基于遗传算法的人工神经网络在降水酸度预测中的应用

在误差反向传播(Back Propagation)算法的人工神经网络结构模型的基础上，应用遗传算法训练神经网络权重，实现网络结构的优化。用优化后的BP人工神经网络建立了江西省南昌市的降水酸度预测模型。并将该模型预测结果与BP算法和多元线性回归法的预测结果进行了比较。检验结果表明：基于遗传算法的人工神经网络优于BP算法及多元线性回归法，具有良好的预测效果。     

BP 神经网络模型在环境气象灾害预测中的应用研究--以湖南省为例

依据环境气象数据与自然灾害统计数据,建立BP神经网络模型,对湖南主要气象灾害（洪灾、旱灾、冰冻灾）及受灾经济损失进行实例预测,将在MATLAB7软件中的仿真结果与传统的多元线性回归模型分析结果进行比较和误差分析。结果表明,BP神经网络模型在洪灾、旱灾受灾率方面的预测效果和精度优于多元回归模型,而由于冰灾训练样本不足及经济损失与输入因子的线性相关程度高,在冰灾与受灾经济损失率方面稍逊于多元回归模型。     

基于神经网络的教室室内PM2.5浓度预测研究

为建立适用于教室PM_2.5的室内预测模型，该文依据长期监测的教室内环境数据，建立了涵盖室内外环境参数、人员活动因素和季节性因素在内的PM_2.5预测模型。研究使用多元线性回归模型和人工神经网络模型，采用主成分分析法和和熵值法分析了影响室内PM_2.5浓度的总方差的影响因素权重及对BP神经网络输入因子进行降维。结果表明：(1)在采集的13个因素中，对室内PM_2.5的总方差解释大小排名前5的影响因素依次是室内相对湿度、室内通风量、室内二氧化碳浓度、室外相对湿度、门开启时间占比。(2)采用BP神经网络的预测效果优于传统的多元线性回归，拟合优度R2从0.412上升到0.547。(3)针对BP神经网络，采用交叉验证法验证了各个季节的预测效果，结果表明春季的预测效果最好，冬季次之，秋季最差。(4)采用主成分对数据进行降维和调整BP神经网络的隐藏层数能够优化BP神经网络，可将R2提升至0.710和0.805。研究结果可为机械通风下的教室室内PM_2.5预测模型建立提供依据和数据支撑。     

基于遗传算法优化BP神经网络的水生态修复原位控浊混凝投药预测

暴雨过后河湖浑浊度急剧升高,严重干扰了河湖水生态修复工程中沉水植物的恢复和重建。针对水生态修复原位混凝控浊过程中混凝剂选型和投加量难以确定的问题,对模拟河湖浑浊水样进行混凝实验并构建混凝预测数据集,采用BP神经网络模型对混凝剂投加量进行预测,并结合遗传算法对模型进行优化。基于混凝实验结果,选取综合混凝效果更佳和成本更低的混凝剂(硫酸铝),和不同投加量间混凝效果存在显著差异的混凝剂投加量范围在0～30 mg/L的混凝数据进行混凝预测模型的训练。结果表明：1)BP神经网络回归模型性能(R²=0.78)优于多元非线性、多元线性回归模型和BP神经网络分类模型,88.67%的样本预测绝对误差<5 mg/L;经遗传算法优化后,模型R²提升至0.86%且95%以上的样本预测绝对误差<5 mg/L,说明遗传算法有效提升了模型的预测精度和预测稳定性。2)混凝剂投药梯度是除建模数据量之外另一个影响模型性能的重要因素,在实际工程应用中,应尽可能增加建模数据量和降低投药梯度,以提高混凝投药预测模型性能。研究结果可为水生态修复原位混凝控浊过程中混凝剂种类和...     

造纸废水处理过程的高斯过程回归软测量建模

针对造纸废水处理系统的时变性、非线性和复杂性等特点,本文提出一种基于高斯过程回归的软测量模型.基于平方指数协方差、线性协方差和周期性协方差函数组合构建了7种高斯过程回归模型,分别对出水化学需氧量和出水悬浮固形物浓度进行回归预测.此外,还对比了多元线性回归模型、主成分回归模型、偏最小二乘模型、人工神经网络模型和高斯回归模型的预测效果.对比计算结果表明无论是对输出变量的训练拟合还是预测,高斯过程回归模型的拟合效果均优于非高斯过程回归模型.高斯过程回归模型的预测结果表明：对于出水化学需氧量,线性协方差函数与周期性协方差函数的组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果;对于出水悬浮固形物,平方指数协方差函数与线性协方差函数组合模型可以取得最好的预测结果.     

长隧道围岩施工变形特征分析的模型应用

隧道围岩监控量测是隧道安全施工的重要保证,通过对隧道现场实测数据进行建模来分析围岩施工的变形特征,可以判断隧道围岩的稳定性,从而指导隧道的下一步施工。利用灰色系统理论GM(1,1)模型和BP神经网络模型对某隧道现场监控量测数据进行数据拟合与建模分析,并通过计算拟合残差选取更适合的预测模型来处理分析数据。由模型预测结果可知,BP神经网络模型所得到的拟合值更加贴合实际发展趋势,拟合精度更高,具有一定的适应性。     

多元线性回归与灰色联合模型在湖泊水质预测中的应用

根据对湖泊水体中所含高锰酸盐指数、氨氮、总磷等主要化学指标及其相关因素人口、工业产值和污水排放量的数据,采用了多元线性回归方法建立了湖泊水质预测的数学模型。并用多元线性回归和灰色模型联合的方法进行实际预测,多元线性回归模型通过F检验认为回归方程的效果比较显著,灰色模型精度检验达到二级,收到了良好效果。     

运用回归分析与人工神经网络预测含硫芳香族化合物好氧生物降解速率常数

为了研究人工神经网络预测有机化合物生物降解的性能,运用多元线性回归方法和误差反向传递人工神经网络模型以基团代码作为结构描述符,分别拟合、预测了一批含硫芳香族化合物的一级好氧生物降解速率常数．结果表明,由于神经网络自动考虑了基团间的交互作用,它对生物降解这类复杂问题有极高的求解能力,预测的均方误差为０．００１０２,远低于线性回归模型的预测误差０．０１５９１     

一种战车主减速器温度预测方法研究

目的针对战车主减速器温度预测需求,建立时间序列ARIMA多步预测和BP神经网络预测模型,提出基于BP神经网络修正误差的ARIMA模型温度预测方法。方法结合BP神经网络的非线性能力与ARIMA模型预测能力,分析ARIMA在多步预测时误差产生原因,在神经网络对ARIMA多步误差进行预测基础上计算修正因子,把误差修正因子和BP网络结合,实现对多步预测误差的修正。结果ARIMA模型多步预测时,预测误差随预测步数的逐步增加不断增大,引入了误差修正因子进行修正。通过预测值与实际值进行对比,可有效提高预测准确度。结论 BP神经网络和误差修正因子结合应用可显著提高温度预测效果。     

基于PCA和BP神经网络的中南公路岩质边坡稳定性预测

综合利用主成分分析法(Principle Component Analysis,PCA)对影响公路岩质边坡稳定性的6个因素进行主成分提取,提取的4个主成分作为BP神经网络的输入变量,边坡状态作为输出变量,并采用Levenberg-Marquardt(LM)算法优化BP神经网络,建立了基于PCA-LM-BP神经网络的公路边坡稳定预测模型。结合中南公路岩质边坡工程实例,将PCA-LM-BP神经网络模型的预测结果与LM-BP神经网络模型、BP神经网络模型预测结果进行对比。结果表明:基于PCA-LM-BP神经网络的预测模型精度较高,可为预测中南公路边坡稳定性提供一定的依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.