中国农业生物多样性及其保护

对我国农业生物多样性现状与变化态势进行了评述,分析了农业生态多样性丧失的原因,认为生境丧失、退化与破碎化、农业单一化耕作与驯养、农业物种的过度开发利用、外来物种的引进或入侵、环境污染以及全球气候变化等是造成农业生物多样性减少的主要威胁,同时提出一系列相应的保护对策。     

中国农业生物多样性保护主要政策、措施回顾及2020年后展望

农业生物多样性是生物多样性的重要组成部分,可提供人类可持续发展所需的多种生态服务,但公众对于其重要性的认识远不及自然保护。作为全球生物多样性最为丰富之一、最早加入《生物多样性公约》及重要的农业国家,中国进一步加强农业生物多样性保护,对履行公约及推动农业可持续发展具有重要意义。该研究回顾了过去几十年中国农业生物多样性保护政策的发展过程、具体措施及成效,指出中国农业生物多样性的保护程度逐年加强,在种质资源保护、渔业资源保护、牧业资源保护、外来物种入侵防治方面开展了很多工作,并取得一定成效,但是仍然面临生境退化和破坏、外来物种入侵、遗传资源锐减、环境污染、气候变化等威胁。鉴于2020年后农业生物多样性保护在全球生物多样性保护中的受重视程度增加,笔者对于中国如何进一步加强农业生物多样性保护提出了6个方面的建议,包括:建立农业生物多样性调查和监测体系;建立农区生物多样性保护的国家计划,整合农业多样性保护、生态修复和农业可续发展,推动多目标的协同实现;推动建立完善的农业生物多样性保护政策、法律和生态补偿措施;完善针对外来物种防控的法律和政策;加强农业生物多样性保护利用的方法和技术研究;加强科普教育和推动公众参与。     

农区土地利用强度变化对生物多样性的影响

农业集约化引起的景观变化是导致农业景观生物多样性丧失的重要原因,为评估农业景观结构变化对物种多样性的影响,探索生物多样性未来的变化趋势,研究基于Meta分析(Meta-Analysis)构建我国农区不同土地利用强度的生物多样性数据库,收集了来自全国298个农业景观样地的15 042条物种记录。依据线性混合效应模型构建我国农区土地利用强度-生物多样性关系模型,并以浙江省为例,结合浙江省退耕还林、生态农业发展等土地利用政策和规划,基于Dyna-CLUE模型模拟不同情景下土地利用的空间分布,将土地利用空间分布模拟和土地利用强度-生物多样性关系模型结果输入Flus-Biodiversity模型,从而模拟典型农区生物多样性的空间分布格局,提出浙江省农田生物多样性保护目标优化方案。Meta分析显示,无论在景观尺度还是局部管理尺度上,随着农田土地利用强度的增加,生物多样性均呈显著下降趋势。情景模拟发现,在所有情景中生物多样性都呈下降趋势,其中生态保育情景下降幅度最小,将常规农田转换为生态农田时生物多样性有所提高。因此,为进一步保护多样性、提升生态系统服务、改善生态环境,一方面应尽量保护农田周围的自然和半自然生境,以减少土地利用改变对农业生物多样性的破坏;其次,适当增加农业景观中的半自然生境,如人工林等,构建合理的农业景观格局;第三,适度推动有机管理或生态管理,合理化减少化肥和农药的施用,有利于区域生物多样性的保护;第四,在保证耕地红线的前提下,应深入推进退耕还林政策,严格限制生态功能区的土地开发,同时注重生物多样性完整性损失严重区域的保护。     

《保护生物学》

正从书名:新生物学丛书ISBN:978-7-03-040461-9/Q·3288开本:16定价:280内容简介本书编译自Richard B.Primack编写的Essentials of Conservation Biology(第五版),系统阐述了保护生物学的范畴、主要内容和发展历程,生物多样性的概念、分布和价值,生物多样性面临的威胁及其引起的物种丧失和灭绝,种群和物种水平的保护,生态系统和景观水平的保护与恢复,生物多样性保护与社会经济可持续发展。全书内容丰富、知识系统、逻辑合     

生物多样性与生态系统功能

该文阐述了生物多样性与生态系统功能的密切相关性。分析了生物多样性的丧失对生态系统功能将带来的影响。提出了未来应深入研究的五个方面：相对于物种和功能组其它水平生物多样性的改变带来的影响如何；目前已知的科学知识是否适用于所有的生态系统；各级水平食物网多样性对生态系统功能的重要性；其它全球变化过程与生物多样性——生态系统功能的变化模式如何相互作用；生物多样性变化引起生态系统功能变化会产生什么样的经济后果。     

福建水土流失区农业生物多样性保护利用的思考

水土流失区以提高产量为目的的现代集约化生产已经导致农业系统的简化,造成农业生物多样性的大量丧失.本文对近年来福建省农业生物多样性保护实践进行概述,结合水土流失区生产实际,提出了加强农业生物多样性保护与利用的若干建议.包括:1)构建农业种质库,保护遗传基因多样性; 2)保护农业半自然生境,提供天敌栖息场所; 3)推广生态农业,合理配置农业种养体系; 4)统筹兼顾,科学部署农田生态格局.     

稻田生物多样性构建的生态效应

农业集约化生产方式加速了农业生态系统单一化的进程,导致系统平衡破坏,病、虫、草害频发。在以农业生态环境改善和修复为手段的农业可持续生产和发展的模式中,以农作物多样性的合理布局来提高农业生物多样性水平和控制病、虫、草害的实践,显示出其强大的生命力,即将不同物种的作物或同一作物的不同品种按一定的组合方式和栽种模式进行合理的间栽和套作,将病、虫、草害的发生控制在可以承受的范围内。构建水生动物、水生植物与水稻共存的稻作系统,利用物种多样性、遗传多样性控制有害生物,是农业可持续发展的重要途径。本文综述了国内外稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性利用模式的研究进展,论述了稻田物种多样性、遗传多样性对稻作生态系统的改善,特别是水稻病、虫、草的控制效果及作用机理。     

城郊集约化农业景观不同生境类型下植物时空多样性变化

分别于1996和2013年调查了湖北省潜江市郊区农业景观,研究不同农作生境和半自然生境中植被物种组成和丰富度,以揭示农业集约化和城市化发展背景下农业景观中植物多样性的时空分布变化趋势。分析显示,1996到2013年间研究区植物多样性总体呈现下降趋势,其中,农作生境中物种丰富度下降较多,物种组成趋于单一化;各生境优势物种都有明显变化,但相对于农作生境,半自然生境优势物种变化更大;农作生境和半自然生境农田耐受种种数差异不大;半自然生境物种丰富度和植被组成变化不显著,但城市化导致部分半自然生境丧失,可能对物种多样性的维持构成威胁。这说明近十多年农业集约化对城郊农业景观植物多样性影响显著,但半自然生境中植物多样性相对于农作生境受到的影响较小,可对农业景观中植物多样性的保护发挥重要作用。因此,城郊农业景观植物多样性的保护,不但需要降低农业集约化,采取环境更加友好型措施,而且需要在城市化进程中加强对半自然生境的保护。     

气候变化对生物多样性的影响:脆弱性和适应

气候变化对生物多样性影响及其适应直接关系着未来生物多样性的保护.气候变化对生物多样性影响、生物多样性在气候变化影响下的脆弱性、生物多样性适应气候变化方面进行了总结分析,对存在的问题进行了讨论,对今后研究提出了一些建议.过去的气候变化已使物种物候、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、部分有害生物危害强度和频率增加,使一些生物入侵范围扩大、生态系统结构与功能改变等.未来的气候变化仍将使物种物候和行为、分布和丰富度等改变,使一些物种灭绝、使有害生物爆发频率和强度增加,并将可能使生态系统结构与功能发生改变等.生物多样性适应气候变化包括了自然适应和人为适应两个方面,自然适应体现在物种适应性进化、迁移、生态系统稳定性和弹性等,人为适应体现在种质基因保存、物种异地保护、自然保护区规划设计、生态系统适应性管理、生态恢复和气候灾害防御等.目前,生物多样性对气候变化影响的脆弱性、生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究都还不系统深入,需要加强生物多样性自然适应和人为适应气候变化方面的研究.     

《外来物种环境风险评估与控制研究》简介

外来物种入侵是当今全球面临的一个重大环境问题,是导致生物多样性丧失的主要原因之一,同时也对生态环境、农林业生产和人类健康造成了巨大危害。外来物种环境风险评估是对外来物种引进、扩散过程中产生的不确定事件进行识别、评估和处理,以最小的成本将其对     

Effect of Widespread Agricultural Chemical Use on Butterfly Diversity across Turkish Provinces

Although agricultural intensification is thought to pose a significant threat to species, little is known about its role in driving biodiversity loss at regional scales. I assessed the effects of a major component of agricultural intensification, agricultural chemical use, and land‐cover and climatic variables on butterfly diversity across 81 provinces in Turkey, where agriculture is practiced extensively but with varying degrees of intensity. I determined butterfly species presence in each province from data on known butterfly distributions and calculated agricultural chemical use as the proportion of agricultural households that use chemical fertilizers and pesticides. I used constrained correspondence analyses and regression‐based multimodel inference to determine the effect of environmental variables on species composition and richness, respectively. The variation in butterfly species composition across the provinces was largely explained (78%) by the combination of agricultural chemical use, particularly pesticides, and climatic and land‐cover variables. Although overall butterfly richness was primarily explained by climatic and land‐cover variables, such as the area of natural vegetation cover, threatened butterfly richness and the relative number of threatened butterfly species decreased substantially as the proportion of agricultural households using pesticides increased. These findings suggest that widespread use of agricultural chemicals, or other components of agricultural intensification that may be collinear with pesticide use, pose an imminent threat to the biodiversity of Turkey. Accordingly, policies that mitigate agricultural intensification and promote low‐input farming practices are crucial for protecting threatened species from extinction in rapidly industrializing nations such as Turkey. Efectos del Uso Extensivo de Agroquímicos sobre la Diversidad de Mariposas en Provincias Turcas     

会稽山古香榧群农业多功能价值评估

香榧（Torreya grandis cv.Merrillii）是我国古老的原产树种和世界稀有的经济树种,目前会稽山古香榧群已列为全球重要农业文化遗产和中国重要农业文化遗产候选地.利用农业多功能多维评价模型并结合会稽山古香榧群的特点,从经济功能、生物多样性保护功能、农业景观保留功能、农业文化传承功能和生态环境保护功能5个方面,对会稽山古香榧群进行综合评价.结果表明,会稽山古香榧群的农业文化传承功能指数值最高,为1,生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能指数分别为0.85和0.43,经济功能值和生物多样性保护功能指数值比较低,分别为0.25和0.29.说明会稽山古香榧群的主导功能是农业文化传承功能,其次是生态环境保护功能和农业景观保留功能.     

The importance of agricultural lands for Himalayan birds in winter

The impacts of land‐use change on biodiversity in the Himalayas are poorly known, notwithstanding widespread deforestation and agricultural intensification in this highly biodiverse region. Although intact primary forests harbor many Himalayan birds during breeding, a large number of bird species use agricultural lands during winter. We assessed how Himalayan bird species richness, abundance, and composition during winter are affected by forest loss stemming from agriculture and grazing. Bird surveys along 12 elevational transects within primary forest, low‐intensity agriculture, mixed subsistence agriculture, and intensively grazed pastures in winter revealed that bird species richness and abundance were greatest in low‐intensity and mixed agriculture, intermediate in grazed pastures, and lowest in primary forest at both local and landscape scales; over twice as many species and individuals were recorded in low‐intensity agriculture than in primary forest. Bird communities in primary forests were distinct from those in all other land‐use classes, but only 4 species were unique to primary forests. Low‐, medium‐, and high‐intensity agriculture harbored 32 unique species. Of the species observed in primary forest, 80% had equal or greater abundance in low‐intensity agricultural lands, underscoring the value of these lands in retaining diverse community assemblages at high densities in winter. Among disturbed landscapes, bird species richness and abundance declined as land‐use intensity increased, especially in high‐intensity pastures. Our results suggest that agricultural landscapes are important for most Himalayan bird species in winter. But agricultural intensification—especially increased grazing—will likely result in biodiversity losses. Given that forest reserves alone may inadequately conserve Himalayan birds in winter, comprehensive conservation strategies in the region must go beyond protecting intact primary forests and ensure that low‐intensity agricultural lands are not extensively converted to high‐intensity pastures.     

Species identity dominates the relationship between predator biodiversity and herbivore suppression

Agricultural pest suppression is an important ecosystem service that may be threatened by the loss of predator diversity. This has stimulated interest in the relationship between predator biodiversity and biological control. Multiple-predator studies have shown that predators may complement or interfere with one another, but few experiments have determined if the resulting effects on prey are caused by changes in predator abundance, identity, species richness, or some combination of these factors. We experimentally isolated the effect of predator species richness on the biological control of an important agricultural pest, the green peach aphid. We found no evidence that increasing predator species richness affects aphid biological control; overall there was no strong complementarity or interference among predator species that altered the strength of aphid suppression. Instead, our experiments revealed strong effects of predator species identity, because predators varied dramatically in their per capita consumption rates. Our results are consistent with other multiple-predator studies finding strong species-identity effects and suggest that, for the biological control of aphids, conservation strategies that directly target key species will be more effective than those targeting predator biodiversity more broadly.     

The alignment of agricultural and nature conservation policies in the European Union

Europe is a region of relatively high population density and productive agriculture subject to substantial government intervention under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Many habitats and species of high conservation interest have been created by the maintenance of agricultural practices over long periods. These practices are often no longer profitable, and nature conservation initiatives require government support to cover the cost for them to be continued. The CAP has been reformed both to reduce production of agricultural commodities at costs in excess of world prices and to establish incentives for landholders to adopt voluntary conservation measures. A separate nature conservation policy has established an extensive series of protected sites (Natura 2000) that has, as yet, failed to halt the loss of biodiversity. Additional broader scale approaches have been advocated for conservation in the wider landscape matrix, including the alignment of agricultural and nature conservation policies, which remains a challenge. Possibilities for alignment include further shifting of funds from general support for farmers toward targeted payments for biodiversity goals at larger scales and adoption of an ecosystem approach. The European response to the competing demands for land resources may offer lessons globally as demands on rural land increase.     

Land‐use trade‐offs between tree biodiversity and crop production in the Atlantic Forest

Trade‐offs in ecosystem services (ES) have received increasing attention because provisioning services often come at the expense of biodiversity loss. When land‐use patterns are not maximally efficient relative to productivity, provisioning services, such as crop production, can often be increased without losing biodiversity. The Atlantic Forest (AF) encompasses dense, mixed, and seasonal forests and has high levels of endemism and anthropogenic threat. We examined trade‐offs between biodiversity and crop production in the AF to provide insights into land‐use management decisions. We developed a biodiversity metric that combines information on tree species richness, evolutionary distinctiveness, and rarity at the local level. We examined the extent to which the nature of ES trade‐offs differ among the 3 forest types. We assessed how annual deforestation rates and land management practices affect biodiversity and agricultural revenues. Finally, we tested whether it is possible to achieve the same total regional revenue without reducing biodiversity by improving local management practices. The 3 forest types had similar patterns in ES trade‐offs, although within mixed forest patterns differed. Biodiversity appeared to be more sensitive to land‐use change than crop revenues. Certain crops yielded up to 10 times higher values in some sites. Enhanced crop productivity may increase revenues without reducing biodiversity. Our results showed that to enhance human well‐being without further conversion of AF, maximizing crop productivity is needed . Increasing efficiency of management outcomes by maintaining higher biodiversity and increasing provisioning services depends on knowledge of forest type, the comparative advantage of planting crops in the best places, and preserving species in a balanced manner across forests.     

农业景观生物多样性保护一般原则探讨

在参阅大量文献的基础上,从过程和格局2个角度,概括和总结了农业景观生物多样性保护的一般原则,包括:区分并优先保护农业景观生物多样性的热点区域,保护和建立自然、半自然生境,构建多样化的土地利用/种植模式,通过连接残存的自然、半自然生境或新建生态廊道增加农田景观的连接度,提高集约化程度较低的农业用地面积,采取野生生物友好型的农作管理方式,保护关键物种并维持物种的相互联系,控制侵略性的、数量过多的入侵性物种等一系列原则。最后,对这些原则在实际推行及应用中面临的问题进行了探讨。     

Enhancement of Farmland Biodiversity within Set-Aside Land

Abstract:  The efficacy of agricultural set-aside policies for protecting farmland biodiversity is widely debated. Based on a meta-analysis of 127 published studies, we found that land withdrawn from conventional production unequivocally enhances biodiversity in North America and Europe. The number of species of birds, insects, spiders, and plants is 1–1.5 standard deviation units higher on set-aside land, and population densities increase by 0.5–1 standard deviation units. Set-aside land may be especially beneficial for desirable taxa because North American bird species that have exhibited population declines react most positively to set-aside agricultural land. Larger and older plots protect more species and higher densities, and set-aside land is more effective in countries with less-intensive agricultural practices and higher fractions of land removed from production. Although policies specifically designed to protect biodiversity might work even better, current incentives clearly improve the standing of plants and animals in farmland.     

农业生态系统中生物多样性的功能--兼论其保护途径与今后研究方向

重点论述了农业生态系统中生物多样性的功能 ,其功能主要表现在害虫控制、土壤侵蚀防治、退化环境恢复、消除污染和促进养分循环等方面。探讨了农业生态系统中生物多样性的保护途径及今后应开展的研究重点。     

Overlooked biodiversity loss in tropical smallholder agriculture

Smallholder agriculture is the main driver of deforestation in the western Amazon, where terrestrial biodiversity reaches its global maximum. Understanding the biodiversity value of the resulting mosaics of cultivated and secondary forest is therefore crucial for conservation planning. However, Amazonian communities are organized across multiple forest types that support distinct species assemblages, and little is known about smallholder impacts across the range of forest types that are essential for sustaining biodiversity. We addressed this issue with a large-scale field inventory of birds (point counts) and trees (transects) in primary forest and smallholder agriculture in northern Peru across 3 forest types that are key for Amazonian biodiversity. For birds smallholder agriculture supported species richness comparable to primary forest within each forest type, but biotic homogenization across forest types resulted in substantial losses of biodiversity overall. These overall losses are invisible to studies that focus solely on upland (terra firma) forest. For trees biodiversity losses in upland forests dominated the signal across all habitats combined and homogenization across habitats did not exacerbate biodiversity loss. Proximity to forest strongly predicted the persistence of forest-associated bird and tree species in the smallholder mosaic, and because intact forest is ubiquitous in our study area, our results probably represent a best-case scenario for biodiversity in Amazonian agriculture. Land-use planning inside and outside protected areas should recognize that tropical smallholder agriculture has pervasive biodiversity impacts that are not apparent in typical studies that cover a single forest type. The full range of forest types must be surveyed to accurately assess biodiversity losses, and primary forests must be protected to prevent landscape-scale biodiversity loss.