湿热海上风电关键电器部件人工模拟环境试验方法研究

针对湿热海上风电关键零部件人工模拟环境试验方法进行研究,为接插件材料的设计选材、性能评价等提供科学方法。根据湿热海洋环境条件变化规律,设计了3种人工模拟环境加速试验方法,将接插件开展三种不同的人工模拟环境试验以及海南三亚自然环境暴露试验,并对试验后接插件的外观等性能进行对照分析,最终筛选出环境模拟相关性高的人工模拟试验方法。接插件在海南三亚自然暴露3个月后,接触电阻没有发生变化,金属螺钉腐蚀越来越严重,绝缘电阻逐渐下降,自然暴露1、2、3个月后绝缘电阻分别为10~(11)Ω、10~9Ω、10~6Ω数量级;接插件进行人工模拟环境试验一后,螺钉均发生严重的腐蚀,接触电阻没有显著的变化,绝缘电阻均降为106Ω数量级。接插件进行人工模拟环境试验二后,均有螺钉发生腐蚀,接触电阻没有显著的变化,绝缘电阻逐渐下降,试验2d、4d、7d后,绝缘电阻分别为10~9Ω、10~8Ω、10~5Ω数量级。接插件进行人工模拟环境试验三后接触电阻没有显著变化,螺钉锈蚀越来越严重,绝缘电阻逐渐下降,试验2d、4d、7d后,绝缘电阻分别为10~9Ω、10~7Ω、10~6Ω数量级。接插件进行人工模拟环境试验方法三试验后的腐蚀行为与自然环境暴露试验相一致。人工模拟环境试验方法三可作为筛选评价海上风电关键零部件环境模拟相关性较好的人工模拟环境加速试验方法,在人工模拟环境试验方法三下进行试验7d相当于在湿热海洋大气自然环境暴露试验3个月。     

汽车材料湿热老化试验周期的研究

对在海南琼海开展整车湿热环境大气暴露试验的试验数据进行了统计分析,利用Hallberg-Peck模型估算了等效汽车整车户外大气暴露试验一年的材料湿热老化试验周期,其结果与国外著名企业的标准要求吻合度非常好,说明该模型的计算结果在汽车材料寿命预测方面具有较好的应用价值。     

材料和产品大气暴露与人工加速试验相关性的探讨意见(下)

应用人工加速气候与自然或实际大气暴露试验的实例,说明了研究两者相关性的可能性和实际应用意见,并概述高分子材料进行人工加速和湿热自然大气暴露的对比结果,分析探求人工加速气候与自然或实际大气暴露试验两者相关性的主要因素。     

材料和产品大气暴露与人工加速试验相关性的探讨意见(上)

应用人工加速气候与自然或实际大气暴露试验的实例,说明研究两者相关性的可能性和实际应用意义,并概述高分子材料进行人工加速和湿热自然大气暴露的对比结果,分析探求人工加速气候与自然或实际大气暴露试验两者相关性的主要因素。     

湿热气候对塑料及橡胶的影响

通过对罗马尼亚提供的7个品种牌号的塑料及4个品种牌号的橡胶在广州、海南加积暴晒场的户内、外天然暴露试验,分析研究湿热环境气候因素对其性能的影响.     

常用金属材料在海南琼海湿热地区大气腐蚀试验

介绍常用有色金属、黑色金属在海南省琼海市湿热地区大气暴露试验情况。     

常用油漆、电镀防护层在湿热、寒冷环境条件下大气暴露试验结果

本文对一批常用油漆及电镀锌金属防护层在湿热、寒冷环境条件下,进行自然大气暴露试验,并对试验结果进行了分析。     

海洋装备用电缆南海海洋环境加速试验研究

通过自然环境谱设计实验室加速试验谱,对交联聚烯烃护套电缆开展了南海海洋大气环境试验和实验室组合试验,并且根据外观、机械性能检测了护套在西沙户外不同周期大气暴露试验和实验室组合试验后的性能变化规律,并进行相关性计算。结果表明,由湿热、光老化和盐雾三种试验组成的组合试验与自然环境试验的相关强度是极强相关。     

高原及湿热环境对橡胶材料劣化影响的对比分析研究

通过对橡胶材料在高原及湿热环境条件下进行暴露试验的结果进行对比分析研究，根据高原，湿热不同环境对不同牌号的橡胶材料外观与性能劣化影响各不相同的情形，提出了高原地区选用橡胶材料简单地采用湿热环境标准的结论。     

常用材料在湿热地区的大气腐蚀规律

介绍常用金属材料和防护层在湿热地区的广州和海南琼海大气暴露腐蚀规律，为产品设计，制造选材提供依据。     

污水处理厂一级A出水低温热能的回收与应用

阐述了国内外污水热能的应用现状,介绍了污水源热泵的工作原理、系统优越性、存在的问题。以工程实例证明污水源热泵是高效节能、经济可行、节能环保的新能源,对开发新的清洁能源、减少温室气体排放有重要价值。     

The influence of a voluntary fee in the consumption of plastic bags on supermarkets from Madeira Island (Portugal)

Since 2007, some supermarkets in Portugal have voluntarily abolished the free distribution of plastic bags, implementing a symbolic charge of €0.02 each at the same time that others still offer free plastic bags. This study assesses the influence of this voluntary measure on the reduction of plastic bags consumption, comparing clients from supermarkets that have adopted it with others who have free distribution. The reutilisation of bags reached 37% in supermarkets where customers pay a fee and was absent in supermarkets where plastic bags are free. Even the abstention of using bags, when clients buy only few products, is significantly higher in supermarkets where there are charges for plastic bags. The 2 cents charged has also induced a significant increase in optimal use of plastic bags since 52% of clients that pay for plastic bags use them so they are almost full, but only 17% do the same when they are free. Taken together, the different effects of charging for plastic bags represents a potential reduction of 64%. A mandatory tax on plastic bags is an important measure to reduce substantially the number of plastic bags consumed and to improve sustainability through the reduction of environmental, economic and social costs of pollution and waste management.     

Comparison Between Heat Pipe and Direct Heat Exchange Solar Louvre Collectors

International concern about the environmental implications of climate change coupled with increasing demand for energy to fuel modern society has lead to growing interest in using renewable energy sources as alternatives to conventional sources. The work presented in this paper compares two types of solar collector integrated into louvred shading devices. In addition to protecting glazed spaces in buildings from excessive solar gain, the collector would provide the flexibility to produce systems customized for collecting heat over a temperature-range appropriate to particular building services applications at various climates/locations. This would allow considerable savings to be made in primary energy consumption and lead to a reduction in global warming impact. Two solar absorbers, based on different techniques of heat exchange, were tested experimentally. The first was based on a direct heat exchange technique, and the second used heat pipe technology. Various comparisons were made and it was concluded that the heat pipe solar louvre collector was the preferred device.     

Climate change,adaptation and Eco-Art in Singapore

Eco-Art has recently emerged as a potential means to place emphasis on environmental issues such as climate change, recycling and the metabolism of the city experienced both materially and conceptually within local, regional and global contexts. Such art presents the possibility of shaping civic practices in arenas beyond those of traditional planning domains. Adopting a pragmatic approach, which recognises the contextual pluralism that exists in debates regarding climate change, this paper is interested in how Eco-Art projects encourage the re-imagining of urban spaces within the context of sustainability, and flows of materials and the recycling of plastic in art specifically.     

Environmental accounts for households: A method for improving public awareness and participation

Recently the European Council agreed on a CO₂ reduction target of 10% by the year 2010. In accordance with this, Denmark decided to reduce its CO₂ emissions by 25% over the same time period. One important element of both the European and Danish agreements is energy saving in industries and in private households. Typically industries and private households are also expected to participate in other kinds of environmental improvements, e.g. waste treatment. Such improvements in environmental performances are normally accounted for. In industry, for example, green accounting or environmental auditing are techniques used to measure progress in environmental performance. But when it comes to the environmental performance of people or households very few book-keeping principles have been developed. This paper describes a Danish share-housing project's efforts to formulate an environmental policy and outline an environmental accounting system which can keep track of a household environmental record. It describes the environmental accounting methods, the results and experiences from its first five years.     

Heat wave vulnerability and exposure mapping for Osaka City,Japan

Heat waves and heat-related stresses are increasing environmental concerns in urban areas. The impact of heat waves is dependent on the intensity and duration of each event and on underlying environmental and socio-demographic factors which influence population vulnerability. In order to develop effective adaptation strategies, it is important to develop a method to clearly identify the most vulnerable areas based on these factors. The purpose of this study is to develop and map a heat wave vulnerability index combined with heat exposure analysis to identify areas where interventions can be targeted. The vulnerability index was derived from a principle component analysis of eight key variables that influence heat wave vulnerability. Eight proxy measures of vulnerability were obtained from 2010 census and land-use data for the 1904 census districts of Osaka City. Three principle components explained >77 % of the variance (age, employment and education; social isolation; density and lack of green space). The components were combined and weighted to produce a vulnerability score for each census district. The vulnerability scores ranged from 0 to 106, were categorised into eight vulnerability levels and were overlaid with fine-scale air temperature observations. The resulting output identified the distribution of population vulnerability and exposure. This assessment of vulnerability, combining exposure and sensitivity components, can provide precedent for efficient, targeted action to be taken to reduce the impact of heat waves at present and under climate change.     

城市化及其对大气环境的影响

中国城市化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加,给中国城市带来了众多大气环境问题。城市化不仅造成了如热岛效应等城市周边气候的变化,还带来了酸雨频发、空气颗粒物污染加重和汽车尾气污染严重等城市环境问题。对此,应当从科学编制城市发展规划,合理调整经济结构,加强环境管理与污染治理,增加城市绿化面积等方面入手,改善城市大气环境。     

Local Dirt, Global Dreams: mining investment and land use change in Arizona

A central problematic for researchers working at the interface of economic and environmental change is the development of research designs and methodologies that can satisfactorily link economic processes of global reach (such as direct investment) to environmental change at local and regional scales. This article reviews recent efforts to couple economic and environmental change and finds that relatively little effort has been made to use the direct investment process as a means of linking industrial restructuring to land use change. The article argues that direct investment, when conceptualised as a political-economic process involving the assemblage of a package of rights (to land, water, pollution permits etc), can be an effective vehicle for tracing through the impacts of industrial restructuring on local environments. To develop this analytical approach, an empirical case of mineral investment in the Gila Valley of eastern Arizona is presented. The case study identifies the acquisition of land and water rights as central strategic issues for mineral firms seeking to make investment, and traces through the impact of these acquisition strategies on existing patterns of land ownership and land use.     

Towards a Community Based Ethic: A Phenomenological Account of Environmental Change From the Sundarbans’s Islanders

Rapid changes in the environment are far from being a new phenomenon, especially for vulnerable zones like the Sundarbans, India. In the era of climate change, when these islands are witnessing a lot of initiatives to combat the increasing negative impacts of various environmental changes, this article showcases why it is imperative to study the everyday phenomenological experiences of the islanders to be able to go beyond the climate-affected narratives and generate a deeper understanding of the phenomenon itself—‘environmental change’. This article provides the islanders’ phenomenological accounts of environmental change and borrowing from Heidegger’s concept of ‘Being-in-the-world’ explicates the reason behind the disparity in acknowledging environmental change across individuals. Making this interpretive phenomenological account of environmental change as the ground, this article offers a rubric of community-based ethic which perhaps can prove to be effective in addressing any place-specific environmental change, over and above the prevalent approach of place-based ethic.     

Life cycle assessment of biofibres replacing glass fibres as reinforcement in plastics

This article aims to determine the environmental performance of China reed fibre used as a substitute for glass fibre as reinforcement in plastics and to identify key environmental parameters. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is performed on these two materials for an application to plastic transport pallets. Transport pallets reinforced with China reed fibre prove to be ecologically advantageous if they have a minimal lifetime of 3 years compared with the 5-year lifetime of the conventional pallet. The energy consumption and other environmental impacts are strongly reduced by the use of raw renewable fibres, due to three important factors: (a) the substitution of glass fibre production by the natural fibre production; (b) the indirect reduction in the use of polypropylene linked to the higher proportion of China reed fibre used and (c) the reduced pallet weight, which reduces fuel consumption during transport. Considering the whole life cycle, the polypropylene production process and the transport cause the strongest environmental impacts during the use phase of the life cycle. Since thermoplastic composites are hardly biodegradable, incineration has to be preferred to discharge on landfills at the end of its useful life cycle. The potential advantages of the renewable fibres will be effective only if a purer fibre extraction is obtained to ensure an optimal material stiffness, a topic for further research. China reed biofibres are finally compared with other usages of biomass, biomaterials, in general, can enable a three to ten times more efficient valorisation of biomass than mere heat production or biofuels for transport.