燃煤烟气喷射废水协同氧化元素汞试验研究

在热态燃煤试验炉上,利用OHM法、氢化物发生-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(HG-ICP-AES)法,研究了原煤燃烧气态单质Hg(Hg0)、气态二价Hg(Hg2+)及颗粒态Hg(Hgp)分布特性,废水中Cl与Na浓度、烟气中SO2与NO对Hg0的氧化影响。结果表明,试验燃煤F、Cl浓度低,1#和2#燃煤烟气中Hg0占输入总Hg(HgT)比例分别为68.3%和80.6%,而Hg2+比例仅占22.2%和13.1%;在烟气中喷射丙烯酸钠和萘磺酸钠废水的液气比为0.028 Lm3时,1#和2#燃煤烟气Hg2+所占比例分别达到80%和75%以上,而HgP的比例变化不显著;当喷射废水液气比为0.028 Lm3时,1#和2#燃煤烟气的SO2浓度下降11.4%~15.7%和12.2%~17.7%,促进了Cl对Hg0的氧化;而NO对Hg0的氧化不显著。     

脱硫废水添加对煤燃烧时汞析出特性的影响

为探究含氯脱硫废水溶液添加对煤燃烧时汞析出特性的影响,分别利用沉降炉和管式炉实验装置进行了3种煤在1200℃下的燃烧实验。实验时通过改变模拟脱硫废水溶液的添加量来控制燃煤中氯的质量分数分别为0.00%、0.02%、0.04%和0.06%。分析煤燃烧后烟气中汞浓度、吸收液、飞灰和煤灰中汞含量的变化情况发现:随着加氯量的增加,烟气中Hg0浓度逐渐降低,Hg2+浓度则逐渐升高,但对Hgt（气态总汞）浓度的提升效果相对较差。当加氯量为0.06%时,煤种B在沉降炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0浓度下降约2.3 μg/m3,而Hg2+浓度提高约2.6 μg/m3,但Hgt浓度仅提高了0.3 μg/m3。氯的添加也会使飞灰中汞含量增加,煤灰中汞含量降低。通过综合对比分析沉降炉和管式炉实验结果发现:无论是否添加氯,煤在沉降炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0比例均小于管式炉实验结果。当煤种B加氯量为0.06%时,在沉降炉和管式炉中燃烧后烟气中Hg0含量占比分别为50.6%和67.8%。此外,还发现3种煤粉在管式炉中加氯燃烧后汞的析出率提高趋势均较沉降炉明显。故含氯脱硫废水溶液的添加可以改变煤燃烧时汞的析出特性,且有利于促进烟气中Hg0的氧化,对燃煤烟气脱汞具有重要作用。     

MnOx/a-Al2O3催化氧化燃煤烟气中Hg0的试验研究

在模拟烟气中研究了MnOx/a-Al2O3催化剂对烟气零价汞(Hg0)的催化氧化效果,以及反应条件对Hg0氧化率的影响.结果表明,300℃时催化剂的活性最大,模拟烟气含有20mL/m3 HCl时Hg0的氧化率达到91%.在8000~32000h-1空速范围内,Hg0氧化率保持在90%以上;空速提高到96000h-1时,氧化率开始下降,并与空速成反比.烟气中的SO2与HCl竞争催化剂上的活性位,对催化氧化反应有一定抑制,500mL/m3 SO2使零价汞的氧化率下降约20%.此外,还对MnOx催化氧化零价汞的反应机制进行了探讨.     

MnOx/α-Al2O3催化氧化燃煤烟气中Hg0的试验研究

在模拟烟气中研究了MnOx/α-Al2O3催化剂对烟气零价汞(Hg0)的催化氧化效果,以及反应条件对Hg0氧化率的影响.结果表明,300℃时催化剂的活性最大,模拟烟气含有20mL/m2 HCI时Hg0的氧化率达到91%.在8000～32000h-1空速范围内,Hg0氧化率保持在90%以上;空速提高到96000h-1时,氧化率开始下降,并与空速成反比.烟气中的SO2与HCI竞争催化剂上的活性位,对催化氧化反应有一定抑制,500mL/m3 SO2使零价汞的氧化率下降约20%.此外,还对MnOx催化氧化零价汞的反应机制进行了探讨.     

低温等离子体-陶瓷纳米材料集成系统烟气脱汞研究

低温等离子体-陶瓷纳米材料集成系统可以有效脱除烟气中的汞,实现工业含汞废气达标排放。通过检测系统入口、出口气体中Hg~0和Hg~(2+)浓度,研究处理过程中的影响因素。结果表明:当Hg~0浓度为0.6 mg/m~3,烟气含水量为4%,在30 kV、600~700 Hz时,获得97.5%的氧化效率;陶瓷纳米材料对单质汞几乎不吸附,对二价汞的吸附率在90%~97%;在停留时间为1 s,Hg~(2+)浓度为0.2~0.3 mg/m~3时,吸附后浓度小于0.03 mg/m~3。该研究为含汞废气深度净化新工艺的工业应用可行性提供参考。     

气相组分对非热等离子体氧化气相元素汞的影响

采用线串齿轮-管式正极性流光放电反应器产生非热等离子体,考察了放电等离子体参与下烟气中各组分对元素汞氧化的影响.结果表明, CO2的加入和高浓度的NO导致作用于汞的活性粒子减少,从而阻碍元素汞的氧化.在等离子体作用下,部分CO2会与活性粒子作用而转化为CO.加入NO浓度为670mg/m3,电压升高到9.5kV时,仅有37%的元素汞被氧化. SO2的加入能促进元素汞的氧化,而且伴随SO2的氧化和白色HgSO4和Hg2SO4的生成,电压升高到10kV时,反应器出口基本检测不到元素汞. H2O和HCI也具有促进元素汞氧化的作用,这可能是因为氧化性· OH形成得到促进和反应气氛中存在C1-离子.部分元素汞和氧化态汞在荷电后会被等离子体反应器捕集,因此等离子体作用后,气相总汞浓度显著降低.     

贵阳市小型燃煤锅炉烟气中汞的形态及释放

选择贵阳市某厂的1台安装有湿法脱硫除尘的燃煤锅炉,研究湿法脱硫除尘前后燃煤烟气中颗粒态汞(Hgp)、氧化态汞(Hg2+)、原子态汞(Hg0)以及总汞(Hgt)的含量和形态分布。结果显示,湿法脱硫除尘后的颗粒态汞、氧化态汞、原子态汞分别约占总汞的10 4%,6 0%,83 6%。湿法脱硫除尘器对氧化态汞与颗粒态汞有很好的去除效率(分别为87 9%,76 1%),而对原子态汞的去除效率较差(为30 4%)。由于对该锅炉的年燃煤量统计有一定的误差以及烟气采样分析方法本身存在的误差,该锅炉输出的总汞略大于输入的总汞,质量平衡结果为:输出输入=103 6%～107 4%。煤经过燃烧后,总汞的释放因子为:41 7%残留在底灰中,65 7%进入烟气中,其中经过湿法脱硫除尘器的净化,26 7%的汞随除尘废水排放到水环境中,7 8%存在于经过除尘后的渣中,25 05%随清洁烟气释放到大气中。      

零价汞在MnOx/α-Al2O3-氯气体系中的催化氧化

为强化烟气中零价汞向二价汞的转化,利用模拟含汞烟气研究了以MnOx/α-Al2O3作为催化剂、利用氯气作为氧化剂催化氧化零价汞的方法.着重考察了氯气浓度、温度、空速和SO2对催化氧化零价汞性能的影响,并与HCl作为氧化剂的结果进行了对比.同时,对催化剂进行表征,探讨了催化剂表面吸附态汞的形态.研究结果表明,Cl2较HCl更易活化且活性温度区间更广,在100～300℃范围内,Cl2体积分数为2.0×10-6时的催化氧化效率即可达80%以上;在1.6×104-6.4×104 h-1空速范围内,零价汞氧化率保持在90%以上.空速继续提高到1.92×105h-1时,零价汞氧化率呈现线性下降趋势;烟气中的SO2与Cl2:反应会消耗Cl2,Cl2体积分数低时对催化氧化反应抑制作用显著,但Cl2体积分数增至5.0×10-6时对催化氧化反应的抑制效果较弱,仅为10%左右.     

SCR系统中烟气组分对零价汞氧化效率的影响研究

通过模拟选择性催化还原(SCR)系统,研究烟气组分中HCl、SO2、NO以及O2对于烟气中零价汞(Hg0)氧化效率的影响。实验结果表明:HCl会明显促进Hg0的氧化效率,随着HCl浓度的增大,Hg0的氧化效率呈大幅度上升的趋势,但会逐渐趋于一个常量;SO2的存在会明显抑制Hg0的氧化,当SO2的浓度由105.0 mg/m3升高到525.0 mg/m3时,Hg0的氧化率由93.3%下降到86.7%;NO对于Hg0的氧化有一定的促进作用,当NO浓度由149.2 mg/m3升高到298.4 mg/m3时,Hg0的氧化率由86.7%升高到93.3%;O2是提高Hg0氧化率必不可少的条件,O2含量的增加可以明显促进Hg0的氧化。正交实验表明:4种主要烟气成分对Hg0氧化效率的影响作用排序为:HClO2SO2NO,获得汞的最大氧化效率实验方案为:HCl、O2、SO2、NO的浓度分别为4.8 mg/m3、5%、105.0 mg/m3和186.5 mg/m3。     

褐煤地下气化过程汞析出规律的研究

在褐煤地下气化模型试验的基础上 ,研究了褐煤中汞的赋存形态 ,褐煤地下气化煤气中汞含量的变化及存在形态 ,以及气化工艺的影响 ;分析了地下气化过程中汞的析出及反应机理 .实验结果表明 ,汞在试验褐煤中主要以硫化物结合态和残渣态形式存在 ;褐煤地下气化煤气中汞含量随气化时间的变化而变化 ,且主要以Hg0 (g)的形态存在 ;水蒸汽的存在会降低Hg0 (g)被其它气体氧化为Hg2 (g)的趋势 ;与地面气化及燃煤过程不同 ,煤地下气化产物中 ,气态汞占总汞比例低于 2 0 % ,明显低于地面气化及燃煤     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.