The use of carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios to identify landfill leachate contamination: Green Island Landfill, Dunedin, New Zealand

A study was undertaken to determine whether the isotopic ratios of C and N could be used to uniquely identify municipal solid waste landfill leachate as a source of contamination in the Kaikorai Estuary, Dunedin, New Zealand. Leachate samples were taken from the adjacent Green Island Landfill (GILF), and surface water samples were collected over an 8-month period from the stream and estuary, upstream and downstream of the landfill. Samples were analysed for delta(13)C-dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), delta(15)N-NO(3)(-), delta(15)N-NH(4)(+), and particulate organic matter (POM) delta(13)C and delta(15)N. Plant material collected along the Kaikorai Stream was analysed for POM delta(13)C and delta(15)N. Leachate was found to have a distinct isotopic signature characterised by a highly enriched delta(13)C-DIC (as much as 16.11+/-0.23 per thousand ) and highly enriched delta(15)N-NH(4)(+) (as much as 27.42+/-0.90 per thousand ). Evidence of leachate contamination was found in the isotopic signatures of downstream delta(13)C-DIC, delta(15)N-NH(4)(+), and delta(13)C and delta(15)N of plant material POM. Other potential sources of enriched delta(13)C-DIC and delta(15)N-NH(4)(+) present in the study area, such as estuarine waters and livestock effluent, were eliminated on the basis of their isotopic characteristics.     

人类活动对长江河口硝酸盐输入通量的影响

利用长江口枯季潮区界大通站近 4 0年来的水文化学观测资料 ,求得长江径流来源的硝酸盐通量 ,并以此作为长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量。结合历年长江流域的社会经济统计资料和降水量资料等分析 ,发现长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量与流域的人口密度、农业氮肥施用量、灌溉面积以及降水量等显著正相关。随着人口的增长 ,流域内的人类活动不断加剧 ,直接或间接地对长江河口硝酸盐的输入通量产生影响。而降水及灌溉等活动促进了土壤中氮素向河流流失的过程 ,并经长江径流向河口、海洋输送。 90年代后期 ,由人类因素造成的硝酸盐通量的增加占长江河口硝酸盐输入通量的95 %以上。降水引起的水土流失和大气氮氧化物的沉降是硝酸盐通量增加的直接原因 ,而农业活动、燃料燃烧和污水排放等人类活动是该通量变化的主要控制因素     

长江中游滨岸带水体氨氮循环速率及影响因素

氨氮(NH_4~+)是大多数浮游生物优先利用的氮源,其在水体中的再生过程(REG)和潜在吸收过程(U_(pot))影响水体初级生产力和生物群落的生长。以长江为研究对象,采用同位素稀释法对长江中游滨岸带水体的NH_4~+循环速率进行研究。结果显示:长江中游滨岸带水体NH_4~+再生速率为0.12～1.62μmol/(L·h),潜在吸收速率为0.21～2.35μmol/(L·h),生物群落NH_4~+需求(CBAD)为0.08～0.75μmol/(L·h)。NH_4~+再生速率、潜在吸收速率和生物群落NH_4~+需求均随水流方向自宜昌至鄱阳湖湖口呈现显著的下降趋势(p0.05)。统计分析表明,化学需氧量(COD)(p0.01)和悬浮物浓度(SS)(p0.05)是影响长江中游水体NH_4~+循环速率的主要因素。长江中游水体NH_4~+再生速率占潜在吸收速率的43.1%～76.0%,均值为58.5±8.5%,表明NH_4~+再生是长江中游水体中生物群落NH_4~+吸收过程的主要NH_4~+来源。估算得到的NH_4~+再生量是长江中游水体TN负荷的2倍,表明水体NH_4~+再生在支持水体初级生产力和维持氮素内循环方面具有重要作用。     

Influences of natural and anthropogenic processes on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes of the Yangtze Estuary, China

Nutrient flux to the sea through the estuary is important to the health of the sea. Combining natural processes with anthropogenic activities, we discuss the influence on the nitrogen and phosphorus fluxes to the Yangtze River basin, to the estuary and to the sea. The fluxes of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) to the estuary through the river/estuary interface are obviously higher than those to the sea through to the estuary/sea interface of the Yangtze estuary. The changes in nutrient fluxes through different interfaces are largely due to the estuarine hydrological and biogeochemical processes. Household, livestock and agricultural runoff are major sources of nitrogen from human activities, and household and livestock contribute to an increase in the anthropogenic phosphorus. The fluxes of DIN and DIP from economic activities account for about one-third of DIN and DIP fluxes to the sea through the Yangtze estuary.     

Estimating sediment and caesium-137 fluxes in the Ribble Estuary through time-series airborne remote sensing

High spatial and temporal resolution airborne imagery were acquired for the Ribble Estuary, North West England in 1997 and 2003, to assess the application of time-series airborne remote sensing to quantify total suspended sediment and radionuclide fluxes during a flood and ebb tide sequence. Concomitant measurements of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and water column turbidity were obtained during the time-series image acquisition for the flood and ebb tide sequence on the 17th July 2003 to verify the assumption of a vertically well mixed estuary and thus justifying the vertical extrapolation of spatially integrated estimate of surface SPM. The ¹³⁷Cs activity concentrations were calculated from a relatively stable relationship between SPM and ¹³⁷Cs for the Ribble Estuary. Total estuary wide budgets of sediment and ¹³⁷Cs were obtained by combining the image-derived estimates of surface SPM and ¹³⁷Cs with estimates of water volume from a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model (VERSE) developed for the Ribble Estuary. These indicate that around 10,000 tonnes of sediment and 2.72 GBq of ¹³⁷Cs were deposited over the tidal sequence monitored in July 2003. This compared favourably with bed height elevation change estimated from field work. An uncertainty analysis on the total sediment and ¹³⁷Cs flux yielded a total budget of the order of 40% on the final estimate. The results represent a novel approach to providing a spatially integrated estimate of the total net sediment and radionuclide flux in an intertidal environment over a flood and ebb tide sequence.     

湿沉降对湖泊水质及初级生产力的影响

研究大气湿沉降对湖泊水质及初级生产力的影响对于探讨湖泊富营养化形成机理及其治理和修复具有重要意义。通过控制其是否接受湿沉降来探讨其对湖泊水质及初级生产力的影响，结果表明：(1)湿沉降以N沉降为主，两次湿沉降中N沉降分别占9912%和9893%，其中N沉降中NH4+ N含量较高，分别为190和269 mg/L，P沉降以及Si沉降相对较少；(2)湿沉降所携带的高浓度NH4+ N使得接受湿沉降围隔水体中NH4+ N浓度在降雨前后变化十分显著，在两次湿沉降中分别增长了231倍和187倍，而风浪促使沉积物DSi释放使得未接受湿沉降围隔水体中DSi浓度在降雨前后变化显著，在两次湿沉降中分别增长了158倍和162倍；(3)正常接受湿沉降围隔组在降雨前后其初级生产力有显著差异，初级生产力增长明显：第一次湿沉降实验中，3个时间段分别增长了19130%、5208%和10000%，第二次湿沉降中，3个时间段的初级生产力分别增加了10542%、7396%和6162%；而未接受湿沉降的围隔组其初级生产力变化无显著性差异。分析结果表明大气湿沉降对湖泊水体水质、初级生产力及其日变化影响显著     

钱塘江河口滩涂进一步治理与开发研究

钱塘江河口滩涂湿地面积大，分布范围广，钱塘江河口滩涂湿地的合理开发、利用和保护对河口地区的经济发展、岸线工程建设、航道开发、生态净化及环境保护等至关重要。区分了河口滩涂治理与滨海滩涂治理的不同，阐述了钱塘江河口滩涂岸线冲淤演变的历史，介绍了钱塘江河口滩涂近几十年的开发进程，尚存滩涂的面积与分布区域及河口滩涂几十年治理中在经济发展、防汛抗旱等方面取得的显著成效。分析了现在钱塘江河口滩涂开发治理在进度、利用及保护等方面存在的主要问题；并提出了钱塘江河口滩涂进一步围垦治理中要依据河口涨落潮流近些年发生的变化及滩涂冲淤速度，注重岸线工程建设与保护，优化江道河势，注意动态平衡，进行科学有序围垦，走综合性开发与可持续发展的道路等建议。     

基于遥感和GIS的赤水河水质对流域土地利用的响应研究

利用2009年TM影像和11个断面的水质监测数据,同时在缓冲区和子流域尺度上,分析了赤水河流域内土地利用方式与水质指标（溶解氧、高锰酸盐指数、氨氮）之间的相关关系,并建立水质对土地利用结构的空间响应模型。由相关性分析得：从缓冲区尺度到子流域尺度,建设用地与氨氮的相关性由显著正相关变为高度正相关,相关系数达到0836;与高锰酸盐指数的相关性则由普通正相关变为显著正相关,相关系数为0776。耕地与高锰酸盐指数的相关性由显著正相关增加为高度正相关,相关系数达到0913;与氨氮的相关系数也增加到0782;而耕地与溶解氧则由缓冲区尺度的一般负相关变为子流域尺度的显著负相关,相关系数达0609。在缓冲区尺度上,林地与氨氮、高锰酸盐指数呈负相关,相关程度总体上随着缓冲半径的增大而增大;而当研究尺度为依自然属性划分的子流域时,林地与氨氮呈现出显著负相关,相关系数达到0673;与高锰酸盐指数呈现出高度负相关,相关系数达到0822;且在子流域尺度上林地对溶解氧的“汇”的作用才充分表现出来,相关系数达0718。研究结果表明：赤水河流域土地利用方式对水质有重要影响。赤水河流域内的城镇建设用地和耕地对流域水质有着严重的负面影响,承载在其上的城市生活、工业污水和农业面源污染(种养殖)是河流水质污染的重要污染源。林地对流域的水质污染有重要的缓解作用。总体上,各水质参数与土地利用类型间的相关性在子流域和缓冲区两种尺度下表现出一致的规律,但这种相关性在子流域尺度下表现的更为显著。研究成果可为赤水河流域的水污染防治、土地利用方式优化提供科学依据,并为同类研究提供借鉴     

长江河口上边界床沙粒径的长期变化及其原因

大通水文站和泥沙观测断面位于长江河口的上边界。长江下游从大通（潮区界）至长江口门的距离长达680 km。20世纪80年代以来，长江流域日趋强烈的人类活动，显著改变了长江入海水文和泥沙数量和特性，从而对长江下游至河口动力地貌和动力沉积产生了显著影响。主要研究长江潮区界大通断面20世纪50年代以来床沙粒径的长期变化。1977~2004年床沙粒径 (〖WTBX〗d〖WTBZ〗50) 有一稳定增大的趋势，这主要是对上游河道悬沙来量持续减少的响应。值得注意的是床沙粗化过程是发生在该河床长期加积的背景上的。研究表明：导致床沙粒径粗化的原因，主要是上游河段进入本河段床沙粒径的增加和本河段冲淤过程中悬沙与床沙颗粒的交换。随着三峡水库的正常运行和其它大型水库的建设，预计未来几十年长江上游悬沙来量将进一步大幅度下降，可以预计，长江潮区界河段的床沙粒径将继续呈现增大的趋势。〖     

鄱阳湖主要入湖口重金属的分布及潜在风险评价

于2011年5月在鄱阳湖的主要入湖口采集了水样和表层沉积物，测定并分析了其中Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd 4种重金属元素的含量和分布。同时采用地积累指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和生态毒性效应等评价方法对沉积物中重金属的污染状况进行了分析评价。结果显示：鄱阳湖主要入湖口水体重金属Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd含量均符合国家渔业水质标准要求，除修河的Pb和信江、饶河入湖口的Cd含量属于国家地表水Ⅱ类水质外，其它所有样地的4种重金属含量均低于国家地表水I类标准限值。沉积物中4种重金属含量均超过鄱阳湖相应背景值且呈积累富集的趋势，其中信江入湖口、饶河入湖口以及三江口已受到重金属的严重污染，潜在生态危害均为中等，而污染最轻的区域为南主湖区。揭示重金属污染程度顺序为Cu＞Zn＞Pb＞Cd；单个重金属潜在生态风险顺序为Cd＞Cu＞Pb＞Zn。进一步的生态毒性效应评价结果表明，虽然鄱阳湖主要入湖口沉积物已经受到重金属污染，但对多数底栖生物未产生明显毒害     

三峡水库蓄水前长江口生态与环境

长江三峡工程举世瞩目,引起国内外各方面极大关注。河口是大河的末端,是淡水和海水交汇的水域,所以环境因子复杂多变。河口的许多重要理化特征和生物特征都具有其特殊性,使河口生态环境形成一个结构复杂、功能独特的生态系统,该系统表现为既脆弱又敏感。在长江干流上兴建巨大的水利枢纽工程,其生态环境效应除了在库区及中、下游外,必然也会涉及到河口甚至邻近海域。为探讨三峡工程对长江河口生态环境的影响,于1998~2001年对长江口及其临近水域展开综合调查。根据调查数据,结合历史资料对三峡水库蓄水前的长江口及邻近海域水文物理、沉积环境、水化学、初级生产力、浮游生物、底栖生物和渔业资源进行了全面分析,并进一步阐明了长江口生态环境与长江入海径流量间的关系;提供了三峡水库蓄水前长江口生态与环境的基础资料,对长江口生态系统健康度作出评价,为长江口生态环境保护与可持续发展奠定了良好的基础。     

Characterisation of heavy metal discharge into the Ria of Huelva

The Ria of Huelva estuary, in SW Spain, is known to be one of the most heavy metal contaminated estuaries in the world. River contribution to the estuary of dissolved Cu, Zn, Mn, Cr, Ni, Cd, and As were analysed for the period 1988-2001. The obtained mean values show that this contribution, both because of the magnitude of total metals (895.1 kg/h), composition, toxicity (8.7 kg/h of As+Cd+Pb) and persistence, is an incomparable case in heavy metal contamination of estuaries. The amount and typology of heavy metal discharge to the Ria of Huelva are related to freshwater flow (and, consequently, to rainfall); as a result, two different types of heavy metal discharge can be distinguished in the estuary: during low water (50% of the days), with only 19.3 kg/h of heavy metals, and during high water or flood (17% of the days), where daily maximum discharge of 72,475 kg of heavy metals were recorded, from which 1481 kg were of As, 470 kg of Pb, and 170 kg of Cd. In the most frequent situation (77% of the days), the Odiel River discharges from 90% to 100% of the freshwater received by the estuary. Despite this, the high concentration of heavy metals in the Tinto River water causes this river to discharge into the Ria of Huelva 12.5% of fluvial total dissolved metal load received by the estuary.     

长江口滩涂地形冲淤分析研究

为获得长江口滩涂地形的冲淤演变规律，运用GIS的数据处理与空间分析功能，提出了基于分区的冲淤量时间序列分析、冲淤量与上游来沙量相关分析、沙洲质心推移分析、典型断面分析的滩涂地形综合分析方法，即以滩涂分区和江心沙洲为对象、分时段定量研究冲淤变化的方法。在对全系列实测滩涂地形资料逐年分析的基础上，对长江口滩涂地形进行分区域的冲淤分析，并选取1991、2001和2008年3个代表年份，研究了长江南支上段主要沙洲地形演变规律。总体上，崇明东滩、长江南支、长江南港、长江北港、南汇东滩、九段沙近期冲刷大于淤积，而崇明北沿、横沙东滩以淤积为主，长江南支冲刷作用明显，江心沙洲往东南方向推移，分析表明长江入海泥沙年输移量以及年均含沙量变化是造成长江口江心沙洲冲淤演变的重要因素之一。     

Determination of lead,chromium and zinc in sediments from an urbanized river in Mauritius

The mean concentration of Cr (105 +/- 30 mg kg(-1)), Zn (167 +/- 30 mg kg(-1)) and Pb (14 +/- 7 mg kg(-1)) in the sediments along St. Louis River situated in an urbanized and industrialized area in Mauritius were well below the limits of 600, 2500 and 700 mg kg(-1) quoted for contaminated sediments adopted from the draft standards (24% clay and 10% organic matter by weight) from the Netherlands [Van Veen RJ, Stortelder PBM. Research on contaminated sediments in the Netherlands. In: Wolf K, Van de Brink WJ, Colon FJ, editors. Contaminated soil. Academic Publisher, 1998. p. 1263-1275.]. Industrial contamination appeared to undergo rapid dilution in the estuary as Cr had high levels near point sources from industries, but decreased rapidly in amount in the estuary possibly because of dilution by other sediments. The significant levels of Zn in sediments from upstream to the estuary suggest that the potential sources could be from the adjacent motorway and road runoff causing significant quantities to be trapped within the St. Louis River. Pb was two folds higher in the sediments in the estuary of St. Louis River compared to upstream and downstream indicating accumulation of Pb in estuarine sediments, which could be released continuously into the lagoon. The potential sources of Pb in sediments from upstream to the estuary were from the adjacent motorway and road runoff causing significant quantities to be trapped within the St. Louis River. Pb and Zn were significantly positively correlated in the sediments along St. Louis River indicating a common source for Pb and Zn. Significant negative correlations were also found for both Pb and Zn with dissolved oxygen in summer along St. Louis River which indicated that the presence of anoxic waters influenced the trapping of Zn and Pb in the sediment phase. This study has also highlighted that a phasedown of Pb in petrol is necessary and with the introduction of unleaded petrol and vehicles equipped with catalytic converters, studies on levels of Pd and Pt to provide baseline data need to be done in the near future and integrated in environmental development schemes and effective coastal zone management of small island states.     

长江入海口徐六泾断面2005～2012年水环境因子及入海通量变化特征

分别于2005～2012年的4个季节对长江入海口徐六泾断面水质实施了29个航次的监测。2005、2010和2012年为丰水年,2006、2011年为枯水年,其余3 a为平水年。2005～2012年化学耗氧量（CODCr）的年度平均浓度范围为52～1469 mg/L,氨-氮（NH4 N）为0051～0358 mg/L,总磷（TP）为0069～0255 mg/L,活性磷酸盐（PO4 P）为0044～0098 mg/L,石油类（Oil）为2367～7939 μg/L,铜（Cu）为171～277 μg/L,镉（Cd）为0057～0116 μg/L,砷（As）为234～294 μg/L。引入计算Spearman秩相关系数的方法分析评价指标与时间序列间的相关性,并检验相关系数的显著性意义。评价结果显示,长江入海径流量呈现上升的趋势,但趋势不显著。年平均浓度呈上升趋势的污染因子水质要素从强到弱到小依次为TP、PO4 P、NH4 N、Oil和CODCr,TP上升趋势显著,呈下降趋势的水质要素从强到弱依次为Cu、As和Cd,Cu下降趋势显著;长江入海口的水质综合标准指数呈显著上升趋势,监测断面水质等级持续下降,污染状况持续恶化;长江污染物入海通量总体呈显著增加趋势,特别是氮的输出通量有较大增加。研究表明,长江入海口水质恶化速度加剧,应引起政府和社会的足够重视,保护长江水质刻不容缓     

沿江大开发背景下长江江苏段水环境污染负荷趋势

沿江开发是当今世界各国经济发展和国土整治关注的焦点,江苏省沿江开发过程中高密度和高强度的产业集聚将对长江江苏段水环境带来压力。根据江苏省沿江各地市社会经济和调查的环境监测资料,分析了沿江大开发背景下长江江苏段的水环境污染负荷及治理现状并预测了未来演变趋势,结果显示:2002年长江江苏段污染负荷的废水总量为210 997.80×10\+4 t,COD\-\{Cr\}总量为380 817.20 t,NH\-3 N总量为28 391.36 t;预测2010年将分别达到395 977.10×10\+4 t、598 197.80 t和42 381.56 t,较2002年分别增长87.7 %、57.1 %和49.3 %。污染源治理方面工业污水90%以上已达到了国家排放标准,而生活污水处理无论在污水处理厂数量还是处理深度都难以满足实际需要。为使长江水域生态环境不受破坏和饮用水源地的供水安全得到保障,提出了优化产业结构、削减污染负荷、加强生活污水处理厂建设和提高沿江主要支流的治理力度等多项调控措施。     

太湖洑东流域陆地侵蚀与入湖物质通量的定量关系研究

在太湖流域选择了一个典型的半封闭洑东小流域，通过对该流域及入湖口区域沉积物的元素和同位素地球化学研究，建立了反映流域陆地侵蚀与入湖物质输入量之间的定量关系模型。研究结果表明:近40 a来洑东流域的入湖物质通量约为6074 t/a，与实际监测结果一致。根据流域土地利用类型和土壤侵蚀速率的分布，估算出流域土壤侵蚀总量为25670 t/a，说明侵蚀总量的237%进入湖泊，其余在河道或土地内部沉积下来。近40 a来太湖宜溧河湖交界区入湖物质通量〖WTBX〗（Q）与流域土壤侵蚀速率（E）和流域面积（A）的数学关系为：E=422Q/A。〖WTBZ〗结合湖泊沉积物来源分析结果，计算出流域内不同土地利用类型的平均土壤侵蚀速率，林地、茶园和水田的土壤侵蚀速率分别为1266、58355和17293 t/（km2·a）。该结果与¹³⁷Cs示踪法计算结果基本一致，表明利用湖泊沉积记录可以较好地反演流域不同土地类型土壤侵蚀量及其入湖营养通量的变化。     

Relationship between the riverine nitrate–nitrogen concentration and the land use in the Teshio River watershed, North Japan

The present research investigated the relationship between nitrate–nitrogen (NO₃–N) in river water and the land use/land cover (hereafter, land use) in the Teshio River watershed located in northern Hokkaido island to understand the effect of human activities such as agriculture, forestry, industry, and urbanization in the drainage basin on the river ecosystem quality and services. River water was sampled at nine points seasonally during a 2-year period and the nutrients concentration was measured. Land use profiles were estimated at two spatial scales, riparian and sub-catchment, for each sampling station. The spatial pattern of water quality in the Teshio River showed increased NO₃–N levels associated with agriculture and urban expansion, and forest reduction in the watershed. Land use at the riparian scale closely reflected that at the sub-catchment scale, which masked the unique riparian buffer effect on the river water condition. The increased agricultural and reduced forest area in the riparian zone, especially in the upper middle reach, could be a possible reason for a decline of ecosystem service for the provisioning of clean water and habitat for aquatic organisms. Measures towards sustainable and more nature-friendly agricultural management are necessary in the area to protect the Teshio River ecosystem and its ecosystem services.     

Sediment accumulation rate and radiological characterisation of the sediment of Palmones River estuary (southern of Spain)

Chemical analyses and radioecological methods were combined in order to estimate the sediment accumulation rate in the upper 20 cm depth of the Palmones River estuary. Organic matter, total carbon, C:N and (137)Cs vertical profiles showed changes at 13 cm depth. These changes could be associated with the decrease in river input since 1987 when a dam situated in the upper part of the estuary started to store water. Using 1987 as reference to date the sediment, accumulation rate was 1.2 cm yr(-1). As alternative method, two layer model of (210)Pb(xs) vertical distribution showed a sedimentation rate of 0.7 cm yr(-1) with a surface mixing layer of 7 cm thickness. The high ammonium, potassium and sodium content in pore water and the strong correlation between (137)Cs activities and organic matter in dry sediment suggests that (137)Cs (the only anthropogenic product detected) is mainly accumulated in the estuary associated with the particulate organic material from the catchment area.     

Surface air concentration and deposition of lead-210 in French Guiana: two years of continuous monitoring

To make up for the lack of data on (210)Pb aerosol deposition in tropical regions and to use this radionuclide as an aerosol tracer, a monitoring station was run for two years at Petit-Saut, French Guiana. Lead-210 concentration in air at ground level was monitored continuously together with atmospheric total deposition. The air concentration has a mean value of 0.23+/-0.02 mBq m(-3) during both wet and dry seasons, and it is only weakly affected by the precipitation mechanism. This result was unexpected in a wet tropical region, with a high precipitation rate. In contrast, deposition clearly correlates with precipitation for low/moderate rainfall (<15 cm per 15-day), while this correlation is masked by strong fluctuations at high rainfall. The estimated mean annual deposition over the last ten years is 163+/-75 Bq m(-2) y(-1). This provides a procedure for estimating this mean flux at other sites in French Guiana.