成都地区黑碳气溶胶变化特征及其来源解析

利用7波段黑碳仪（AE-33）于2017年12月1日至2018年11月30日在成都测量黑碳（BC）质量浓度,获得了成都地区BC浓度变化特征,并基于黑碳仪模型和后向轨迹模型对BC排放来源和潜在源区进行了分析.结果表明,成都地区BC浓度冬季最大（8.18 μg·m^-3）,其次为春季（5.11 μg·m^-3）和秋季（3.91 μg·m^-3）,夏季最小（3.28 μg·m^-3）,年平均浓度（标准差）为5.26（4.67）μg·m^-3.各季节BC浓度日变化受边界层和交通排放高峰的影响呈现出早晚双峰结构.黑碳来源解析结果表明,液体燃料（如交通排放）对BC质量浓度的贡献在各季节均占主要地位,其中夏季最高,冬季最低.受交通早晚高峰的影响,液体燃料对BC的贡献在各季节均呈现早晚峰值,夜间固体燃料排放贡献有所增加.潜在源贡献分析（PSCF）和浓度轨迹权重分析（CWT）的结果表明,成都各季节BC的潜在源区受到气团来源的影响稍有差异,但主要以成都周边及以东至重庆局地区域（川渝城市群）的影响为主,该区域对成都BC的贡献值也较高,且主要为液体燃料燃烧贡献.此外陕西南部和甘肃南部也存在BC的潜在源区,夏季在广西和贵州等地也存在源区分布,但贡献值较小.     

石家庄南郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征与来源分析

利用十波段黑碳仪实时监测石家庄南郊2018年9月—2019年7月大气中黑碳（Black Carbon，BC）质量浓度，并与同期CO、NO₂、SO₂质量浓度进行相关性分析，结合后向轨迹模型研究了该地区的BC质量浓度变化特征及潜在来源.结果表明，观测期间BC平均质量浓度为（4.35±3.59）μg·m^-3，最大频数浓度法估算的BC本底质量浓度为1.0 μg·m^-3，不同季节BC平均质量浓度变化趋势为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季.BC质量浓度日变化具有双峰特征，高峰时段为6：00—9：00和19：00—22：00.BC气溶胶ngström指数α的分析及BC与CO、NO₂、SO₂相关性分析表明，以化石燃料为能源的工业源和交通源对石家庄南郊BC的贡献占主导地位.后向轨迹分析表明，石家庄南郊各季节BC主要受东向、东南向河北省内气团（占比35.46%~48.40%）和西向、西北向途经内蒙古、陕西北部、山西中部气团（占比15.60%~23.19%）的影响.浓度权重轨迹分析表明，BC潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、山西中部和河南北部.     

减排背景下成都大气PM2.5碳质组分特征

近年来,国务院颁布的《大气污染防治行动计划》和《打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划》对我国空气质量的全面改善起到了重要作用,然而,当前鲜有对四川盆地两大政策实施效果进行评估以及对政策实施后PM_2.5化学组分新特征的针对性研究.2017年和2020年分别是两大污染减排政策实施效果评估的关键时期,为对两时期成都市大气PM_2.5及其中碳质组分特征进行全面了解,分别于2016年10月至2017年7月和2020年12月在成都市区进行了PM_2.5的连续采样,并对其中有机碳（OC）和元素碳（EC）进行了分析.结果表明：①2016~2017年成都市ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为（114.0±76.4）μg·m^-3,最高值出现在冬季,可达（193.3±98.5）μg·m^-3,是浓度最低季节春季［（73.8±32.3）μg·m^-3］的2.6倍,而这种严重的冬季污染在2020年出现了明显改善,对应的ρ（PM_2.5）为（96.0±39.3）μg·m^-3,降幅达50.3%.②2016~2017年ρ（OC）和ρ（EC）的平均值分别为（21.1±16.4）μg·m^-3和（1.9±1.3）μg·m^-3,分别占PM_2.5的质量分数为18.5%和1.7%;ρ（OC）季节变化特征为：冬季［（40.6±21.5）μg·m^-3］>秋季［（17.0±7.0）μg·m^-3］>夏季［（14.4±3.9）μg·m^-3］>春季［（12.6±6.0）μg·m^-3］,而各季节ρ（EC）水平接近（1.3~2.4 μg·m^-3）;二次有机碳（SOC）是OC的重要组成,可占OC的质量分数为44.5%.相比2016年冬季,2020年冬季ρ（OC）降至（19.2±9.1）μg·m^-3,降幅达52.7%,EC则升高了26.1%.③随污染加重,各碳质组分及其贡献变化趋势各异,相比2016年冬季,2020年冬季OC随污染加重贡献更加趋于稳定,而SOC占比升高更为明显,二次有机组分贡献不容忽视.④各季节气团来向和污染物潜在源区均呈现出了明显差异;与2016年冬季相比,虽然2020年冬季主要气团来向未发生明显变化,但各轨迹对应的污染物浓度均出现了大幅降低,且污染物潜在源区向东部区域扩展明显.     

COVID-19疫情期间北京市两次重霾污染过程大气污染物演变特征及潜在源区分析

新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）期间,执行了严格居家隔离措施,人为排放源急剧降低,但北京仍出现了两次持续重霾污染过程.本研究使用北京市大气污染物、气溶胶数浓度和气象要素数据,结合气团轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了两次重霾污染过程中大气污染物的演变特征及其潜在源区贡献.结果表明,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对PM_2.5和黑碳（BC）的日变化特征影响较大,对CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃的日变化影响较小.两次重霾污染过程首要污染物均是PM_2.5,污染过程1主要是以局地污染为主,污染过程2以局地污染和外来输送为主.不同过程下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,峰值位于0.3 μm,在污染过程中主要是0.2~0.5 μm粒径气溶胶数浓度增加,是干净日的3.3~13.6倍.不同过程中BC_liquid对BC的贡献为64.8%~85.1%.BC_liquid的浓度为：污染过程2（5.04 μg ·m^-3）>污染过程1（3.20 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情前,2.31 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情,0.76 μg ·m^-3）.不同过程中PM_2.5和BC的PSCF和CWT分布特征不同.PM_2.5的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）和干净日（疫情）主要分布在北京的西南方和西部,权重浓度超过30 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程1和污染过程2主要分布在北京及其周边地区和西南部,权重浓度均超过90 μg ·m^-3.BC的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）、干净日（疫情）和污染过程1主要分布在北京及其周边地区,权重浓度分别超过2.4、0.9和4.5 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程2中分布在北京西南部,权重浓度超过5μg ·m^-3.     

兰州市PM2.5中多环芳烃的污染特征和来源解析

为了明确兰州市PM_2.5中16种多环芳烃（PAHs）的污染特征和来源,采集了兰州市4个季节的PM_2.5样品,运用气相色谱-质谱联用仪（GC-MS）对PAHs的浓度进行了分析,利用正定矩因子分解法（PMF）、聚类分析和潜在源因子分析法（PSCF）对PAHs的来源进行解析.结果表明,兰州市PM_2.5中ρ（PAHs）均值为：冬季［（118±16.2） ng·m^-3］>秋季［（50.8±21.6） ng·m^-3］>春季［（22.2±8.87） ng·m^-3］>夏季［（4.65±1.32） ng·m^-3］.相关性分析表明,兰州市PM_2.5和TPAHs均与温度呈现极显著的负相关性,与气压呈现极显著的正相关性,与风向、风速和相对湿度的相关性较差.各环PAHs在4个季节的占比相似,其中4环和5环的PAHs占比为最大,其次为6环和2~3环.兰州市PM_2.5中PAHs的主要来源在春夏季为工业排放和生物质及天然气燃烧,秋季工业排放占主导地位,冬季主要为燃煤排放,交通排放在4个季节的贡献比较稳定.聚类分析和PSCF计算结果表明,来自蒙古国、新疆东北部和青海等地的气流对兰州市环境空气质量有重要的影响.     

不同天气形势对南京地区双高污染的输送及潜在源区分析

基于2015~2019年南京细颗粒物（PM_2.5）和臭氧（O₃）逐小时浓度数据,通过T-mode主成分分析法对南京发生PM_2.5和O₃污染同时高浓度并存（双高污染）时的天气形势进行了分型,利用后向轨迹聚类分析法、潜在来源贡献法（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）研究不同天气形势对南京双高污染的输送路径及潜在源区分布.结果表明,有利于南京地区双高污染的天气形势分别为弱的低压型（Type1）和高压中心型（Type2）.天气形势会对后向轨迹的方位来源产生影响.Type1时,南京地区受到东北和西南两个低气压影响,气团的聚类轨迹主要来自东西两个方位,轨迹中ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）平均值分别为83.48 μg·m^-3和106.85 μg·m^-3.Type2时,南京及其周边在高压中心边缘,气团聚类轨迹主要来自北方和东方,轨迹中ρ（PM_2.5）和ρ（O₃）平均值分别为94.47 μg·m^-3和92.32 μg·m^-3.同时两种类型后向轨迹绝大部分属于中短距离区域输送,说明周边临近省份的污染是影响南京地区双高污染主要原因之一.PSCF和CWT分析表明,两者高值区域基本保持一致.Type1和Type2两种类型中PM_2.5和O₃的最主要潜在源区均出现分布并不完全一致的情况,表明双高污染中的两种污染物并非来自同一地区.     

地下停车场VOCs污染特征与健康风险评价

机动车尾气和蒸发排放的VOCs在地下停车场的半密闭环境中不断积累,威胁居民健康.为探究停车场内挥发性有机物（VOCs）浓度水平和变化特征与车队活动水平之间的关系,阐明其对居民健康的影响,选取天津市某居民小区地下停车场,开展了为期9d的VOCs样品采集,利用臭氧生成潜势（OFPs）,·OH反应速率（L_·OH）和二次有机气溶胶生成潜势（SOAPs）综合评价停车场内VOCs大气反应活性,对人体健康风险进行评价.结果表明：①停车场内VOCs浓度和组分变化主要受车队活动影响,工作日和周末的浓度峰值均与进场和出场车流峰值同步出现,即早晚高峰时段,工作日和周末早高峰浓度分别为（463.76±148.42）μg·m^-3和（391.47±135.37）μg·m^-3,晚高峰为（334.29±176.57）μg·m^-3和（416.20±134.64）μg·m^-3.停车场夜间几乎没有车辆活动,但夜间ρ（VOCs）［工作日（320.33±115.57）μg·m^-3;周末（364.77±155.32）μg·m^-3］仍高于午间［工作日（255.76±103.65）μg·m^-3;周末（350.91±108.73）μg·m^-3］,且夜间时段烯炔烃质量分数明显高于其他时段,这是由于夜间车辆静置时发生昼间排放产生较多的烯烃.②烯炔烃和芳香烃对OFPs和L_·OH贡献率最大（84.10%~88.04%）,芳香烃对各时间段的SOAPs贡献率最大（98.03%~98.99%）,说明芳香烃和烯炔烃的大气反应活性强且广泛存在于机动车源,是提高排放标准、升级油品时需首要考虑降低的关键组分.③健康风险评价结果表明,停车场内VOCs非致癌风险危险指数（HI）：0.19~0.55,暂无健康风险.而各时间段致癌风险均超过阈值（1×10^-6）1.56~3.11倍,停车场作为居民每天必经场所,应开启机械通风措施保证其中空气流通性.     

2006~2015年北京市不同地区O3浓度变化

对2006~2015年北京市定陵、官园、琉璃河和前门这4个站点的O₃连续监测数据进行分析,探讨其浓度水平、变化趋势、时间变化规律以及和前体物、气象要素的关系.结果表明,定陵站十年平均浓度水平最高（65.2 μg·m^-3）,其次为琉璃河（53.4 μg·m^-3）、官园（49.6 μg·m^-3）和前门（40.4 μg·m^-3）.定陵O₃浓度呈下降趋势［0.5 μg·（m³·a）^-1］,而官园［0.9 μg·（m³·a）^-1］、琉璃河［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］和前门［0.3 μg·（m³·a）^-1］均呈上升趋势.从月变化来看,各站点O₃浓度最高值均出现在6~8月,出现频次最高的为7月（17次）,平均月均浓度为99.8 μg·m^-3;最低值均出现在11、12月和1、2月,出现频次最高的为1月（14次）,平均月均浓度为16.6 μg·m^-3.从日变化来看,近年来O₃浓度峰值出现的时间明显提前,近3年峰值均在15：00~16：00出现,提前了1~2 h.2015年定陵站O₃重污染天数达到11 d,比2013年增加了10 d,表明近年来夏季北京下风向山区的O₃重污染状况愈发严重.与前体物的相关性分析表明,定陵站O₃浓度与NO₂浓度呈正相关,其余站点两者浓度均呈负相关,暗示定陵站O₃生成的前体物控制区可能为NO₂控制区,而其他站点为VOCs控制区.与气象要素的相关性分析表明,O₃浓度与温度呈正相关关系,与湿度和气压呈负相关关系,温度对O₃浓度的影响最大,其次是气压和湿度.当日最高温度超过30℃,相对湿度介于30%至70%之间时,北京市O₃日最大8 h滑动平均浓度超过200 μg·m^-3的概率较高,空气质量级别会达到轻度至中度污染的级别.     

基于边界观测的长三角某工业区O3来源特征

为研究上海某石化工业区臭氧来源特征,采用在线监测系统对该工业区O₃及其前体物和气象参数展开了为期3个月（2020年6~8月）的同步连续观测.采用TCEQ（Texas Commission on Environmental Quality）区域背景臭氧估算法和主成分分析两种方法研究工业区区域背景和本地生成O₃浓度贡献,并将两种方法进行对比分析.结果表明：①观测期间园区主导风向为东南风和东风,平均温度为27.12℃.ρ（VOCs-36）日均值为32.05~240.51μg·m^-3,烷烃浓度占比最大;ρ（NO_x）日均值为10.15~47.51μg·m^-3;ρ（O₃）为31.81~144.43μg·m^-3.②TCEQ法得出的区域背景O₃浓度[ρ_R（O₃）]为32.63~191.13μg·m^-3,本地生成O₃浓度[ρ_L（O₃）]为16.08~134.25μg·m^-3,区域背景占比ω（TCEQ）为32.6%~87.7%.主成分分析计算得出的区域背景[ρ_PCA-R（O₃）]为66.38~219.83μg·m^-3;③TCEQ法计算得出的本地生成O₃浓度变化基本能够与该园区内臭氧生成潜势的变化对应,两种方法具有良好的吻合效果,经验证结果具有可靠性;④剔除由于站点浓度异常情况带来的计算误差,观测期间区域背景O₃占比基本处于75%~95%范围内.综上,园区内O₃浓度组成以区域输送为主,应重点关注工业区周边城市的O₃污染治理,落实长三角区域联防联控措施.     

贵阳市花溪城区大气PM2.5中碳质气溶胶的变化特征及来源解析

碳质气溶胶作为大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,对大气环境质量、人类健康及全球气候变化有着重要的影响.为探究贵阳市花溪城区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中碳质气溶胶的变化特征及来源,于2020年不同季节开展大气PM_2.5原位观测研究,利用热/光学碳分析仪（DRI Model 2015）测定大气PM_2.5的碳质组分.结果表明,观测期间大气ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ[总碳质气溶胶（TCA）]、ρ[有机碳（OC）]、ρ[二次有机碳（SOC）]和ρ[元素碳（EC）]的平均值分别为：（39.7±22.3）、（14.1±7.2）、（7.6±3.9）、（4.4±2.6）和（2.0±1.0）μg·m^-3,OC/EC的平均值为（3.9±0.8）.ρ（PM_2.5）、ρ（TCA）、ρ（OC）、ρ（SOC）和ρ（EC）呈现冬季最高[（52.6±28.6）、（17.0±9.6）、（9.1±5.2）、（6.1±3.9）和（2.4±1.2）μg·m^-3],夏季最低[（25.1±7.1）、（11.6±3.6）、（6.3±1.9）、（3.7±1.2）和（1.6±0.6）μg·m^-3]的季节变化特征.OC/EC季节变化呈现：夏季（4.2±0.8）>冬季（3.8±0.9）>秋季（3.8±0.5）>春季（3.7±0.9）,表明花溪城区各季节均存在SOC生成.SOC与OC呈现显著相关（R²=0.9）,且随着大气氧化性增强,SOC浓度呈增加趋势.OC与EC各季节均呈现较好相关性,其中秋季最高（R²=0.9）,其他3个季节偏低（R²为0.74~0.75）,表明二者具有共同来源.通过OC/EC值范围初步判断碳质气溶胶来源于机动车尾气排放、燃煤排放和生物质燃烧排放.为了进一步定量解析主要排放源对碳质气溶胶的贡献,利用PMF模型对碳质气溶胶来源解析,结果表明贵阳市花溪城区碳质气溶胶主要来源为燃煤源（29.3%）、机动车排放源（21.5%）和生物质燃烧源（49.2%）.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.