中国区域海洋经济差异演化研究

中国海洋经济区域系统的时空差异随着海洋经济迅速增长已成为学术界关注的热点问题.在采用莫兰指数、变异系数和Theil指数分析不同尺度的中国海洋经济时间和空间差异演化的基础上,采用主成分分析法对差异显著年份区域海洋经济的综合实力水平进行评分.通过多种方法的综合运用,综合分析发现我国区域海洋经济在经历了较大幅度的差异变动后有收敛趋势,空间依赖性逐渐增强,根据结论提出发展对策.     

海洋环境承载力与生态补偿关系研究

21世纪是海洋的世纪,随着陆地资源的日渐耗竭,海洋资源的开发又成为新一轮的竞赛活动。本文以渤海为例,运用海域承载力与生态补偿2种理论探讨了在资源与环境成为制约经济发展两大瓶颈的条件下,如何在获取最大利益的同时保持海洋可持续发展,以期为海洋开发利用提供决策支撑。     

基于灰色模型的辽宁省海洋经济关联度分析

21世纪是海洋的世纪,海洋开发、海洋可持续发展、海洋产业发展已成为国内外沿海地区经济发展的重大举措。辽宁省作为我国的海洋大省,海洋经济与海洋产业发展极具潜力。鉴于海洋经济发展与海洋产业分析的复杂性和不确定性,采用灰色模型对辽宁省海洋经济与各海洋产业之间的关联度进行比较,旨在发现目前辽宁省各海洋产业当中对本省海洋总值贡献率最为突出的产业,对辽宁省海洋经济的进一步发展具有很大的现实意义。     

依托海洋环境教育 造就蓝色一代新人——青岛市同安路小学开展海洋环保科技教育纪实

青岛市同安路小学开展海洋环境科技教育已近十个年头,随着一茬茬新生的进入和毕业生的走出,期间无数心血和汗水的付出,换来的是一种全新的环境意识和理念。"21世纪是海洋世纪",这是2001年联合国的正式文件中首次提出的。我国虽然算得上是海洋大国,但远远不是蓝色经济强国。近十几年来,随着我国海洋产业增加值占全国GDP的比重逐年增大,科学利用和开发海洋资源,大力倡导发展蓝色海洋经济已被党中央和国务院给予高度重视,先后做出了一系列重要部署和重大举措。党的十六大报告提出了"实施海洋开发"的战略任务,党的十七大进一步提出"发展海     

我国海洋产业结构与总体产业结构的演进规律对比分析

总体产业结构和海洋产业结构的发展演进呈现出不同的规律性.运用三轴图法对比分析1992-2009总体产业和海洋产业结构的演进规律及我国总体产业和海洋产业的发展情况,在此基础上探讨促进总体产业结构和海洋产业结构演进的主导因素,为产业政策的制订提供科学依据.     

秦皇岛市海洋经济可持续发展研究

改革开放以来,秦皇岛市海洋经济快速发展,已初步形成多种产业和相对完整的海洋经济体系。然而也面临着海洋生态环境遭到破坏、海洋产业结构不合理、海洋科技发展水平较低等问题,这都制约了秦皇岛市海洋经济的可持续发展。为了实现秦皇岛市海洋经济的可持续发展,提出了加强海洋生态环境保护与建设、优化海洋经济产业结构、实施科技兴海战略等对策和建议。     

海洋产业安全形势与应对思路

中国海洋产业在快速发展中不可避免地受到国际因素的影响,海洋自然灾害海洋权益冲突海洋市场波动等诸多方面的风险因素都会不同程度危及海洋产业安全;随着中国参与全球海洋管理与合作的力度不断深化,海洋产业安全形势有望逐步改善,但加快产业结构优化提升海洋开发实力完善海洋产业管理体系仍然是海洋产业应对国际风险的根本路径。     

基于纳米技术的环境保护新材料与污染防治新工艺的研究

纳米科技是面向21世纪的核心战略科技,它为解决环境保护与经济发展的矛盾提供了有力的技术手段.通过将纳米技术引入环境保护与污染防治的研究领域,概述了纳米技术的内涵、纳米材料的特殊性质,全面介绍了纳米技术在环境保护新材料与污染防治新工艺中的应用情况,展望了纳米技术在环保领域的研究发展方向,表明利用纳米技术解决环境问题将成为未来环境保护发展的必然趋势.     

海洋经济系统对海洋强国战略适应性评价——以辽宁省为例

基于海洋经济系统内涵,从海洋产业、海洋科技、海洋资源、海洋环境子系统,利用集对分析法和模糊物元分析模型对2007—2014年辽宁省海洋经济系统对海洋强国战略适应性水平进行了分析。结果表明:(1)2007—2011年辽宁省海洋经济系统对海洋强国战略适应性表现为缓慢上升,2012—2014年呈波动上升趋势。(2)海洋科技系统、海洋资源系统适应性水平呈上升趋势,而海洋环境系统、海洋产业系统却呈下降趋势。(3)辽宁省加大了海洋科技投入,促进了海洋经济快速发展,并提高了海洋资源利用效率,但也导致了海洋环境质量下降。(4)面对国家实施海洋强国战略目标下辽宁省应统筹海洋经济系统空间布局,大力发展海洋战略性新兴产业,使其能够真正融入海洋强国战略体系当中。     

江苏省现代海洋产业体系及发展路径研究

在海洋强国和21世纪海上丝绸之路战略的推动下,我国海洋经济将保持较快的发展态势。"十三五"时期,江苏省将推动海洋产业向全球价值链高端跃升,培育新的区域经济带,把海洋经济打造成江苏经济快速持续发展的重要引擎。基于江苏省现代海洋产业发展的基础条件,以海洋强省战略为目标,对海洋三次产业进行分类细化,提出各自发展方向,并从陆域到海洋、沿海到远海、浅海到深海的视角,提出了构建现代海洋产业体系的发展路径。     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

MANGANESE CYCLE IN IMPOUNDMENT WATER

Manganese entering impounded water will undergo a cyclic transformation. Oxidation precipitates manganese from top waters. At the bottom of the lake, biological activity will render manganese soluble by both intracellular as well as extracellular activity. The study was made to demonstrate that biological reduction and transformation, organometallic complexation, together with the presence of carbon dioxide and the lowering of pH all have some effect on the solubility of manganese. Dissolved manganese may be brought back to top waters during the lake overturn and therefore deteriorates the water quality.     

Provincial development plans in Zimbabwe: an analysis of their content,structure and methodology

Zimbabwean provincial plans were instituted to help in the achievement of the national goal of the creation of an egalitarian, socialist and integrated society. The national goal itself was adopted as an antithesis to the dualist society characterised by spatial, economic, social, politican and technological inequalities that Zimbabwe inherited from colonialism. This meant that provincial plans had to play both a functional (or growth allocating/distribution) and a territorial (or redistribution) role.

This paper reviews their role in achieving the national goal by examining their functions, content, structure and methodology. The paper concludes that because of their nature, provincial plans are not suitable tools for the achievement of the national goal.