石化产业发展特征与污染治理思考

近年来,石化产业逐步摆脱连续多年低迷状况,产业运行保持稳中向好态势,治污减排改善明显,实现产业提质增效与环境治理协同共进良好局面。但从石化产业环境治理现状来看,在结构布局、污染排放、特征污染物监管等方面还存在不足,建议进一步加强产业环境管理,倒逼石化企业改造升级,支持发展绿色环保产品,提升基础支撑保障能力,推动形成产业绿色发展长效机制。     

广东省生态环境保护"十四五"之生态环境监测网络建设主要任务

<正>01大亚湾石化区严格控制石化产业规模,不断优化产业结构,促进产品升级换代,持续提升清洁生产水平、水资源综合利用水平和降低污染物排放强度。结合石化化工产业发展,优化隔离带和安全防护区域设置,严格执行相应防护要求。严格执行海域开发利用等相关法律法规规定。持续深化泄漏检测与修复（LDAR）制度,     

环境医学

X18 200402011 环境污染物与人类健康/林云琴…(华南理工大学环境科学工程系)∥环境卫生工程/天津市市容环境工程设计研究所.-2003,11(3).-132-136 环图X-143 环境污染物是干扰人体内分泌机制,影响人体正常调节作用的外源性化学物。它对人体的健康产生潜在的巨大危害。通过综述国内外对环境污染物影响人体健康方面的研究情况,指出环境污染物的致癌效应以及对妇女、婴幼儿的严重危害;对环境污染物的毒理学进行详细阐述;提出处理和防治环境污染物的一些措施;并指出环境污染物种的确定方法,各年龄段人群特殊动力学的建立和从生理学、分子学等出发研究污染物的毒理性,将成为今后环境科学领域研究的重点表1参25     

我国电子信息产业污染及其环境健康管理对策

20世纪90年代以来,我国电子信息产业迅速发展,但在高速增长的同时,电子信息产业在加工、制造和工厂废物处理过程中也造成了严重的环境污染和健康损害问题,不仅危害环境,也危害普通周边居民和职业工人的健康.本文通过学习借鉴发达国家电子信息产业的环境健康管理经验,结合我国国情和现状,提出了针对我国的电子信息产业环境污染及其人群健康损害的环境健康管理对策和建议.     

对实施环境健康扶贫的几点思考

当前,我国扶贫工作进入攻坚阶段,研究发现,在我国一些环境污染风险较高的区域,部分居民贫困状况与环境健康损害相关。实施健康扶贫,优化扶贫策略,分类分步采取切实有效措施对于助力我国经济社会可持续发展具有重要意义。针对环境健康影响人群,通过救助环境健康损害居民、干预污染物暴露、改善综合环境质量等方式,尽量降低环境污染暴露所致健康危害的经济损失和暴露人群的贫困状况,是健康扶贫的重要内容。     

构建省级环境与健康监测评估体系

从构建国家环境与健康技术管理体系出发,提出构建省级环境与健康监测评估体系。运用环境系统工程的思想,确定对人体、生态环境构成健康风险的污染因子优先开展监测、评估。提出环境健康标准体系,并建立与之对应的环境与健康监测系统、信息系统、技术系统、法律系统、经济系统和产业系统等。提出为开展环境与健康影响的研究,应首先开展环境污染健康效应调查方法、环境污染监测布点与健康调查监测布点及数据的关联与处理、典型区域环境污染物对人体及生态环境的健康损害风险评估方法、特征污染物暴露反应关系模型及健康效应剂量一反应关系等研究工作,借以为开展以人体健康指标特征为基础的环境风险评价和环境污染控制提供科学依据。     

中国石化HSE管理体系

现代石油石化生产技术的发展,一方面给人类带来了大量的财富和舒适的生活环境,另一方面由于火灾、爆炸、中毒等重大事故的频频发生,不仅给企业带来了高额的经济损失,也使石油石化产业长期处于高能耗、高污染、高破坏的境地.HSE管理体系将健康、安全、环境融为一体,将企业追求最大利润的天性逐步变为保全生命质量、保护环境的持续利用与追逐利润并重,使企业的管理目标特别突出了人的健康、安全和环境保护.……     

城市河流环境容量模式的建立与研究——以平顶山市湛河为例

摘要：环境容量是指人群健康和自然生态不受危害的前提下,自然环境对污染物的最大容纳量,是自然生态环境的基本属性之一,具有资源性、有限性、稳定性、变更性、周期性、地域性的特点。随着环境管理工作的逐步深入,为进一步科学制定污染物总量控制目标,为“十二五”环境保护规划及主要污染物减排计划编制提供科学依据,文章以平顶山湛河环境容量研究为例,探讨城市河流环境容量模式的建立与研究。     

我国环境污染对健康危害的现状及其对策研究

环境污染所导致的健康危害正变得日益严重，在某些地区已严重影响到当地的社会稳定和经济发展。本文在分析空气污染、水污染、土壤污染、持久性难降解有机污染物对人群健康的影响的基础上，对建立环境健康管理机制与战略提出了对策建议。     

加强环境监管 推动沿海经济绿色发展

沿海重化工产业的发展给我国近岸海域环境带来巨大挑战。为了保证海洋健康、保护海洋环境,推动沿海经济向绿色增长之路发展将是我国的必然选择。大量重化工产业在沿海地区聚集,沿海省市均已将石化产业作为本地区的支柱产业。随着我国沿海区域经济发展规划陆续批准实施,沿海地区已经进入新一轮海洋开发和区域经济发展阶段,掀起了海洋开发、蓝色经济大发展的高潮。从各项规划看,大量重化工产业在沿海地区聚集,沿海省市均已将石化产业作为本地区的支柱产业。一方面可能导致重复建设、无序竞争,大规模的重复建设将带来产能过剩,加重     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.