固化法处理含油污泥的室内研究

以水泥作为固化剂对中原油田文一污的含油污泥进行了固化处理,测定了固化后产物的抗压强度和浸出液的COD、含油量及有毒元素的含量。结果表明:当固化块中水泥与污泥的质量比为2.0∶1.0时,抗压强度可以达到16MPa,当添加适量的外加剂后,固化块的强度可以达到20MPa以上。当水泥与污泥的重量比大于1.0,在50℃、12h后,其浸出液的COD均低于150mg/L。水泥/污泥比值在1.0∶1.0~1.8∶1.0范围内,在25℃、120h后,所做固化块浸出液的污油浓度低于5mg/L,毒性化合物含量符合GB5085.3-1996的要求。     

以膨润土为辅助添加剂固化/稳定化污泥的试验研究

针对传统以水泥固化污泥,带来的水泥用量大与固化体的浸出液pH过高等问题,提出了以膨润土为添加剂辅助水泥固化/稳定化污泥的思路.通过开展无侧限抗压强度试验、毒性浸出试验,测量掺入膨润土后污泥固化体的强度、重金属浸出率、浸出液COD及pH值,研究该固化/稳定化方法的效果.结果表明,膨润土的掺入极大地提高了固化体的抗压强度,将掺入量为0.4(相对污泥的质量比)的水泥一半用膨润土替代时,固化体的强度提高了6左右.体积安定性也能够满足要求.随膨润土掺入量增加,固化体中锌、铅的浸出率与浸出液的pH值呈现不断减小的趋势,锌与铅的浸出率分别由6.9%下降至0.25%,9.6%下降至5%,pH值由12.3下降至12.1.在强碱条件下及烘干或风干条件下,铜会随着有机物的分解而析出,从而增加铜的浸出率,而膨润土的加入能弥补水泥造成的强碱环境及风干或烘干过程对固化污泥中铜的稳定产生的不利影响.     

以垃圾焚烧底灰为骨料的脱水污泥固化试验

针对机械脱水污泥强度低,难以安全填埋的问题,采用生活垃圾焚烧底灰作为骨架材料和水泥、石灰、石膏作为固化剂,开展污泥固化试验研究,并通过无侧限抗压强度试验、耐水性试验、浸出毒性试验对固化效果进行评价.结果表明,较优的固化剂种类为水泥和石膏,掺入量为污泥干基的50%,无侧限抗压强度可以满足填埋要求.最优垃圾焚烧底灰掺入量为100%,固化污泥增容比小于1.0,能够起到减容作用.水泥、石膏固化污泥耐水性能均较好.浸出毒性试验结果表明,最优固化剂种类为石膏,浸出液Cu、Zn、Pb离子浓度及COD值均较原泥大幅降低,可以起到良好的稳定化效果,且浸出液pH值接近中性,对生态环境影响较小.     

含重金属中和废渣固化处置试验研究

本研究采用水泥基固化法处理电镀厂废水用石灰中和过程中产生的含重金属废渣．对固化块在不同ｐＨ值水溶液中的浸泡试验表明，水泥基固化中和废渣效果良好．水泥用量应大于中和废渣量。加入适量的活性氧化铝、硅酸钠等添加剂，可提高固化效果．研究还对固化块的养护条件及几种配比情况下固化块的抗压强度进行了初步试验。     

废钻井液固化处理实验研究

固化处理技术是实现废钻井液无害化处理主要方法之一,论文以水泥基为主,针对钻井现场的泥浆进行了废钻井液的固化处理研究,探讨了水泥、石灰、固化助剂、工艺条件对固化作用效果的影响,获得优化的处理工艺条件为:水泥加量为废钻井液重量的10%左右,固化块用10倍去离子水浸泡48h后,测得COD含量显著下降.经大量实验证明,固化物浸出液的分析结果符合国家危险废物鉴别标准(GB5085.3-1996)和国家污水综合排放标准(GB8978-1996).     

污泥-焚烧底灰混合固化配方及强度增长机理

污泥与垃圾焚烧底灰混合固化是一种以废治废的处置方式.针对水泥固化污泥早期强度高、石膏固化污泥后期效果好的特点,分别采用水泥、石膏、水泥+石膏为固化剂,和不同掺量的垃圾焚烧底灰,开展脱水污泥固化试验研究.对固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度、含水量、增容比、浸出毒性及COD、p H值进行了测试,并用扫描电镜分析了固化污泥微观结构的变化.测试与分析结果表明:脱水污泥的较优固化材料配方为100%垃圾焚烧底灰、25%水泥和25%石膏,固化污泥的强度和含水量满足填埋要求,且增容比小,浸出毒性大幅降低.固化污泥的早期强度主要来源于垃圾焚烧底灰的骨架作用和吸水作用,后期强度增长主要依靠固化剂的胶凝作用和垃圾焚烧底灰的火山灰作用;其中钙矾石的生成是固化污泥强度增长的重要因素之一.     

化学淋滤法去除污泥中Cr、Cu的研究

文章利用柠檬酸、硝酸以及硝酸和过氧化氢混合液对污泥进行淋滤处理,研究了污泥中重金属Cr、Cu的去除率,实验结果表明,混合淋滤优于单独淋滤,随着溶液浓度和淋滤量的增大,重金属去除率也呈增大趋势。在柠檬酸浓度为0．5mol／L,硝酸和过氧化氢混合液浓度为1．0mol／L。淋滤量为1000ml／kg的混合淋滤条件下,污泥中Cr、Cu去除率可以分别达到70．97％、90．33％,经处理后的污泥符合国家污泥农用标准。     

利用粉煤灰固化含砷污泥的研究

对于As浸出率超标的硫酸废水处理系统污泥,应用固化处理可以有效降低砷浸出率。文章用水泥及粉煤灰固化冶炼厂硫酸废水中和污泥,以As的浸出率为控制指标,从时间、物料配比、pH值等方面考虑对固化块浸出率的影响,寻找粉煤灰最佳掺入量,有效降低处理成本,并尽量减少固体废物对环境的有害影响。与水泥固化相对比,采用粉煤灰固化具有更好的固化效果和明显经济效益。     

电镀重金属污泥的水泥固化／稳定化处理

电镀重金属污泥经425号水泥固化后;其中混凝土:污泥为40:1或50:1样本的强度(28d)可达275号水泥的标准,且对Zn、Cu、Ni、Cr离子的固化效果好;在体系中添加粉煤灰及水玻璃,其早期的固化效果或产物强度低;混凝土:铁氧体污泥(湿法合成,FeSO_4·7H_2O:污泥=4:1)为30:1体系中,固化效果与稳定性均好,且产物强度可达325号水泥标准。     

新疆地区电厂脱硫石膏增强的水泥基污泥固化剂的制备及性能分析

利用水泥基和电厂废弃脱硫石膏研制适用于新疆地区经济高效污泥固化剂,采用单因素多水平和响应面分析的方法研究硅酸盐水泥、脱硫石膏、粉煤灰、过硫酸钾(KPS)的掺比和固化时间对污泥固化体无侧限抗压强度的影响,运用Design-expert优化污泥固化体的无侧限抗压强度,并利用扫描电镜分析污泥固化体的微观结构。实验表明:水泥基和电厂废弃的脱硫石膏能够有效改善污泥固化体的抗压强度;当工程应用中,需要抗压强度最佳时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)∶m(粉煤灰)∶m(KPS)=100∶3∶1∶1∶0. 5、固化时间为3 d;而需要经济最优时的掺比为m(污泥)∶m(水泥)∶m(脱硫石膏)=100∶1∶1、固化时间为7 d,处理每吨污泥的药剂成本为5～6元。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.