石家庄南郊黑碳气溶胶污染特征与来源分析

利用十波段黑碳仪实时监测石家庄南郊2018年9月—2019年7月大气中黑碳（Black Carbon，BC）质量浓度，并与同期CO、NO₂、SO₂质量浓度进行相关性分析，结合后向轨迹模型研究了该地区的BC质量浓度变化特征及潜在来源.结果表明，观测期间BC平均质量浓度为（4.35±3.59）μg·m^-3，最大频数浓度法估算的BC本底质量浓度为1.0 μg·m^-3，不同季节BC平均质量浓度变化趋势为：冬季>秋季>春季>夏季.BC质量浓度日变化具有双峰特征，高峰时段为6：00—9：00和19：00—22：00.BC气溶胶ngström指数α的分析及BC与CO、NO₂、SO₂相关性分析表明，以化石燃料为能源的工业源和交通源对石家庄南郊BC的贡献占主导地位.后向轨迹分析表明，石家庄南郊各季节BC主要受东向、东南向河北省内气团（占比35.46%~48.40%）和西向、西北向途经内蒙古、陕西北部、山西中部气团（占比15.60%~23.19%）的影响.浓度权重轨迹分析表明，BC潜在源区主要集中在河北南部、山西中部和河南北部.     

长沙地区PM2.5传输路径和潜在源区时空分析

长沙地区是长江中下游重要的经济发展核心区,受本地排放与外来源输送等多因素的共同作用,其大气污染状况一直都是区域乃至国家高度重视的生态环境问题.前期研究揭示了长沙地区大气污染的扩散规律,为进一步研究该地区大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）外来源特征,采用拉格朗日混合型单粒子轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）探究2013—2020年长沙地区PM_2.5外来源区分布特征,继而采用轨迹聚类、潜在源贡献因子分析（PSCF）、浓度权重轨迹（CWT）方法等从年、季节等不同尺度分析区域PM_2.5时空分布规律及其外来污染物输送源特征.结果表明,在国家与地区大气污染联防联控等政策的驱动下,2013—2020年长沙地区年均PM_2.5浓度由81.80 μg·m^-3下降至42.96 μg·m^-3并呈显著季节差异,大气污染防治措施成效显著.季节尺度上,PM_2.5浓度主要呈现冬高夏低的态势,冬季最高（81.48 μg·m^-3）,其次为秋季（50.90 μg·m^-3）与春季（47.39 μg·m^-3）,最小值出现在夏季（25.74 μg·m^-3）;另一方面,2013—2020年长沙地区外来源潜在源区主要分布于湘东北、赣西北、豫南和鄂中地区.具体而言,春、秋、冬三季大气污染物主要来源于蒙古国西南部的长距离西北气流,分别占当年轨迹比重的4.73%、12.93%、12.66%,而夏季大气污染物主要来源于南海南部的中长距离南方气流,占当年轨迹比重的19.06%.     

2013-2014年河南省PM2.5浓度及其来源模拟研究

随着城市化和工业化水平的逐渐提高,河南省的空气污染问题也日益严重.利用嵌套网格空气质量模式（NAQPMS）,数值模拟了2013年7月-2014年6月年河南省大气细颗粒物及其前体物（NO₂、SO₂、PM₁₀、PM_2.5）的地面浓度,并量化了其主要来源.结果表明：模式能够较好地再现污染物的时空演化特征.整体来讲,河南省PM_2.5的高值区集中在中部和北部地区,呈现冬季高、夏季低的特点.在线源解析模拟发现,河南省不同地区PM_2.5的来源有所不同,中西部地区主要来自于本地,而在东部和北部地市,来自周边省份的区域输送更为显著,其贡献达到40%～50%,且在PM_2.5浓度的高值区更为明显.就行业贡献而言,居民源、工业源和机动车排放是河南省PM_2.5浓度的主要来源,其浓度贡献分别为23.7 μg·m^-3（贡献比例24%,下同）、20.6 μg·m^-3（21%）和21.3 μg·m^-3（22%）,电厂、农牧业和地面扬尘的浓度贡献分别为7.0 μg·m^-3（7%）、8.7 μg·m^-3（9%）和17.8 μg·m^-3（18%）.受居民源影响最大的地区是河南中东部和北部地市,其贡献达到PM_2.5浓度的27%、27%和25%.工业源影响最大的地区集中在太行山南部地市,其浓度贡献为26.4 μg·m^-3（24%）,在其他地市的贡献为17%～23%.机动车对河南东部影响最为显著,其浓度贡献为22.9 μg·m^-3（24%）.电厂和农畜牧业对全省PM_2.5的贡献分布比较均匀,分别为6%～9%和8%～10%.分析不同浓度下的PM_2.5来源,发现工业源和扬尘贡献随PM_2.5浓度增加逐渐降低,而居民源和机动车排放的贡献则有所增加,在PM_2.5浓度高于100 μg·m^-3期间,达到22%和20%.     

南京市黑碳气溶胶时间演变特征及其主要影响因素

为了研究南京市黑碳（black carbon,BC）气溶胶的时间演变特征及其主要影响因素,使用多波长Aethalometer（AE-33）每个季节选取典型月份观测了BC质量浓度,结合大气污染物数据、气象要素和边界层探测数据,分析了BC的季节变化、日变化、周末效应和来源特征.结果表明,南京的BC浓度具有明显的季节变化,春季[（3351±919）ng·m^-3] > 冬季[（3234±2102）ng·m^-3] > 秋季[（3064±967）ng·m^-3] > 夏季[（2632±1705）ng·m^-3].4个季节BC日变化均为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于06：00~08：00和21：00~23：00.BC不同季节的早晚高峰分布特征不同.早高峰春季BC浓度最高,晚高峰冬季浓度最高.冬季早高峰出现时间要比其他季节滞后2 h,而夏季晚高峰时间反而比其他季节提前2 h.风速对BC日变化季节分布差异的影响远大于相对湿度（relative humidity,RH）.逆温层结对大气污染物浓度的影响机制比较复杂,在不同季节中逆温的高度、厚度和逆温强度对污染物的影响机制不同.BC不同季节的周末效应不同,风速对BC周末效应的影响较小,逆温层结差异是造成BC周末效应的主要原因.南京地区液体燃料燃烧对BC的贡献较大,固体燃烧对BC贡献较小.     

成都西南城郊黑碳和PM2.5 浓度变化特征及其影响因子

四川盆地是我国灰霾和大气污染易发和频发区之一,目前关于本地区黑碳气溶胶（black carbon,BC）的相关研究较少。利用2017年11月—2018年12月成都西南城郊地区黑碳气溶胶以及PM_2.5观测资料,结合气象资料和其他污染物浓度资料,分析BC和PM_2.5浓度,BC浓度在PM_2.5浓度中所占比例（黑碳占比）的季节、月、日变化特征及其影响因子。结果表明：（1）BC逐小时浓度范围为0.18—40.51 μg?m^?3,平均值为(5.26±4.68) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为3.34 μg?m^?3。PM_2.5逐小时浓度范围为1.00—344.50 μg?m^?3,平均值为(60.02±46.91) μg?m^?3,本底浓度为33.38 μg?m^?3。日变化均呈“白天低,早晨、夜间高”的变化特征,其中冬季浓度最高,春、秋季次之,夏季浓度最低。（2）黑碳占比均值为9.16%±5.13%,白天黑碳占比低,夜间黑碳占比高,且夏季最高,冬季最低。随着空气污染加重,冬季占比缓慢增加,其他三季占比减小。（3）BC与NO₂和CO相关性较好,表明西南城郊BC排放主要受机动车尾气、生物质燃烧影响。BC和SO₂相关系数偏小,燃煤等工业源排放对西南城郊BC的贡献较小。（4）风速、温度和湿度与BC浓度均有很好的相关性,其中风速对BC浓度的影响最大,当风速小于2.0 m?s^?1时,BC浓度值明显偏高;BC浓度大于20.00 μg?m^?3的高值区主要集中在西北、西南以及东北风向上,即：偏东北方向市中心大气中的污染物,以及西南方向远郊地区的污染物可能对西南城郊高浓度黑碳的贡献更大。     

石家庄市挥发性有机物和臭氧的污染特征及源解析

为研究石家庄市挥发性有机物（VOCs）的化学特征和污染来源,于2017年3月至2018年1月取3个国控点进行环境VOCs的罐采样及分析,并结合臭氧（O₃）及气象数据进行相关性分析,采用正交矩阵因子模型（PMF）开展溯源解析;为确定夏季O₃的污染周期,利用小波分析研究其时序特征.结果表明,石家庄市采样期间VOCs浓度为（137.23±64.62）μg·m^-3,以卤代烷烃（31.77%）、芳香烃（30.97%）和含氧VOCs（OVOCs,23.76%）为主.采样期间VOCs的季节变化为：冬季（187.7 μg·m^-3） > 秋季（146.8 μg·m^-3） > 春季（133.24 μg·m^-3） > 夏季（107.1 μg·m^-3）,空间特征呈自西向东逐渐增加的格局.监测期内O₃与VOCs、NO₂呈显著负相关,与温度、日照时数、风速和能见度呈正相关.在夏季O₃≤ 160 μg·m^-3时,6月应关注气温开始上升后4~5 d的气象条件变化,而7~8月需关注7~8 d后的气象变动.PMF溯源解析了6个VOCs的来源,依次为：汽油车排放源（24.78%）、柴油车排放源（24.69%）、溶剂使用源（18.64%）、化工生产排放源（11.87%）、区域背景（10.84%）及制药工业生产排放源（9.17%）;其中汽油车和柴油车排放源的O₃生成潜势（OFP）贡献（54.98%）超过一半.因此,石家庄市夏季O₃削减的关键是控制交通及工艺过程源的排放.     

基于MERRA-2再分析资料的上海市近40年大气黑碳浓度变化及潜在来源解析

黑碳（black carbon,BC）作为大气气溶胶的重要组成部分,因其粒径小、比表面积大和辐射强迫等,对区域和全球辐射平衡、气候和人体健康产生巨大影响.以高度城市化的上海市为研究区域,基于MERRA-2再分析数据资料和地面观测数据,利用M-K趋势检验、后向轨迹和潜在源贡献函数（potential source contribution function,PSCF）探究了上海市1980~2019年大气BC浓度的时空变化特征及局地排放和区域传输的影响.结果表明：①MERRA-2大气BC浓度和地面观测数据具有较好的趋势一致性（R∈［0.68,0.72］）,表明MERRA-2再分析资料可以用来有效揭示地面大气BC浓度的长期变化.②上海近40年大气BC浓度可分为3个阶段：缓慢增长的"低值"阶段［1980~1986年,（1.75±0.17）μg·m^-3］,相对稳定的"中值"阶段［1987~1999年,（2.18±0.07）μg·m^-3］和波动变化的"高值"阶段［2000~2019年,（3.07±0.31）μg·m^-3］;就季节变化而言,上海BC浓度总体呈夏季浓度低,冬季浓度高的"U"型模式;受水运货运船舶柴油机等发动机黑碳排放的影响,7月出现BC浓度小高峰.③大气污染物诊断质量比及双变量相关分析［R（BC-NO₂） > R（BC-CO） > R（BC-SO₂）］表明,交通排放是上海大气BC的主要排放源,尤其是重型柴油车的影响.④后向轨迹和PSCF分析发现上海夏季气团以清洁海风为主导,占77.18%;其他季节来自北方的气团超过50%.上海大气BC潜在源区主要分布在中国东部地区,以长三角为中心向外扩张,且扩张方向与后向轨迹方向一致.     

2008～2018年武汉市BC气溶胶时间演变特征及其来源分析

黑碳(BC)作为最重要的吸收性气溶胶,其辐射强迫显著地改变大气边界层结构和近地面大气污染物的累积。基于2008～2018年武汉市BC和气象要素的观测数据,结合CWT潜在来源模型,分析了BC的时间演变特征和潜在来源分布。结果表明武汉BC平均质量浓度为6 926.4±4 090.6 ng/m³,Ångström指数(AAE)和液体燃料源对BC贡献占比(P)的平均值分别为0.98±0.44和76.6%,BC主要来自液体燃料的燃烧。2014～2017年BC质量浓度呈现显著的下降趋势,液体燃料对BC的贡献逐年增加。BC的季节分布为冬季(8 537.3 ng/m³)>春季(7 513.2 ng/m³)>秋季(6 820.2 ng/m³)>夏季(6 161.9 ng/m³),BC_liquid占比为秋季(80.0%)>冬季(77.3%)>春季(76.2%) >夏季(72.9%)。不同季节BC日变化特征不同。四个季节BC日变化在2008～2013年均以单峰型分布为主,而在2016～2017年则为双峰型分布。不同季节BC的潜在来源分布存在显著区别。潜在来源高值区在2008～2010年主要分布于武汉市的西南部,范围较小;而2016～2017年主要集中在武汉市周边地区,范围变大。潜在源区的演变反映了周边城市群对武汉市BC的影响逐渐变大,这可能是造成武汉市BC质量浓度日变化的年际差异的原因。     

南京市不同功能区冬季大气PM2.5分布特征及其来源解析

2016年12月-2017年1月,在南京市4类典型功能区（农业区、住宅区、交通干道区、工业区）各选两点,共采集了大气PM_2.5样品32套,测定并分析了其质量浓度、9种水溶性离子（WSIs）、有机碳（OC）以及元素碳（EC）的含量.观测期间,南京市冬季PM_2.5的平均浓度为104.5 μg·m^-3,分布特征为：工业区（116.6 μg·m^-3）>农业区（104.3 μg·m^-3）>住宅区（100.1 μg·m^-3）>交通干道区（96.9 μg·m^-3）;WSIs、OC和EC的平均浓度（/PM_2.5）分别为：53.4 μg·m^-3（51.1%）、11.8 μg·m^-3（11.3%）、8.2 μg·m^-3（7.8%）.农业区和住宅区受WSIs污染较严重且NOR、SOR较高,而工业区和交通干道区的OC、EC污染较严重且SOC/OC较高.进一步运用PMF模型解析,南京市冬季PM_2.5来源为：二次源（37.3%）、工业源（31.2%）、交通源（16.4%）、建筑尘（7.9%）和燃煤源（7.2%）.最后,本文收集了自2000年起南京市冬季大气PM_2.5浓度及其污染来源研究,总体而言,近年来南京冬季大气PM_2.5浓度呈下降趋势,其主要污染源比重也发生了较大变化,燃煤贡献有所下降,而工业和交通排放逐渐上升,且二次污染贡献逐渐突出.今后,控制二次污染源将成为南京市大气PM_2.5治理的重中之重.     

COVID-19疫情期间北京市两次重霾污染过程大气污染物演变特征及潜在源区分析

新冠肺炎疫情（COVID-19）期间,执行了严格居家隔离措施,人为排放源急剧降低,但北京仍出现了两次持续重霾污染过程.本研究使用北京市大气污染物、气溶胶数浓度和气象要素数据,结合气团轨迹模式（HYSPLIT）,计算了潜在源贡献因子（PSCF）和浓度权重轨迹（CWT）,分析了两次重霾污染过程中大气污染物的演变特征及其潜在源区贡献.结果表明,COVID-19期间居家隔离措施对PM_2.5和黑碳（BC）的日变化特征影响较大,对CO、NO₂、SO₂和O₃的日变化影响较小.两次重霾污染过程首要污染物均是PM_2.5,污染过程1主要是以局地污染为主,污染过程2以局地污染和外来输送为主.不同过程下气溶胶数浓度谱分布均为单峰型分布,峰值位于0.3 μm,在污染过程中主要是0.2~0.5 μm粒径气溶胶数浓度增加,是干净日的3.3~13.6倍.不同过程中BC_liquid对BC的贡献为64.8%~85.1%.BC_liquid的浓度为：污染过程2（5.04 μg ·m^-3）>污染过程1（3.20 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情前,2.31 μg ·m^-3）>干净日（疫情,0.76 μg ·m^-3）.不同过程中PM_2.5和BC的PSCF和CWT分布特征不同.PM_2.5的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）和干净日（疫情）主要分布在北京的西南方和西部,权重浓度超过30 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程1和污染过程2主要分布在北京及其周边地区和西南部,权重浓度均超过90 μg ·m^-3.BC的PSCF高值区在干净日（疫情前）、干净日（疫情）和污染过程1主要分布在北京及其周边地区,权重浓度分别超过2.4、0.9和4.5 μg ·m^-3;在污染过程2中分布在北京西南部,权重浓度超过5μg ·m^-3.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Effects of chitosan on growth of an aquatic plant (Hydrilla verticillata) in polluted waters with different chemical oxygen demands

Effects of chitosan on a submersed plant, Hydrilla verticillata, were investigated. Results indicated that H. venicillata could prevent ultrastructure phytotoxicities and oxidativereaction from polluted water with high chemical oxygen demand (COD). Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents in H. verticillata treated with 0.1% chitosan in wastewater increased with high COD (980 mg/L) and decreased with low COD (63 mg/L), respectively. Ultrastructural analysis showed that the stroma and grana of chloroplast basically remained normal. However, plant cells from the control experiment (untreated with chitosan) were vacuolated and the cell interval increased. The relict of protoplast moved to the center, with cells tending to disjoint. Our findings indicate that wastewater with high COD concentration can cause a substantial damage to submersed plant, nevertheless, chitosan probably could alleviate the membrane lipid peroxidization and ultrastructure phytotoxicities, and protect plant cells from stress of high COD concentration polluted water.     

Removal of cadmium using MnO2 loaded D301 resin

MnO2 loaded weak basic anion exchange resin D301 （Anion exchange resin, macroreticular weak basic styrene） as adsorbent has been prepared and applied to the removal of cadmium. The adsorption characteristics have been investigated with respect to effect of pH, equilibrium isotherms, removal kinetic data, and interference of the coexisting ions. The results indicated that the Cd^2＋ could be efficiently removed using MnO2 loaded D301 resin in the pH range of 3-8 from aqueous solutions with the co-existence of high concentration of alkali and alkaline-earth metals ions. The saturate adsorption capacity of the Cd^2＋ was 77.88 mg/g. The adsorption process followed the pseudo first-order kinetics. The equilibrium data obtained in this study accorded excellently with the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.     

Effect of coagulation pretreatment on the fouling of ultrafiltration membrane

The purpose of this study is to understand the effect and mechanism of preventing membrane fouling, by coagulation pretreatment, in terms of fractional component and molecular weight of natural organic matter （NOM）. A relatively higher molecular weight （MW） of hydrophobic compounds was responsible for a rapid decline in the ultrafiltration flux. Coagulation could effectively remove the hydrophobic organics, resulting in the increase of flux. It was found that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds, which could remove inadequately by coagulation, was responsible for the slow declining flux. The fluxes in the filtration of coagulated water and supernatant water were compared and the results showed that a lower MW of neutral hydrophilic compounds remained in the supernatant water after coagulation could be rejected by a membrane, resulting in fouling. It was also found that the coagulated flocs could absorb neutral hydrophilic compounds effectively. Therefore, with the coagulated flocs formed on the membrane surface, the flux decline could be improved.     

Penetration analysis of elements and bioleaching treatment of spent refractory for recycling

Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans ATCC23270 and Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans TM-32 were used for bioleaching of spent refractories of aluminium and copper melting furnaces for their recycling.Firstly,penetration of elements into aluminium melting furnace refractory was investigated and it was found that up to 7 cm from surface was contaminated.Comparison on leaching efficiency by the strains ATCC23270 and TM-32 found that the strain ATCC23270 could treat larger amount of the refractories than the strain TM-32 could do.In the experiment of bioleaching of spent refractory aluminium melting furnace by the strain ATCC23270,high leaching efficiency were obtained on Al,Si,and Ca,and extremely low leaching performance was,however,shown on the rest of elements i.e.,Na,Mn,and Zn.Under the strain TM-32 use,relatively high leaching performance was recognized on Al,Si,Ca,Na,Mn,and Zn.In the experiment of bioleaching for spent refractory copper melting furnace,almost the same leaching trends were shown on Cu,Zn,Al,and Si under the strains ACTT23270 and TM-32 uses.     

Simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate by zeolite synthesized from coal fly ash as influenced by acid treatment

Zeolite synthesized from fly ash （ZFA） without modification is not efficient for the purification of NH4＋ and phosphate at low concentrations that occur in real effluents, despite the high potential removal capacity. To develop an effective technique to enhance the removal efficiency of ammonium and phosphate at low concentrations, ZFA was modified with acid treatment and the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate in a wide range of concentration was investigated. It was seen that when compared with untreated ZFA, only the treatment by 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4 significantly improved the removal efficiency of ammonium at low initial concentrations. The behavior was well explained by the pH effect. Treatment by more concentrated H2SO4 led to the deterioration of the ZFA structure and a decrease in the cation exchange capacity. Treatment by 0.01 mol/L H2SO4 improved the removal efficiency of phosphate by ZFA at all initial P concentrations, while the treatment by concentrated H2SO4 （≥0.9 mol/L） resulted in a limited maximum phosphate immobilization capacity （PIC）. It was concluded that through a previous mild acid treatment （e.g. 0.01 mol/L of H2SO4）, ZFA can be used in the simultaneous removal of NH4＋ and P at low concentrations simulating real effluent.