Attributes of a hopper-predator community in a rice field

A hopper-predator community in an experimental rice field was observed weekly with regard to information content (H′), formation of a geometric series or the grade of orderly distribution of component taxa (R²), and clumping index (I). These community attributes changed with time in close association with one another, and attained the highest values around the heading time of the rice. Significant correlations were found between the density of prey and that of predators when a certain time-lag was assumed for the increase of predators.     

建设绿色重庆构建和谐社会

"十一五"是我国经济社会发展的重要战略机遇期,也是环境保护工作极具挑战的时期.我们将以党的十六届五中全会精神为指针,以建设"绿色重庆"为目标,以"预防为主、综合治理,不欠新账、多还旧账,创新机制、强化监管,突出重点、分类指导,典型示范、带动全面"为基本原则,发展循环经济,解决突出问题,改善环境质量,建立工作机制,努力构建环境友好型社会.     

Performance of a novel vertical-flow settler: a comparative study

By increasing particle concentration and G value （root-mean-square velocity gradient） to enhance flocculation, a novel vertical-flow settler was designed to increase sedimentation effectiveness, and to simultaneously improve operational stabilization. Due to the gradual decrease in upward flow-rate of raw water, a floes blanket would form and suspend in the middle section of the settler, not at the bottom as in a conventional clarifier. Enough large floes, resulted from flocculation or fltration, would continuously settle out of the floes blanket, and simultaneously, the floes in raw water or those forming above the blanket would ceaselessly enter the floes blanket. As a result, the floes concentration in the blanket could keep a dynamic balance. The hydrodynamic shear in the blanket was improved by flow separation, which was induced by the abrupt change in flow channel. Due to the floes blanket and improved hydrodynamic shear, flocculation would be enhanced, which was helpful for removing fine particles in raw water. A comparative study showed that the novel vertical-flow settler had a much better performance in the removal of the particles in raw water than a conventional one, when they treated kaolin suspensions of different concentrations （500, 100 and 50 mg/L, respectively） coagulated by polyaluminum chloride（PAC1） at the up-flow rates of 1 and 2 mm/s, respectively.     

建设宁静家园 营造和谐环境——厦门市思明区创建“安静居住小区”的做法和体会

创建安静居住小区,是以营造安静和谐的宜居生活环境为目标,通过强化噪声监管、开展宣传教育等方式,改善城区声环境质量,提高居民环保意识,提高城市文明水平的一种有效方式.2009年以来,厦门市思明全区开展创建“安静居住小区”工作.目前,25个创建小区中共有24个通过验收达标.“安静居住小区”创建以来,小区居民对居住环境质量的满意率达到97％,小区噪声污染得到有效治理,居民的环保意识得到极大提高.     

When a year takes 18 months: evidence for a strong circannual clock in a shorebird

During the last three of 20 years kept as a pet, a red knot (Calidris canutus) went through two complete 'circannual' cycles of body mass and plumage. With a record cycle length of 18 months, this individual shorebird provides evidence for an exceptionally strong circannual clock system. The absence of synchronisation to outdoor but visible periodic cues suggests that the constant, socially-induced, day-night environment was of overriding importance. So far, only for songbirds is there firm experimental evidence that annual cycles are orchestrated by an endogenous circannual clock system. In constant environments the circannual cycles of these passerines tend to have periods that are shorter, rather than longer, than a year.