centrifugal用热控装置设计

目的 评估飞行器产品在飞行过程对热–离心综合环境的适应性,研制一套热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置。方法 从热–离心试验需求出发,完成综合试验系统总体研制目标及系统方案设计。针对高g值离心环境（离心加速度值≥90g）下的热载荷加载需求,开展基于热传导的热载荷加载方法研究,并完成适用于高g值环境的热控装置硬件布局优化设计。提出基于分段包络思想的产品响应温度梯度分布效应模拟方法及实现,减少过试验考核。结果 利用该热控装置完成了热–离心综合环境功能验证试验,设置最大加速度为92g,保载时间为3 min,最高加热温度为150℃,最大温升速率为3℃/min,3温区控制,升温过程中,温度误差优于±1.5℃。结论 该热–离心综合环境试验用热控装置可用于飞行器产品热–离心综合环境试验的考核。     

腐蚀环境下典型“钛‒铝”复合耳片腐蚀防护性能研究

目的 研究腐蚀环境下典型“钛–铝”复合耳片的腐蚀防护性能。方法 开展典型“钛–铝”双耳两层结构的加速腐蚀环境试验,共10个周期。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱(EDS)分析结构的腐蚀形貌、腐蚀产物,研究“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护性能。结果 在腐蚀环境下,“钛–铝”复合耳片结构中衬套周围异种金属连接部位的电偶腐蚀敏感性高,其他部位防护体系的耐蚀性较好。经过10个周期的加速试验,衬套周围铝合金结构发生较为严重的点蚀,各蚀坑扩展相连,形成较大蚀坑。在第10周期,典型“钛–铝”复合耳片铜衬套周围铝合金蚀坑处出现裂纹扩展,并发生腐蚀疲劳破坏。结论 增强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片结构的腐蚀防护措施,加强典型“钛–铝”复合耳片异种金属接触部位的日常维护,能有效提高结构的腐蚀防护能力。     

残余应力对焊接角接头裂纹扩展性能的影响分析

目的 分析焊接残余应力对角接接头裂纹扩展特性的影响。方法 基于热弹塑性力学法,建立角接头的有限元模型,计算焊接温度场,并采用热机耦合方法计算焊接残余应力。采用断裂力学方法,分析计算焊趾部位的应力强度因子和裂纹扩展寿命,并对比分析残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响。结果 计算得到焊缝的残余应力达到了材料屈服极限,呈拉伸应力状态,其Von Mises应力值为345 MPa。在应力为200 MPa以内,考虑残余应力的前提下,分别使用文献试验得到的数据和IIW标准中的数据作为裂纹扩展参数,应力比R=–1时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为2.61×10⁶和6.84×10⁵次循环;在应力比R=0时的裂纹扩展寿命分别为1.16×10⁵和2.90×10⁴次循环。结论 残余应力会加速裂纹扩展。采用控制变量法,将应力范围设定为常值,当应力比R<0时,残余应力扩大了应力强度因子的范围;在应力比R>0时,残余应力一方面会增大最大应力强度因子,使其接近材料的断裂韧度,同时拉伸残余也提高了平均应力强度因子或者提高了应力比R,在这种情况下,残余应力均会加速裂纹的扩展速度。随着裂纹长度的增加,残余应力对裂纹扩展速率的影响会增大。外载荷和残余应力共同对裂纹扩展产生影响,应力比R和残余应力对裂纹扩展的影响机制相同,在焊接结构寿命评估时,需要综合考虑这2个影响因素。     

热盐腐蚀环境对TC11钛合金高温寿命影响规律试验研究

目的 针对发动机钛合金部件在热盐环境与工作载荷下的寿命衰减问题，开展TC11钛合金热盐腐蚀疲劳与应力腐蚀试验，研究腐蚀环境下TC11的高温寿命衰减规律与失效机理。方法 利用喷盐法制备TC11钛合金试验件，研究不同温度与应力水平对TC11腐蚀疲劳以及应力腐蚀的影响规律。利用SEM等观测手段，开展腐蚀疲劳以及应力腐蚀试样断口与表面的形貌分析，分析腐蚀环境下的失效机理。结果 热盐腐蚀环境导致TC11的寿命显著降低，对比450 ℃下无腐蚀寿命，腐蚀疲劳寿命下降了2个数量级，应力腐蚀寿命下降到不足1%，且分散性较大。观察腐蚀疲劳和应力腐蚀的试样可以发现，表面有明显的腐蚀坑，腐蚀坑底发现裂纹。结论 热盐环境下，TC11腐蚀疲劳寿命和应力腐蚀寿命都会明显下降。由于腐蚀导致钛合金试样表面产生许多腐蚀坑，在腐蚀坑局部形成近似缺口，缺口部位的应力集中是导致腐蚀疲劳寿命衰减的重要因素。腐蚀疲劳的寿命低于Kt=1的无腐蚀疲劳寿命，但是要大于Kt=3的无腐蚀疲劳寿命。     

热-力循环载荷下身管镀层裂纹扩展规律研究

目的研究身管镀层裂纹的扩展机理,提高身管寿命。方法针对身管镀层裂纹损伤,提出一种基于扩展有限元方法(XFEM)结合内聚力模型(CZM)的方法。建立热–力耦合的镀层身管有限元模型,通过间接耦合的方式,将温度场导入有限元模型,通过CZM本构模型来模拟其损伤失效行为。对镀层初始裂纹在热–力载荷下扩展到镀层/基体界面的情况进行仿真分析。结果在高温高压环境下,镀层初始裂纹扩展速度很快,在第1发射击完成后便扩展到基体结合面,初始裂纹扩展到镀层/基体界面时,裂纹尖端的存在使局部具有较大切应力,达到1180 MPa。在连续射击工况下,造成镀层结合面的开裂。结论在高温高压载荷下,镀层初始裂纹很快扩展到镀层/基体界面,且身管镀层承受的热应力是导致镀层开裂的重要因素。     

动态工况下锂电池组多物理场仿真与退化分析

目的 提高锂电池组SOH评估的准确性,提出面向实际复杂动态工况的锂电池组退化仿真分析方法。方法 通过耦合多个电池单体P2D电化学–热模型和电池组串并联等效电路–热–流体模型,建立锂电池组多物理场耦合仿真模型,分析电池系统实际使用过程中电流、温度等工况的动态特性,构建锂电池组广义动态工作载荷谱。开展模型验证和典型3并5串锂电池组多物理场仿真分析,并耦合基于SEI膜生成机理的容量退化模型,分析在动态工况下内部各电池单体的容量及SOH退化情况,并给出该型电池组寿命的薄弱环节。结果 动态工况下,锂电池退化轨迹呈高度非线性,环境温度为25~60 ℃时,随着温度的升高,电池组退化较快,但电池组内部最大温差反而减小。结论 提出的方法能够很好地量化实际复杂动态工况对锂电池组退化的影响,为其可靠性设计和运行管理提供了技术支撑。     

再入攻角对弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应影响研究

目的分析再入弹头锥身气动热环境及结构热响应,研究再入攻角振荡对其影响规律。方法建立基于工程法的气动热/结构热响应耦合计算方法,并采用该方法开展锥身典型位置气动热环境及结构热性计算分析。结果随着再入攻角的振荡衰减,各典型子午面冷壁热流密度曲线围绕90°子午面热流密度曲线振荡,其振幅呈现先振荡增大、后振荡衰减的变化规律。与90°子午面相比,各子午面总加热量均有所增大。再入攻角振荡引起的金属层外壁面温度最大振荡幅值为3K,但对最终时刻结构温度影响较小。结论计算弹道条件下,再入飞行攻角振荡对气动热环境及结构热响应影响较小,可通过增加余量的方式给予考虑。     

不同温度热‒冷循环处理对炮钢摩擦磨损性能的影响

目的研究不同温度热–冷循环处理对炮钢摩擦磨损性能的影响及其磨损机理。方法将PCrNi3MoVA炮钢分别在400、800℃的加热温度下进行热–冷循环处理,采用立式万能摩擦磨损实验机在不同的滑动速度下测试炮钢销与H96黄铜盘配副时的摩擦磨损性能,记录摩擦系数,测量炮钢销和黄铜盘的磨损量。采用扫描电子显微镜和能谱仪测量磨损后的炮钢销表面形貌及化学成分,分析其磨损机理。结果热–冷循环处理对炮钢销在100 r/min滑动速度下的摩擦系数的影响较小。随着热–冷循环处理中加热温度的升高,炮钢销的磨损量增大,而黄铜盘的磨损量受炮钢销热–冷循环处理的影响较小。炮钢销的磨损表面可见明显的因材料塑性变形剥落造成的凹坑和沟槽。随着滑动速度的增大,800℃–室温循环处理后,炮钢销的摩擦系数降低,磨损量在400 r/min时最大,在800 r/min时反而下降到接近于0。分析磨损表面发现,800 r/min时,黄铜磨屑与炮钢磨屑发生掺杂混合,附着于炮钢销的磨损表面,从而影响了炮钢销的摩擦磨损性能。结论热–冷循环处理对炮钢销–黄铜盘摩擦副摩擦系数的影响较小,但随着热–冷循环中加热温度的升高,炮钢销的耐磨损性能下降。滑动速度对炮钢销摩擦系数和磨损量的影响都较大,高的滑动速度下,黄铜磨屑与炮钢磨屑混合,并附着于炮钢销磨损表面,改变炮钢销的磨损机理。     

不同诱发条件下NCM三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性

目的 研究不同诱发条件下三元锂离子电池热失控和燃烧特性，科学认识海洋工程和装备领域储能电池的安全性，为海洋工程的消防安全设计提供理论依据。方法 模拟三元锂离子电池机械滥用和热滥用场景，分别用针刺和加热方式触发锂电池热失控，对不同带电状态(0%、25%、50%、75%、100%SOC值)的锂离子电池热失控过程中温度、电压、质量损失进行测量，对热失控后的电池进行拆解，并分析极片残余物的宏观和微观变化特征。结果 随着电池SOC值的增加，热失控反应强度增加，电池表面最高温度、温升速率和质量损失率均增大。针刺和加热触发电池热失控后极卷形态变化特征不同，分别呈“贝壳”和“月牙”形状。极片残余物的热重分析表明，50%SOC值和100%SOC值电池在针刺和加热后，极片残余物氧化分解后的质量损失比例分别为36.73%、18.75%和38.28%、30.38%。结论 三元锂离子电池的热失控行为随电池SOC值和诱发条件的改变而变化，高SOC值时，电池热失控反应更剧烈。一定条件下，针刺比加热更易触发电池热失控，而加热触发的热失控反应速率更快。热失控后的极卷形状变化和残余物热重分析可为火灾原因调查提供证据。     

异形电极调控的体声波谐振器力–电多场耦合仿真与优化

目的 抑制压电薄膜体声波谐振器(FBAR)寄生振动模态干扰,提出一种异形电极调控的谐振器新结构,并进行力–电多物理场耦合有限元建模分析与参数优化。方法 基于压电薄膜体声波谐振器的力–电耦合方程,运用有限元方法进行参数影响仿真分析,获得不同电极结构形状与敏感几何参数对应的谐振器阻抗特性及寄生振动模态干扰的影响规律,并对提出的异形电极调控谐振器几何参数进行优化。结果 新型电极结构使得薄膜体声波谐振器的导纳特性曲线更加平滑,相位波纹减少,无明显寄生谐振峰。参数优化所得框状电极宽度为6 μm、厚度为0.1 μm,谐振频率为1.727 GHz。结论 通过异形电极结构形状设计,可以实现对谐振器寄生振动模态的有效抑制,提升谐振器的性能。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...