一种新型滤料在循环养殖水处理中的应用

实验研究了填充新型无剩余污泥悬浮型生物滤料的曝气生物滤池处理养殖废水的挂膜情况及水力停留时间（HRT）变化对曝气生物滤池处理效果及运行特性的影响。结果表明，含氨氮和亚硝酸氮浓度较高的模拟养殖污水用活性污泥挂膜，大约1个月就能使生物滤池启动。当模拟养殖污水氨氮起始浓度在2mg／L左右时最佳水力停留时间（HRT）为0．6h循环6d能使氨氮浓度降到0．03mg／L左右，亚硝酸氮有短期积累问题，但最终都能被降到0．05mg／L以下。水力停留时间影响氨氮的去除时间，从而影响亚硝酸氮的积累。水力停留时间（HRT）对有机物（CODMn）去除影响不大，且该种滤料对有机物（CODMn）去除效果较差，去除率在28％左右。     

氧化絮凝复合剂(XOF)去除源水氨氮的实验研究

研究了复合药剂（XOF）对饮用源水中氨氮的去除效果，并考察了投加量、反应时间、pH等因素对去除效率的影响。结果表明，XOF在浑浊水中充分利用氧化絮凝协同作用对氨氮有较高的 作效果，在pH值为7－8、投加量为药剂与氨氮质量比10：1、反应时间20min的条件下，复合药剂（XOF）以氨氮去除率最高。     

高铁酸盐氧化絮凝去除饮用水中氨氮的研究

研究了不同水质条件下高铁酸亍对饮用水中氨氮的去除效果及主要影响因素，通过实验证明，高铁对水中氨氮上人一定的氧化去除效能，利用并强化高铁的氧化和絮凝作用的协同效果，将使高铁对氨氮的处理能力有所提高，进上步发现，少量的三价铁对高铁氧化絮凝去除氨氮具有一定的催化作用。     

生物膜法在去除城市地表水中氨氮的应用研究

针对受污染的城市地表水,采用新型蜂窝陶瓷载体气升式内循环反应器(IAL-CHS)对其中的氨氮去除进行研究。结果表明,该生物膜反应器能有效地去除地表水中的氨氮。研究中主要考查了HRT与NH4+-N去除率之间的关系,并确定了最佳HRT。在HRT为50min,接触反应时间仅为24min条件下,对NH4+-N、NO2--N的去除率分别为82.8%～95.8%、26.1%～60.3%,此反应器能承受较强的冲击负荷,具有很广阔的应用前景。     

生物活性炭滤池修复地表水的研究

采用自行设计的生物滤池反应器去除地表水中的氮,考察了HRT、水力负荷和氨氮负荷对生物滤池出水水质的影响。结果表明:系统TN去除率随水力负荷的增加而下降,氨氮去除率无明显变化,水力负荷小于1.2 m3/(m2·d),TN去除率达到54%以上;在进水氨氮质量浓度为14.52~17.44 mg/L条件下,HRT为10 h时,生物滤池对氮去除效果较好;当HRT为6 h,进水氨氮负荷增加到0.048 kg/(m3·d)以上,氨氮和TN平均去除率分别为96%和31%。     

氢氧化钙除河道水中磷的试验研究

用氢氧化钙去除河道水的总磷。结果表明：在先1分钟300r／min快速搅拌,后5分钟40r／min搅拌的条件下,直接投加1250mg·L^-1。氢氧化钙时,出水总磷为0．046mg·L^-1,可达到《景观娱乐用水标准》（GB12941—91）中C类标准（11P≤0．05mg·L^-1）和《地表水环境质量标准》（GB3838—2002）中II类标准（TP≤0．1mg·L^-1）;在同样的反应条件下,预先调节水样pH至10,投加量达到3250mg·L^-1时,出水总磷达0．068mg·L^-1。该药剂对COD和浊度均有良好的去除效果,但对氨氮的去除效果不明显。     

电絮凝法同步去除氨氮和磷的模拟试验

采用电絮凝法去除废水中的氨氮和磷,电极板采用铝板或不锈钢板,研究了电絮凝除磷热力学与动力学过程,考察了不同工艺参数对氨氮和磷去除效果的影响. 结果表明:相对于铝电极而言,不锈钢电极更适宜于电絮凝去除氨氮和磷;Redlich-Peterson方程能较好地描述电絮凝产生的絮凝体对磷的吸附行为,得到的Gibbs自由能变都在-20～0kJ/mol范围内,并且吸附是自发进行的吸热过程,升高温度有利于吸附;由于假二级动力学方程拟合时其相关系数(R2)均大于0.98,故假二级动力学方程更适宜描述电絮凝产生的絮凝体对磷的吸附动力学过程;随着电流密度的增加,氨氮和磷的去除率呈逐渐上升趋势;在强碱性条件下,氨氮的去除率相对降低,酸性条件下水中磷的去除率较高,随着溶液pH的增高,磷的去除率呈逐渐降低趋势. 去除氨氮和磷的能耗分别为0.15~0.50和0.02~0.04kW·h/g.      

折点加氯法去除生活污水氨氮的试验研究

为提高生活污水处理厂氨氮去除效果,采用折点加氯法处理二级生化出水,通过试验分析了氨氮去除效果和主要研究因素。结果表明:在进水氨氮浓度5 mg/L、pH 5.5～6.7、反应时间30 min、次氯酸钠投加量59.3 mg/L的条件下,折点加氯法对氨氮的去除效果最好,出水氨氮浓度可稳定达到《地表水环境质量标准》Ⅲ类标准,次氯酸钠药剂成本为0.53元/t。     

水力停留时间和溶解氧对陶粒CANON反应器的影响

以人工配制无机高氨氮废水为进水,通过接种CANON污泥,以陶粒作为填料,研究了HRT和DO对生物膜CANON反应器的影响.试验过程中,控制进水氨氮浓度基本不变,依次控制反应器的HRT为9、7、5 h,同时控制DO的范围为1.16~3.20 mg·L-1.研究发现:1当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,尽管提高DO有利于提高AOB的活性和系统内基质的传质效果,但是CANON反应器的NH+4-N、TN去除效果依然随着HRT的缩短而下降,尤其当DO超过2.50 mg·L-1时,TN去除效果大幅度下降;2当DO为1.20~1.75 mg·L-1时,随着HRT的缩短,CANON反应器的短程硝化性能趋于稳定,而当DO超过1.75 mg·L-1时,即使缩短HRT,其短程硝化性能依然遭到严重破坏;3CANON反应器中短程硝化稳定性能和去除效果较佳的条件是HRT为7 h,且DO控制在1.20~1.75 mg·L-1之间.HRT和DO是废水生物处理的重要运行参数,直接影响到生物处理的效果和出水水质,协调控制两者的变化范围,对提高CANON工艺对高氨氮废水的处理效果非常重要.     

高铁酸盐溶液的制备与去除氨氮的实验研究

根据现场制备要求,优化传统高铁制备工艺,得出工业化现场制备液体高铁的最佳工艺条件,进而用于水库水氨氮的去除研究。实验结果表明,通过优化工艺所制得高铁浓度为24 g/L左右,铁转化率为80%左右。高铁对氨氮的去除效果随高铁与氨氮的摩尔比增大而增大,当摩尔比为0.45时,高铁对水源水中氨氮的去除率可达75%;在保证高去除率的基础上,通过延长絮凝反应时间,可降低高铁投加量;如果采用高铁预氧化,聚合铝或三氯化铁作絮凝剂,可提高对氨氮的去除率,还能大幅度降低高铁投加量,缩短反应时间。     

Nitrification performance of nitrifying bacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane at low ammonia nitrogen concentrations

Suspended and waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria have been adopted for evaluating the e ects of environmental changes, such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration and pH, on nitrification characteristics under conditions of low ammonia concentrations. The results showed that nitrification was prone to complete with increasing pH, DO and temperature. Sensitivity analysis demonstrated the e ects of temperature and pH on nitrification feature of suspended bacteria were slightly greater than those of immobilized nitrifying bacteria. Immobilized cells could achieve complete nitrification at low ammonia concentrations when DO was su cient. Continuous experiments were carried out to discuss the removal of ammonia nitrogen from synthetic micropollute source water with the ammonia concentration of about 1 mg/L using immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets in an up-flow inner circulation reactor under di erent hydraulic retention times (HRT). The continuous removal rate remains above 80% even under HRT 30 min. The results verified that the waterborne polyurethane immobilized nitrifying bacteria pellets had great potential applications for micro-pollution source water treatment.     

Nitrification characteristics of nitrobacteria immobilized in waterborne polyurethane in wastewater of corn-based ethanol fuel production

A technology to achieve stable and high ammonia nitrogen removal rates for corn distillery wastewater (ethanol fuel production) treatment has been designed. The characteristics of nitrifying bacteria entrapped in a waterborne polyurethane (WPU) gel carrier were evaluated after acclimation. In the acclimation period, nitrification rates of WPU-immobilized nitrobacteria were monitored and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was also carried out to investigate the change in ammonium-oxidizing bacteria. The results showed that the pellet nitrification rates increased from 21 to 228 mg-N/(L-pellet. hr) and the quantity of the ammonia oxidation bacteria increased substantially during the acclimation. A continuous ammonia removal experiment with the anaerobic pond effluent of a distillery wastewater system was conducted with immobilized nitrifying bacteria for 30 days using an 80 L airlift reactor with pellets at a fill ratio of 15% (V/V). Under the conditions of 75 mg/L influent ammonia, hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 3.7--5.6 hr, and dissolved oxygen (DO) of 4 mg/L, the effluent ammonia concentration was lower than 10 mg/L and the ammonia removal efficiency was 90%. While the highest ammonia removal rate, 162 mg-N/(L-pellet.hr), was observed when the HRT was 1.3 hr.     

固定化硝化菌在不同温度下对氨氮的去除效能研究

采用聚乙烯醇——硼酸包埋法固定经常温富集培养的含耐冷菌的硝化污泥,用于处理常温和低温生活污水,进行了比较研究。结果表明,该固定化硝化菌群在常温下经过一个月的活性恢复和增殖后,转入低温环境,在短期内表现出一定的适应性,作用6 h后对NH4-N的去除率为80%左右。在常温下,该固定化菌更表现出高效的氨氮去除能力,作用3 h后,去除率达90%以上。可见,固定化硝化混合菌群经过常温活性增强和数量扩增后转入低温,对氨氮的去除是有利的,而且混合菌群中的低温菌仍能保持优势菌的地位。     

硝化菌载体低温处理生活污水中试

为了考察硝化菌包埋载体低温条件下处理城镇生活污水的技术可行性和可靠性并获得工程应用的参数,以A/O工艺中试系统为试验平台,重点研究了硝化菌包埋载体A/O生化系统低温条件下的启动条件和处理效果。结果表明:在低温条件下(13~15℃),接种普通好氧活性污泥,以已活化的硝化菌载体为核心的处理系统活化启动时间约10 d,不超过15 d;包埋硝化菌载体系统在适宜污泥浓度条件(3 000~3 500 mg/L)、投加率12%的情况下处理城镇生活污水,稳定运行阶段和负荷提高阶段(提高至设计负荷1.44倍)可使出水氨氮平均达1mg/L左右,去除率达99%以上,处理效果远远超出同条件下A/O系统。     

pH控制生物膜移动床反应器完全亚硝化的研究

接种硝化污泥以优势菌种法挂膜,在DO浓度为1.5～2.0 mg/L,温度为(30±1)℃,HRT为24 h的条件下,以pH控制启动移动床完全亚硝化生物膜反应器,并研究了氨氮负荷(NLR)和水力停留时间(HRT)对系统稳定性的影响.结果表明,在进水氨氮浓度为150 mg/L的情况下,pH控制在7.7～8.2,经过10 d驯化生物膜系统达稳定的完全亚硝化状态,氨氮转化率达96%以上,亚硝酸盐积累率高于95%;NLR(以NH4 -N计)从0.15 kg/(m3·d)提高到0.24 kg/(m3·d)基本不影响完全亚硝化的稳定性,氨氮转化率高于90%,亚硝酸盐积累率始终维持在96%左右;低NLR下,延长HRT由于过度曝气导致硝化类型改变为完全硝化,然而缩短HRT仍可恢复为亚硝化.     

壳聚糖-海藻酸钠固定化菌小球处理猪场沼液

采用包埋法,以海藻酸钠-壳聚糖为载体、自行筛选的高效脱氨氮菌为目标菌制备固定化菌小球,用于去除猪场沼液中的氨氮.优化了固定化小球的制备条件,考察了废水处理条件对氨氮去除效果的影响.结果表明,固定化菌小球的最佳制备条件为：壳聚糖投加量20g/L、海藻酸钠投加量10g/L、目标菌种包埋量2：5（V/V）.处理含氨氮废水时,在不调节废水pH值的条件下,当固定化菌小球投加量为15g/L、反应时间为4h时,氨氮的去除率为93.9%,其中吸附作用对氨氮的去除率为64.3%,微生物作用对氨氮的去除率为29.6%.扫描电镜表征结果表明,处理废水后,固定化菌小球外部及内部微生物数量明显增多.动力学与等温线拟合结果显示,固定化菌小球对废水中氨氮的去除过程符合准二级反应动力学方程（R²=0.9252）和Langmuir等温线方程（R²=0.9578）.     

两级CSTR亚硝化启动及稳定运行试验研究

采用两级CSTR反应器对实际生活污水亚硝化的启动过程及稳定运行主要影响因素进行了研究.通过向生活污水里投加(NH₄)₂SO₄来提高进水氨氮浓度,并逐渐调整两级反应器的曝气强度至DO浓度分别为(1.5±0.12),(0.35±0.1) mg/L,历经45d即实现了亚硝化的启动,亚硝化率保持在90.3%以上,氨氧化率保持在91.2%以上.低氨氮生活污水运行时,通过第一级反应器中三组DO/ALR的效果对比,表明DO/ALR在1.2~2.0 mg O₂/(gN·d)时亚硝化效果最好.降低氨氮浓度以及增大HRT两种情况下导致ALR改变时,维持上述DO/ALR范围依然可以保证亚硝化的稳定.     

Simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen using a novel carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor

A membrane aerated biofilm reactor is a promising technology for wastewater treatment. In this study, a carbon-membrane aerated biofilm reactor （CMABR） has been developed, to remove carbon organics and nitrogen simultaneously from one reactor. The results showed that CMABR has a high chemical oxygen demand （COD） and nitrogen removal efficiency, as it is operated with a hydraulic retention time （HRT） of 20 h, and it also showed a perfect performance, even if the HRT was shortened to 12 h. In this period, the removal efficiencies of COD, ammonia nitrogen （NH4^＋-N）, and total nitrogen （TN） reached 86%, 94%, and 84%, respectively. However, the removal efficiencies of NH4^＋-N and TN declined rapidly as the HRT was shortened to 8 h. This is because of the excessive growth of biomass on the nonwoven fiber and very high organic loading rate. The fluorescence in situ hybridization （FISH） analysis indicated that the ammonia oxidizing bacteria （AOB） were mainly distributed in the inner layer of the biofilm. The coexistence of AOB and eubacteria in one biofilm can enhance the simultaneous removal of COD and nitrogen.     

硝化包埋菌颗粒氨吸附性能及动力学特性

采用水性聚氨酯(WPU)和聚乙烯醇-海藻酸钠(PVA-SA)制作硝化污泥包埋菌颗粒,同时对比无污泥空白包埋菌颗粒,研究不同初始氨氮浓度、p H、温度、盐度等对包埋菌颗粒NH_4~+-N吸附性能的影响;通过吸附等温线、吸附热力学以及吸附动力学对包埋菌颗粒NH_4~+-N吸附过程进行解析.结果表明,硝化包埋菌颗粒的吸附容量大于空白包埋菌颗粒,WPU包埋菌颗粒的吸附容量高于PVA-SA;初始氨氮浓度升高,包埋菌颗粒的平衡吸附容量增大,同时随着时间的增长,吸附容量呈现先升高后降低最终逐渐达到平衡的过程;中性条件(p H=7)下包埋菌颗粒NH_4~+-N吸附性能最好,温度和盐度的升高抑制NH_4~+-N的吸附;热力学研究表明该吸附过程是一个放热的过程.吸附等温线显示包埋菌的NH_4~+-N吸附过程同时符合Langmuir等温式和Freundlich等温式,在高能量水平上显示为多层吸附,在低能量水平下显示为单层吸附;包埋菌的NH_4~+-N吸附过程符合Lagergren准二级动力学模型,表明NH_4~+-N与包埋菌颗粒表面存在化学基团的相互作用.     

Nitrogen removal from sludge dewatering effluent through anaerobic ammonia oxidation process

Anaerobic ammonia oxidation（Anammox） process is a novel and promising wastewater nitrogen removal process. The feasibility of transition of Anammox from denitrification and the performance of lab-scale Anammox biofilm reactor were investigated with sludge dewatering effluent. The results showed that Anammox process could be successfully started up after cultivation of denitrification biofilm and using it as inoculum. The transition of Anammox from denitrification was accomplished within 85 d. Anammox process was found suitable to remove ammonia from sludge dewatering effluent. The effluent ammonia concentration was detected to be 23.11 mgN/L at HRT of 28 h when influent ammonia concentration was fed 245 mgN/L, which was less than that for the national discharge standard Ⅱ （25 rngN/L） of China. Volumetric total nitrogen loading rate was up to 584.99 mg TN/（L. d） at HRT of 17 h, while influent concentrations were kept 243.25 mg NH4＊ -N/L and 288.31 mg NO2^- -N/L.