光合细菌生物制氢反应器研究进展

光合细菌生物制氢技术,是将太阳能利用和环境治理结合起来的可再生能源生产技术,具有良好的环境效益、社会效益和经济效益.光合细菌制氢反应器研究是将该技术引向产业化的关键步骤.本文列举了目前光合细菌制氢研究中典型的反应器型式,分析了各自的优缺点;总结了反应器高效产氢所必需保证的运行操作条件,如光照强度、温度、pH值等,指出了目前研究中存在的不足;给出了规模化光合细菌生物制氢时需要用到的反应器性能评价指标.并针对目前反应器的研究现状,提出了后续研究应当遵循的方向.     

CO厌氧发酵制氢过程中的微生物特性及其影响因素

以发酵液中溶解的一氧化碳(CO)为底物,研究高温嗜热菌(Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans)厌氧发酵制氢的工艺过程.通过C.hydrogenoformans菌的生长规律、絮凝能力和反应特性等实验研究,建立菌株的生长规律模型,得出微生物衰减系数和最大比生长速率.结果表明,C.hydrogenoformans菌产氢率高,絮凝效果好,用于连续CO生物发酵制氢工艺是可行的.对发酵制氢过程的影响因素进行考察,得出最佳食微比及CO对发酵制氢过程的抑制浓度等过程参数,为有效开发CO厌氧生物发酵制氢的工艺路线提供了参考依据.图4表2参17     

秸秆的不同预处理方法对发酵产氢的影响

比较研究了化学预处理、生物预处理以及化学与生物结合预处理方法对秸秆发酵产氢的影响.结果表明,预处理可以将秸秆中相当一部分纤维素和半纤维素水解生成还原糖,其中1%H2SO4对秸秆的水解效果最好,50 g秸秆水解可产生16.05 g还原糖;经过NaOH和生物结合预处理后的秸秆发酵产氢效果最好,其产氢能力为21.04 mL g-1,是未经预处理秸秆的75倍;最高氢气浓度为57.3%,是未经预处理秸秆的96倍;其产氢的最适pH为4.5～6.0,最佳底物浓度为45～55 g L-1;其发酵过程中的挥发性脂肪酸(VFAs)以乙酸和丁酸为主.图4表4参15     

白蚁肠道共生微生物多样性及其防治方法研究现状

白蚁是破坏性极大的世界性害虫.结合课题组多年来开展的科研工作,综述了白蚁肠道中内生菌分离和白蚁防治方法的研究现状.已从白蚁肠道内分离出原生动物、细菌、真菌和螺旋体等多种生物.白蚁肠道中存在的微生物对白蚁消化木质纤维素类食物有着重要的作用.白蚁防治方法主要为物理方法、化学方法和生物学方法.生物防治白蚁方法具有高效、低毒、无残留、无污染、价廉的特性.介绍了以从抗白蚁树木分离到的内生菌生物发酵合成的代谢产物作为杀白蚁生物药剂的生物防治方法,该方法优势明显,有可能成为未来白蚁防治剂研究的方向,为白蚁防治提供重要途径,具有广阔的应用前景.     

接种量对泔脚发酵产氢的影响

接种量对泔脚的发酵产氢会产生很大的影响。以经热预处理(80℃,15min)的城市生活垃圾厌氧消化污泥为接种物,以850W、4min的微波+pH9.0预处理的泔脚为发酵底物,考察了40%、50%、60%、70%、80%、90%的接种量对泔脚中温(36℃)批式发酵产氢的影响。结果表明:过低的接种量(40%、50%、60%)下,泔脚的发酵产氢能力较差;而较高的接种量(70%、80%、90%)尤其是80%、90%的高接种量对泔脚的发酵产氢更为有利。然而,接种量越大,反应器的利用效率越低。因此,80%的接种量为泔脚发酵产氢的最佳接种量,其产氢延迟时间λ、最大比产氢率、产氢率、生物气中氢气的最高体积含量分别为4.22h、22.77mL/(gVS·h)、194.04mL/gVS、44.2%。     

混合菌群产氢特性研究

对产氢菌株进行筛选,得到一组可以在微氧条件下高效产氢的微生物菌群.此菌群在0～15%O2浓度下都可以产氢,具有较高的耐氧产氢特性.该混合菌群可利用甘露醇、葡萄糖、蔗糖、乳糖、淀粉为底物产氢,其中甘露醇为最适底物.最适产氢温度、pH值、仞始氧气浓度分别为33℃、7.0、2.72%.在此条件下,以片露醇为碳源(5.0 g/L),产氢效率可达到324.18 mL(H2)/g(甘露醇).对该产氢体系发酵末端产物的液相分析显示乙醇占76%～93%,表明该产氢体系为乙醇型发酵.通过PCR-DGGE方法进行菌群分析,发现不同初始氧浓度下菌群分布有一定差异,但克氏杆菌在各种氧浓度下的混合菌群中都占明显优势,是主要的产氢菌.图8表1参25     

从原料到产品:生物基丁二酸研究进展

丁二酸作为一种重要的有机化工原料及中间体,广泛用于生物高分子、食品与医药等行业,市场潜在需求量巨大;同时作为一种优秀的C4平台化合物,被认为是未来12种最具发展前景的生物炼制产品之一.近年来随着石化资源的日益枯竭及环境污染问题的日益严峻,以生物质为原料生产丁二酸等生物基产品的研究备受国内外研究者的关注.本文从产丁二酸菌种的种类及常见菌株产丁二酸的代谢途径、产丁二酸工程菌的改造、丁二酸发酵过程控制与优化、丁二酸的分离提取工艺等4个方面综述近年来国内外生物基丁二酸研究进展,其中以产丁二酸工程菌的改造为重点展开详细阐述.为提高菌株产丁二酸的能力,研究者们常采用代谢工程技术改造菌株,皆取得显著效果.近来也出现了利用ARTP法和基因组重排技术选育高产丁二酸的菌株.此外,高效的丁二酸发酵与其发酵原料,发酵过程中相关控制因素如p H、CO2和H2浓度以及发酵方式密切相关;相比其他的丁二酸分离法,原位分离法回收丁二酸具备优势.最后对产丁二酸菌种的改造进行展望,认为利用适应性进化和最小基因组等技术筛选优良丁二酸生产菌是未来的趋势.     

不同酸碱条件下光合细菌的生长产氢特性

为了解光合细菌的产氢机理,对沼泽红假单胞光合产氢菌CQK-01在光生物平板反应器中进行序批次培养,以470 nm LED灯提供连续光照,葡萄糖为碳源底物,研究不同初始酸碱条件下产氢光合细菌的生长特性、产氢特性以及能量转化效率.结果表明,在弱碱性条件下最适宜产氢光合细菌的生长;在反应液为酸性条件下,光合细菌具有较高的产氢量、产氢速率和能量转化效率,然而产氢纯度随着初始pH值的增大而升高;在温度30℃、光照强度1 000lx、底物浓度75 mmol/L的实验条件下,光合细菌的最佳产氢pH值为7.0,实验中最大累积产氢量为8.0 mmol,最大产氢速率为3.39 mmol g-1(cell dry weight)h-1,产氢纯度高达70%,底物能量转化效率最大为1.98%,光能转化效率最大为7.7%.     

土壤甲胺磷抗性细菌种群特征脂肪酸生物标记的分析（Characteristics of PLFA Biomarkers for Acephatemet Resistant Bacteria Isolated from the Soils）

应用高浓度甲胺磷培养基,对农药厂排污口土壤微生物进行分离,鉴定出21株细菌,分属13个细菌属.对甲胺磷抗性细菌脂肪酸的分析,共测定到38个脂肪酸生物标记(PLFA),这些生物标记分为4种类型,即1)高频次分布的生物标记,普遍存在于细菌类群,属于细菌总体类群(Bacteriaingeneral)的生物标记;2)中频次分布的生物标记,在细菌种出现概率中等,可以用于代表细菌属类群(Bacteriumgenus)识别生物标记;3)低频次分布的生物标记,在细菌中的分布概率较小,可以用于指示特定细菌种间差异的生物标记;4)微频次分布的生物标记,这种生物标记仅在一种细菌种类出现,是细菌种特征生物标记.利用脂肪酸生物标记分析同属细菌不同种的差异,可将假单胞杆菌属分为2类,第1类包括了铜绿假单胞菌、荧光假单胞菌、丁香假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量小于3.60%;第2类包含了伞菌假单胞菌、威隆假单胞菌、恶臭假单胞菌、温哥华假单胞菌,其特征为17:0CYCLO生物标记含量大于5.99%.利用脂肪酸生物标记的差异对甲胺磷抗性细菌种的聚类分析,能有效地将细菌类群分为3类,微生物群落中存在着稳定的生物标记和受环境影响的生物标记,论文提供了一种脂肪酸生物标记的分析方法,结合细菌的生物学特性研究,可以解释微生物在环境中的变化,对于土壤微生物群落的研究具有重要意义.     

几株紫色非硫细菌的分离鉴定与产氢特性分析

从重庆地区不同环境淤泥、泥水样品中,经富集培养、分离纯化,获得5株紫色非硫细菌.根据菌体的菌落形态、染色特性、生理生化特征及活细胞光吸收峰对菌株进行常规鉴定,结合菌株16S rDNA扩增测序进行分子生物学分析验证,构建了菌株与数据库中近缘菌株的系统发育树.以优化的培养条件(营养、pH、接种量等参数)对供试菌株的生理生化特性和产氢能力做了比较分析.结果显示,5个菌株均为光合产氢细菌,菌株ANI、D1为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopseudomonas palustris),AN2、AS1、BS1等3株为类球红细菌(Rhodobacter sphaeroides);其中类球红细菌菌株AN2在给定的培养条件下光合产氢能力最高,可达9.55μg/mL d-1,是一株有应用前景的光合产氢细菌.图4表2参15     

生物产氢技术研究进展

由于矿物资源的日益枯竭 ,寻找清洁的替代能源已成为一项迫切的课题 .氢被普遍认为是一种最有吸引力的替代能源 .这是因为氢是宇宙间最简单同时也是最为丰富的元素 ,它的热值高达 118.4ｋＪ/ｇ ,是甲烷的 2 .3倍 ;氢又是一种十分清洁的能源 ,它燃烧后只生成水 ;氢还能够比较容易地储存在一些特殊的金属间化合物或纳米非金属材料中 ,并能快速释放 ,这样 ,在运输和使用上比较方便 .氢除了作为优异的能源外 ,它还是一种工业上必不可少的原材料[1] .然而 ,氢气在地球表面的浓度小于 1ｍｇ/Ｌ ,仅占地球表面大气的极小部分 .在自然界中大部分的氢…     

Biological hydrogen production from organic wastewater by dark fermentation in China: Overview and prospects

Biological hydrogen production by dark fermentation is an important part of biological hydrogen production technologies. China is a typical developing country that heavily relies on fossil fuels; thus, new, clean, and sustainable energy development turns quite urgent. It is delightful that Chinese government has already drawn up several H₂ development policies since 1990s and provided financial aid to launch some H₂ development projects. In this paper, the research status on dark fermentative hydrogen production in China was summarized and analyzed. Subsequently, several new findings and achievements, with some of which transformed into scale-up tests, were highlighted. Moreover, some prospecting coupling processes with dark fermentation of hydrogen production were also proposed to attract more research interests in the future.     

紫色光合细菌捕获太阳能的分子机理

光合作用是地球上最重要的化学反应,生物体通过它捕获太阳能,转为化学能供生长繁殖需要.光合细菌是地球上最早出现的具有原始光能合成体系的微生物,其光合反应中心是一个由多种色素分子与蛋白质以非共价键方式结合的、具有特定构象的色素-蛋白复合体-光反应中心RC(Reaction center)和LH(Light Harvesting),光能通过电荷分离及电子转移反应转化为化学能,其效率是当前人工模拟远远不能及的.本文综述了紫色光合细菌捕获太阳能的分子结构、作用机理的研究进展,并结合作者在R.sphaeroides LHII蛋白组份同源及异源基因表达方面的研究结果进行相应的分析,明确了Rhodobacter sphaeroides基因组中同源基因puc2BA的表达特点和功能,Rhodovulum sulfidophilum pucsBA与R.sphaeroides pufBA能够同时在R.sphaeroides中表达,能同时形成LHII和LHI,并具有能量传递功能.     

光合细菌光合产氢机理研究进展[综述]

７０年代以来，随着全球性的能源危机和温室效应的加剧，无污染、可再生的氢能的研究开发日受重视．物制氢技术是氢能开发研究的一项重要内容．至今已知的具产氢活性的微生物有“光合细菌”（ｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ，ＰＳＢ）、藻类（ａｌｇａｅ）和非光合细菌（ｎｏｎｐｈｏｔｏｓｙｎｔｈｅｔｉｃｂａｃｔｅｒｉａ）［１］．由于ＰＳＢ光合产氢的速度要比藻类快，能量利用率比非光合细菌高，且能将产氢与光能利用、有机物的去除有机地耦合在一起，因而得到了众多研究者的关注．本文就ＰＳＢ的产氢的机理及影响产…     

Remediation of Kraft E1 and black liquor effluents by biological and chemical processes

We sutdied the application of the bacteria Azotobacter vinellandi on the treatment of effluents from pulp and paper industry. Two types of treatment employing this microorganism were studied: biological treatment isolated and combined with stages of pre- or post-treatment using ozonation or photocatalysis processes. In the biological treatment, the siderophores production by A. vinellandi had a major effect on the efficiency of effluents degradation. Among the different combined treatments, the best results were obtained with the photocatalytic pre-treatment.     

A road-map for energy-neutral wastewater treatment plants of the future based on compact technologies (including MBBR)

In the paper concepts for wastewater treatment of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration. In the paper concepts for domestic wastewater treatment plants of the future are discussed by the use of a) one flow diagram based on established, compact, proven technologies (i.e. nitrification/denitrification for N-removal in the mainstream) and b) one flow diagram based on emerging, compact technologies (i.e. de-ammonification in the main stream).The latter (b) will give an energy-neutral wastewater treatment plant, while this cannot be guaranteed for the first one (a). The example flow diagrams show plant concepts that a) minimize energy consumption by using compact biological and physical/chemical processes combined in an optimal way, for instance by using moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) processes for biodegradation and high-rate particle separation processes, and de-ammonification processes for N-removal and b)maximize energy (biogas) production through digestion by using wastewater treatment processes that minimize biodegradation of the sludge (prior to digestion) and pretreatment of the sludge prior to digestion by thermal hydrolysis. The treatment plant of the future should produce a water quality (for instance bathing water quality) that is sufficient for reuse of some kind (toilet flushing, urban use, irrigation etc.). The paper outlines compact water reclamation processes based on ozonation in combination with coagulation as pretreatment before ceramic membrane filtration.     

Photobiological production of hydrogen by the waste water treatment with anaerobic photosynthetic Purple bacteria

In this paper selected references about experience gained with photosynthetic bacteria in anaerobic process for either water treatment or hydrogen production are given. In particular experimental data about the hydrogen evolution rate, hydrogen yield and substrate efficiency in relationship to the nutrient conditions as well as about the behavior of some different species are presented. The limiting role of the nitrogen source is being discussed.     

Evaluating the impact of sulfamethoxazole on hydrogen production during dark anaerobic sludge fermentation

● SMX promotes hydrogen production from dark anaerobic sludge fermentation. ● SMX significantly enhances the hydrolysis and acidification processes. ● SMX suppresses the methanogenesis process in order to reduce hydrogen consumption. ● SMX enhances the relative abundance of hydrogen-VFAs producers. ● SMX brings possible environmental risks due to the enrichment of ARGs. The impact of antibiotics on the environmental protection and sludge treatment fields has been widely studied. The recovery of hydrogen from waste activated sludge (WAS) has become an issue of great interest. Nevertheless, few studies have focused on the impact of antibiotics present in WAS on hydrogen production during dark anaerobic fermentation. To explore the mechanisms, sulfamethoxazole (SMX) was chosen as a representative antibiotic to evaluate how SMX influenced hydrogen production during dark anaerobic fermentation of WAS. The results demonstrated SMX promoted hydrogen production. With increasing additions of SMX from 0 to 500 mg/kg TSS, the cumulative hydrogen production elevated from 8.07 ± 0.37 to 11.89 ± 0.19 mL/g VSS. A modified Gompertz model further verified that both the maximum potential of hydrogen production (P_m) and the maximum rate of hydrogen production (R_m) were promoted. SMX did not affected sludge solubilization, but promoted hydrolysis and acidification processes to produce more hydrogen. Moreover, the methanogenesis process was inhibited so that hydrogen consumption was reduced. Microbial community analysis further demonstrated that the introduction of SMX improved the abundance of hydrolysis bacteria and hydrogen-volatile fatty acids (VFAs) producers. SMX synergistically influenced hydrolysis, acidification and acetogenesis to facilitate the hydrogen production.