矿物油对水稻－萝卜的影响

用不同剂量的润滑油（引擎油、齿轮油）、煤油和废油污染土壤，探讨它们对水稻和后茬萝卜生长的影响．结果表明，引擎油在剂量为５ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻生长和后茬萝卜的成苗及苗高均有影响；齿轮油、煤油和废油在剂量为２ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对水稻秧苗无多大影响，在剂量为１ｍｌ／１００ｇ土时对后茬萝卜有抑制作用．对被废油污染的土壤，可用油处理剂Ｓ．Ｇ８０５治理．但剂量以１０００ｍｇ／Ｌ以下为宜．     

单甲脒农药对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响

研究了单甲脒（Ｎ＇－２，４－二甲苯基－Ｎ－甲基甲脒，简称ＤＭＡ）对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性的影响．田间试验表明，喷洒单甲脒盐酸盐（ＤＭＡＨ）于棉花植株对土壤微生物种群和土壤酶活性无明显影响．实验室试验表明，投加ＤＭＡＨ于土壤对土壤微生物种群有不同的抑制作用；当ＤＭＡＨ在土壤中的浓度为２０ｍｇ／ｇ时，好氧异养菌总量开始降低，硝化细菌和放线菌、真菌的土壤ＤＭＡＨ抑制浓度分别为０．５ｍｇ／ｇ和０．１ｍｇ／ｇ．ＤＭＡＨ对土壤酶活性的影响亦不相同，脱氢酶对土壤中ＤＭＡＨ含量为１０ｍｇ／ｇ时其活性即有明显的减弱，而过氧化氨酶对ＤＭＡ的耐受性相当高，其活性的抑制浓度达５００ｍｇ／ｇ．试验还证明了土壤中ＤＭＡ的微生物降解作用．当ＤＭＡ在土壤中的浓度为５０～５００ｇ／ｇ时，其消解速率可从８．７５ｍｍ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１提高到４８ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１·ｄ－１．     

除草剂苄嘧黄隆在土壤和水稻中的残留

应用核素示踪技术，以￣（１４）Ｃ－苄嘧黄隆研究其土壤和作物残留性，结果表明，在常用量条件下施于水稻土壤的苄嘧黄隆，经过稻季（９８ｄ）后，土壤残留量为１．５μｇ／ｋｇ，消解半衰期为２８ｄ．稻谷残留量为１１．６３μｇ／ｋｇ，低于苄嘧黄隆允许残留量（２０μｇ／ｋｇ）。苄嘧黄隆属于易降解除草剂，按常规使用对环境是安全的。     

土壤中绿磺隆残留量生物测定方法

用生物测定方法测定了土壤中绿磺隆残留量，建立了绿磺隆浓度（Ｙ）与玉米根长（Ｘ）之间的相关模式：Ｙ＝３０．５６２－３６．３８ＩｎＸ＋１４．８２８（ＩｎＸ）￣２＋２．０４３（ＩｎＸ）￣３．此模式适用于土壤中０．１～４．０μｇ／ｋｇ浓度范围的绿磺隆残留量测定，最低检出量为０．１μｇ／ｋｇ。     

绿磺隆对水稻的残留危害剂量

用田间模拟试验法，研究了土壤中绿磺隆不同添加量与水稻危害剂量的关系。结果表明：稻田绿磺隆添加量超过０．３７５ｇ（ＡＩ）／ｈｍ＾２时，就可能对水稻产生，在此用量水平下，绿磺隆在耕层土壤中的平均残留浓度为０．１７μｇ／ｋｇ，按此推算，麦田按正常用量的２倍量（３０ｇ／ｈｍ＾２）施用，在种麦期间绿磺隆在麦田土的半衰期超过３２．１ｄ，即会对水稻产生危害。     

施用改良剂对岩溶地区矿山污染农田土壤中锌生物有效性的影响

以玉米（ZeamaysL．）为研究对象,采用盆栽试验,观测在重金属锌污染的土壤（总锌含量为1412．1mg·kg0）上施用不同改良剂（石灰、石灰＋泥炭、石灰＋胡敏酸钠、石灰＋泥炭＋硅肥、石灰＋胡敏酸钠＋硅肥,分别简称S、SN、SH、SNG、SHG）对土壤锌形态、生物有效性及其在作物中富集的影响。结果表明,施用各种改良剂均显著提高土壤pH值,显著降低土壤弱酸可溶态锌和可还原态锌含量,提高可氧化态锌和残渣态锌含量;提高玉米生物量和产量,增产效果为SHG〉SNG〉SH〉SN〉S。施人改良剂可显著降低锌在玉米不同部位的吸收和转运,植株根、茎、叶、籽粒锌富集明显下降,以SHG、SNG的效果最明昂．S的效果最小。     

四种改良剂对Cu、Cd复合污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态和土壤酶活性的影响

以黑麦草（Lolium perenne L.）作为修复植物进行田间试验,研究了石灰、磷灰石、蒙脱石、凹凸棒石4种改良剂对铜镉复合污染土壤中Cu、Cd形态和土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,改良剂提高了污染土壤pH,降低了土壤可交换态（EX）Cu、Cd含量;改良剂提高了土壤脲酶、酸性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性,每种改良剂对土壤酶活性增加幅度随其添加剂量增加而增大;土壤酶活性与土壤EX态Cu、Cd含量呈显著或极显著负相关关系,与土壤pH呈显著或极显著正相关关系;高剂量石灰（石灰占污染土壤耕作层质量的0.4%）和高剂量磷灰石（磷灰石占污染土壤耕作层质量的2.32%）处理钝化污染土壤中Cu、Cd及提高土壤酶活性效果最好。     

聚合氯化铝对水中微量铬（Ⅳ）的富集

本文研究了聚合氯化铝作为一种新的无机吸附共沉淀剂对水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的富集和测定，实验表明，它能有效地富集水中微量铬（Ⅵ），１．５ｇ聚合氯化铝在１０００ｍｌ溶液中（ｐＨ７－８，铬（Ⅵ）浓度０－５００μｇ／ｌ），搅拌速度在３００ｒ／ｍｉｎ左右，搅拌时间１０ｍｉｎ时，铬（Ⅵ）的吸附率在９５％以上，用分光光度法满意地实现了对河水中微量铬（Ⅵ）的测定。结果表明：铬（Ⅵ）的加入回收率≥９４％，测定的相对标准偏     

绿磺隆对水稻的残留危害剂量

用田间模拟试验法，研究了土壤中绿磺隆不同添加量与水稻危害剂量的关系。结果表明：稻田绿磺隆添加量超过０．３７５ｇ（ＡＩ）／ｈｍ￣２时，就可能对水用产生危害，在此用量水平下，绿磺隆在耕层土壤中的平均残留浓度为０．１７μｇ／ｋｇ，按此推算，麦田按正常用量的２倍量（３０ｇ／ｈｍ￣２）施用，在种麦期间绿磺隆在麦田土壤中的半衰期超过３２．１ｄ．即会对水稻产生危害。     

土壤铅污染对青菜和蕹菜生长及脲酶活性的影响

通过温室盆栽试验研究了草甸棕壤、红壤和灰色石灰土的人为铅污染对青菜和蕹菜生物量、铅含量及土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明,随着铅浓度的增加,青菜和蕹菜生物量在红壤中显著降低,在草甸棕壤和灰色石灰土中差异不显著;青菜地上部分和根中铅含量都有增加,根的含量大于地上部分。青菜地上部分铅含量与土壤pH值有较好的负相关性,在铅含量相同的条件下,青菜地上部分和根的铅含量在3种土壤中的顺序为:草甸棕壤<灰色石灰土<红壤。铅对不同土壤脲酶活性的影响不同,在草甸棕壤中有激活作用,红壤中有抑制作用,灰色石灰土中不明显。在试验条件下,以青菜为指示植物,按国家蔬菜食品卫生标准计算,草甸棕壤、灰色石灰土和红壤铅污染临界值依次为387、245和45mg·kg-1。     

森林土壤固碳机理研究进展

全球碳平衡中,土壤有机碳储量为2000 Pg,植被碳储量500 Pg,大气碳储量785 Pg,土壤中有机碳变化是影响大气温室气体含量的重要因素。中国人工林总量世界第一,可以通过造林树种的选择,增加森林土壤的碳汇功能,它主要通过4种机理来实现,包括稳定性有机-矿物复合体的形成、持久性封存的深层碳的增加、耐分解有机物成份的积累、以及土壤团聚体结构中碳的物理性保护。中国近年来对木材的需求上升,导致大量短轮伐期人工林的种植,采伐、火烧炼山、施肥与整地等营林措施对土壤碳汇功能形成重大影响。因而,通过加强对中国人工林土壤固碳机理的研究,通过人为措施实现具有较强固碳能力的森林类型,从而提高人工森林生态系统的固碳能力,它对中国减排增汇战略具有重要意义,而加强对不同营林措施对碳汇功能影响的研究是中国当前面临的重大课题。     

Evaluating losses in ecosystem services in nature reserves in Sichuan,China

Nature reserves have developed rapidly over the decades in China and play a significant role in the function of ecosystem services. The function of ecosystem services in nature reserves, however, has tended to decline in recent years due to natural hazards and human activities. Based on land use, the variation of ecosystem services value (ESV) during 2000–2010 in national nature reserves in Sichuan was evaluated. We analyzed the comprehensive effects of natural disasters and human activities on the decline of ESVs. Total ESV in the national nature reserves in Sichuan was approximately 2741.35 million US$ in 2000, 2616.81 million US$ in 2005, and 2499.06 million US$ in 2010, representing a decrease of 242.29 million US$, or 8.84%, in the decade. Forestland, grassland, wetland, and water bodies played vital roles in the function of ecosystem services, with an aggregated ESV of 99% of the total. The largest proportion of the total ESV was the protection of biodiversity at 48.6%. ESV of all land use types and single ecosystem services continued to decline during 2000–2010. A mechanism of adaptable risk prevention should be established, and unreasonable human activities should be avoided to protect ecosystems and to improve the functions of ecosystem services.     

中国水稻土碳循环研究进展

文章首先分析了水稻土在碳循环研究中的地位和重要性，进而对我目水稻土碳循环的研究现状作了较为详尽的阐述，对其主要研究结论进行了深入的剖析。中国大而积的水稻土自1980年以来显示出有机碳库增加现象，说明水稻田对大气CO2可能产生汇效应。水耕熟化过程足有机碳的积累过程，水稻土的碳密度是早作土碳密度的2-3倍。水稻土的同碳能力与土壤的微团聚体的粒径有关。但对于水稻土中有机碳的分布和结合状态与农业管理措施、水稻土质量变化、农业生态环境变化的关系仍不清楚。因而建议就这一问题从土壤物理学、化学和生物学的相互作朋与土壤微团聚体中矿物质、有机质和微生物的相互结合关系的层面上进行多学科研究。同时提出了今后我困水稻土碳循环的重点研究方向和领域，即从整体和系统的角度来研究碳循环和平衡，从不同的时空区域来研究碳循环的过程和强度。     

Is the antipredatory response in behaviour reflected in stress measured in faecal corticosteroids in a small rodent?

Predation risk has been shown to alter various behaviours in prey. Risk alters activity, habitat use and foraging, and weight decrease might be a consequence of that. In mammals, studies on physiological measures affected by risk of predation, other than weight, are rare. We studied in two separate laboratory experiments foraging, hoarding behaviour and expression of stress measured non-invasively from the faeces in the bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus), a common boreal rodent. Voles were exposed to predation risk using odours of the least weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis). Distilled water served as control. In the first experiment, we found that foraging effort, measured as sunflower seeds taken from seed trays filled with sand, was significantly lower in trays scented with weasel odour. Both immediate consumption of seeds and hoarding were affected negatively by the weasel odour. Females hoarded significantly more than males in autumn. In the second experiment, the negative effect of weasel odour on foraging was consistent over a 3-day experiment, but the strongest effect was observed in the first night. Foraging increased over the time of the experiment, which might reflect either energetic compensation during a longer period of risk, predicted in the predation risk allocation hypothesis, or habituation to the odour-simulated risk. Despite decreased foraging under predation risk, stress measured as corticosteroid metabolite concentration in vole faeces was not affected by the weasel odour treatment. In conclusion, we were able to verify predation-risk-mediated changes in the foraging effort of bank voles but no physiological stress response was measured non-invasively, probably due to great individual variation in secretion of stress hormones.     

生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用

综合评述了生物扰动在水层-底栖界面耦合中的作用研究进展和热点问题,并进行了展望。国际上十分重视水层-底栖界面耦合过程的研究并已有一定基础,生物扰动作为海洋生态学的重要内容之一早在20世纪50—60年代就已开展了工作,但直到10余年前才真正开始定量研究,进入了实验模拟、现场观测与建立模型相结合的新阶段。国内的生物扰动研究尚处于起步阶段,加上技术方法落后,一直未能取得突破性进展。目前国内外关于水层-底栖界面生物扰动效应研究基本上都在海洋中开展,尤其在河口、近岸和浅海水域进行,湖泊和河流研究明显薄弱。作为水生态动力学的重要分支和前沿领域,生物扰动研究具有广阔前景。急需针对我国水域特点,引进先进的现场观测和室内测试手段,进一步揭示水层-底栖界面耦合过程中的生物扰动机制,更精准和更详细地掌握水域中各种物质的生物地球化学循环的全过程,为控制水体内源污染释放、富营养化治理和生态建模等提供科学依据。     

中国公众参与环境管理的研究

回顾了中国公众参与环境管理的发展历程,分析了公众参与环境管理存在的问题。针对公众参与环境保护管理的有效性的影响因子,例如主观因素、传统背景、时效因素及执行技巧等进行一系列的探讨,并根据公众参与计划的设计构思、公众参与计划的关键两方面的讨论,提出增加公众参与环境保护管理有效性的一些建议。     

Lead in a residential environment in Jamaica

The background levels of lead in Jamaica in soils and sediments, estimated at 37 mg kg^–1, are relatively high compared with world averages. Several areas have values in excess of this due to mineralisation and pollution. One such is the residential Hope Flats/Kintyre area in which levels of lead up to 2.5% are found in the soils and up to 8 g kg^–1 in the water of the nearby Hope River. The blood lead levels of a sample of children were in the range 5.7–57 g dl^–1. The high lead levels suggest a potential health risk, particularly for the children. This can be minimised by programmes which include community education, case management and abatement to reduce the lead exposure.     

硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究进展

硝基芳香化合物是环境中难以降解的污染物之一。因其用途广泛,大量残留于土壤,水体和大气中,造成的环境污染日趋严重。多种植物对该类污染物具有吸收、富集和代谢降解作用,利用植物对其环境污染进行治理是一种有效的方法。文章在总结国内外有关硝基芳香化合物的植物作用研究基础上,重点阐述了植物对硝基芳香化合物的吸收、转运和代谢过程,分析了吸收、代谢机理以及影响吸收的因素;硝基芳香化合物的理化特性、浓度和植物自身特性及其它外界条件都会影响植物对该类化合物的吸收,植物可以通过体内降解、体外联合代谢、根部释放酶催化的机制实现该类化合物的降解。目前,硝基芳香化合物进入植物细胞膜的机理认知不足,模拟模型缺乏有力数据验证;代谢机制中参与反应的酶、化合物等体系和反应产物环境特性仍不明确,植物修复可行性缺乏有力证据。未来将在模型预测构建、降解机理和修复工程的实际应用方面作进一步探究,以形成系统的认知,为硝基芳香化合物污染土壤和农产品的生态风险评价以及植物修复提供理论依据。     

Employment of passive sampling in monitoring indoor air quality in selected residences in a Tri-city area in Poland

Time-weighted average concentrations of selected volatile compounds were measured in chosen residences in a Tri-City area of Poland by means of passive sampling. The results were compared to those obtained by dynamic technique – sorption tubes filled with Tenax TA sorbent. Results obtained by employing the two techniques were similar. Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) parameters were also determined. An attempt was also made to evaluate the influence of outdoor air pollutants on indoor air quality.     

Bioavailability of trace metals in brownfield soils in an urban area in the UK

Thirty-two brownfield sites from the city of Wolverhampton were selected from those with a former industrial use, wasteland or areas adjacent to industrial processes. Samples (<2 mm powdered soil fraction) were analysed, using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectrometry (ICP–AES) for 20 elements. Loss on ignition and pH were also determined. A five-step chemical sequential extraction technique was carried out. Single leach extraction with 0.12 M hydrochloric acid of Pb, Cu and Zn in soil was determined as a first approximation of the bioavailability in the human stomach. Some of the sites were found to have high concentrations of the potentially toxic elements Pb, Zn, Cu and Ni. The partitioning of metals showed a high variability, however a number of trends were determined. The majority of Zn was partitioned into the least chemically stable phases (steps 1, 2 and 3). The majority of Cu was associated with the organic phase (step 4) and the majority of Ni was fractionated into the residue phase (step 5). The majority of Pb was associated with the residue fraction (step 5) followed by Fe–Mn oxide fraction (step 3). The variability reflects the heterogeneous and complex nature of metal speciation in urban soils with varied historic histories. There was a strong inverse linear relationship between the metals Ni, Zn and Pb in the readily exchangeable phase (step 1) and soil pH, significant at P < 0.01 level. There was a significant increase (P < 0.05) in the partitioning of Cu, Ni and Zn into step 4 (the organic phase) in soils with a higher organic carbon content (estimated by loss on ignition). Copper was highly partitioned into step 4 as it has a strong association with organics in soil but this phase was not important for the partitioning of Ni or Zn. The fractionation of Ni, Cu and Zn increased significantly in step 3 when the total metal concentration increases (P < 0.01). The Fe–Mn oxide fraction becomes more important in soils elevated in these metals, possibly due to the scavenging of metals by oxides. Cu and Pb extracted by HCl was statistically similar to the sum of the metals in steps 1 to 4 (P < 0.01) and HCl available Zn was statistically similar to the sum of Zn in steps 1 to 3 (P < 0.01). Step 4 (the organic phase) was not an important phase for Zn, so it was concluded that any Cu, Zn and Pb present in soil in a nonresidue phase would be potentially available for uptake into the human system once soil has been ingested.