投加填料对微生物群落结构的影响及对水质的变化研究

通过向传统活性污泥处理系统中投加悬浮填料形成了MBBR工艺,该工艺实现了悬浮生长的活性污泥法和附着生长的生物膜法的优点叠加,是污水处理厂的一种廉价、高效的提标改造方式.对西安市第四污水处理厂改造前后不同季节处理生活污水的效果进行了对比研究,以及对提标前后污水处理工艺中脱氮相关菌群结构的变化进行了分析,结果表明:提标改造后生物池出水水质达到了一级A标准, 其中氨氮浓度下降了0.44~1.29mg/L,总氮浓度下降了4.93~5.60mg/L,COD去除率达到了92%以上;经过高通量分析,系统脱氮相关的微生物丰富度增加,微生物多样性增加,系统中有Phaeodactylibacter、Comamonas、Nitrospira、Terrimonas、Dokdonella、Thermomonas、Ignavibacterium等十余种与脱氮相关的优势菌属,Nitrospira在MBBR工艺中大量富集达到4.9%,脱氮相关菌属占比达到了19.29%,有效的促进了系统的脱氮.     

活性污泥法中细菌多样性综述

活性污泥法是污水处理最重要的生物处理工艺之一,活性污泥系统中的细菌群落是该技术的核心,准确地了解活性污泥中微生物的群落结构、关键功能、细菌的生理特性和作用机制是提高活性污泥处理工艺运行效果的重要依据。文章通过对相关文献的总结和分析,综述了活性污泥处理工艺中主要细菌群落(脱氮除磷细菌、丝状菌等)的多样性和生理生态学特征,为提高污水处理厂运行效能、增强功能稳定性提供一定的微生物学理论基础。     

OPCRP填料的SBMBBR处理低温污水脱氮细菌多样性试验

针对低温污水生物脱氮效率低问题,采用有机高分子复合硬性颗粒（OPCRP）-SBMBBR反应器处理低温污水,与传统SBR反应器对比,通过Miseq高通量测序技术分析了2套反应器中活性污泥的细菌菌群多样性及组成结构丰度差异,揭示高效处理低温污水优势脱氮菌群。结果表明:在水温（6.5±1）℃条件下,OPCRP-SBMBBR反应器出水脱氮效果及污泥沉降速率均明显提高;投加填料有助于提高活性污泥系统内硝化反硝化菌多样性和相对丰度,即优势氨氧化菌（AOB）、亚硝酸盐氧化菌（NOB）、厌氧反硝化菌总相对丰度分别由SBR （R1）的3.9%、3.47%、15.87%增加到OPCRP-SBMBBR （R2）的5.21%、5.26%、23.64%。异养硝化-好氧反硝化菌种红环菌科、Enterobacteriaceae、Terrimonas,分别由R1的2.77%、1.63%、2.43%增加到R2的3.3%、3.11%、2.59%;R2独有的好氧反硝化菌种包括假单胞菌属、氢噬胞菌属等,其相对丰度分别为1.17%、0.79%。R1、R2中优势好氧反硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为10.66%、17.35%,优势硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为7.37%、10.47%,优势硝化反硝化菌种总相对丰度分别为28.65%、43.32%,为低温污水中生物脱氮提供了良好的细菌环境。     

克隆文库方法分析厌氧氨氧化反应器中细菌群落结构

为了认识低基质浓度污水厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)脱氮过程的生物学机制,为ANAMMOX脱氮工艺的优化提供理论依据,通过构建细菌16S rDNA(约1 500 bp)克隆文库和浮霉菌特有16S rDNA(约830 bp)克隆文库对ANAMMOX脱氮反应器中活性污泥的细菌群落结构进行分析。从细菌16S rDNA克隆文库中随机挑选到160个克隆子,共31个分类单元(OTU),与GenBank数据库比对结果表明,厌氧颗粒污泥中的细菌群落具有丰富的多样性,包括:变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、拟杆菌门(Bacteroidete)、硝化螺旋菌门(Nitrospira)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)、Candidate division OP10、浮霉菌门(Planctomycetes)和未知菌,其中,变形菌门和拟杆菌门为优势菌群,分别占41.9%和34.2%。在浮霉菌特有16S rDNA克隆文库的40个克隆子中,34个克隆子属于CandidatusKuenenia属的厌氧氨氧化细菌,它们是ANAMMOX脱氮过程的主要功能菌。     

部分反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化IFAS系统脱氮性能

采用部分反硝化活性污泥耦合厌氧氨氧化生物膜处理低碳氮比废水(C/TN=1.63),考察生物膜-活性污泥复合系统(IFAS)进行部分反硝化耦合厌氧氨氧化(PD/A)处理低碳氮比废水的可行性及其耦合后两相中功能菌活性与菌群分布变化规律.结果显示,系统耦合运行期间,出水TN为(5.07±0.2)mg/L,去除率为(90.7±0.1)%,厌氧氨氧化途径对TN去除的贡献率高达(86.61±3.4)%;固着相对厌氧氨氧化活性的贡献率为100%,悬浮相上,μ(NO₃^--N)占比为99.32%,μ(NO₂^--N)占比为99.22%;与耦合前相比,悬浮相中硝酸盐还原酶(Nar)活性由(0.43±0.05)μmol/(mg protein·min)增加至(0.49±0.09)μmol/(mg protein·min),亚硝酸盐转化率明显升高[(70±2.2)%~(90.01±2.3)%];Illumina MiSeq结果显示,固着相上的优势菌属为Candidatus_Brocadia,且耦合前后丰度无明显变化(33.61%~33.43%),悬浮相上反硝化菌属Prosthecobacter,Ferruginibacter,OLB8丰度增加.以上结果表明,在IFAS系统中可以实现稳定的PD/A协同脱氮,耦合后部分反硝化由悬浮相主导,厌氧氨氧化由固着相主导,厌氧氨氧化菌(AnAOB)与反硝化菌对NO₂^­--N的竞争强化了悬浮相部分反硝化能力.     

低DO下AGS-SBR处理低COD/N生活污水长期运行特征及种群分析

本研究在序批式活性污泥反应器(SBR)中接种好氧颗粒污泥(AGS),构成AGS-SBR系统,研究其在低DO(0.5~1.0mg·L~(-1))条件下,处理低COD/N比(4.0)生活污水同步脱氮除磷的长期稳定运行特性,并解析反应器的主要菌群构成.结果表明,在反应器运行的180d里,AGS-SBR系统表现出了良好且稳定的除污能力,反应器对水体中COD、NH~+_4-N、TN和TP平均去除率分别达到87.17%、95.21%、77.05%和91.11%.好氧颗粒污泥沉降性能一直很好,污泥始终保持着完整的颗粒外观和密实紧凑的结构,并没有出现明显的颗粒污泥解体的现象.同时,高通量测序结果表明,变形菌门、厚壁菌门、绿菌门、绿弯菌门和拟杆菌门为SBR-AGS反应器中主要优势菌群.Denitratisoma、Planctomycetaceae、Thauera、Comamonas、Nitrosomonas和Nitrospira是反应器中与脱氮有关菌群;Clostridium和Anaerolinea是除磷相关细菌.     

投加悬浮填料强化传统活性污泥法的脱氮功能试验研究

针对传统活性污泥法生物脱氮除磷功能较差 ,中试试验采用投加悬浮填料增加其脱氮能力。试验结果表明 ,在原水力停留时间不变的条件下 ,投加悬浮填料 ,不仅系统硝化效果明显 ,而且总氮去除率也能得到显著提高。投加悬浮填料增加传统活性污泥法的脱氮功能是经济、简便和可行的     

丝状菌污泥膨胀对脱氮除磷功能菌群的影响

丝状菌引起的污泥膨胀或生物泡沫是活性污泥法污水处理厂运行管理中经常碰到的异常问题,为确定丝状菌引起的污泥膨胀对脱氮除磷系统功能菌群的影响,采用形态学鉴定和Illumina MiSeq高通量测序对5座城市污水处理厂非膨胀期和膨胀期活性污泥、生物泡沫中关键微生物菌群分布特征进行分析研究.结果表明,污泥膨胀和生物泡沫主要由微丝菌(Microthrix parvicella)引起,膨胀期污泥和生物泡沫中微丝菌最高比例达6%和38%.主要脱氮除磷菌属为亚硝化单胞菌(Nitrosomonas)、硝化螺菌(Nitrospira)、陶厄氏菌(Thauera)和Candidatus Accumulibacter phosphatis.膨胀期与非膨胀期相比AOB和聚磷菌相对丰度明显降低,最大变化比例为54%和47%,反硝化菌相对丰度显著升高,最大变化比例为73%;脱氮除磷菌群的波动变化受污泥膨胀的影响外,还与处理工艺及菌群的生理特性相关.     

生物膜复合系统脱氮除磷的特征及微生物群落结构分析

试验研究了序批式生物膜复合系统在不同有机负荷下氮磷等营养物质的去除特性.结果表明,复合系统在COD负荷为0.35kg.kg-1.d-1(以MLSS计)时能够很好解决脱氮除磷的泥龄矛盾,TP、TN、NH4+-N去除率分别能达到96%、89%和96%,高于对照组的SBR工艺.复合系统中,悬浮污泥对硝化起主要作用,悬浮态污泥和生物膜的硝化平均贡献比为1.66;附着态生物膜对反硝化和除磷起主要作用,生物膜和悬浮态污泥的反硝化贡献比为2.19,释磷贡献比为3.5,摄磷贡献比为3.76.利用PCR-DGGE技术发现,复合系统中存在丰富的脱氮功能菌和除磷功能菌,且悬浮态与附着态微生物的相似性仅为73%,区别较大,说明两者存在一定的分工协作,与反应器的处理特性相一致.     

常规和倒置A~2/O工艺活性污泥微生物群落结构的比较

为了探究倒置A~2/O工艺脱氮除磷效果优于常规A~2/O工艺的机理,利用聚合酶链式反应-变形梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术与纯培养方法分析了2种工艺活性污泥中微生物群落结构.结果显示,2种工艺活性污泥的优势菌群均含有β-变形菌与γ-变形菌;倒置A~2/O工艺活性污泥中检测到大量的亚硝化螺旋菌、红环菌和4种未培养的拟杆菌,而这些菌类在常规A~2/O工艺中含量较少;利用纯培养方法在倒置A~2/O工艺活性污泥检测到的γ-变形菌纲希瓦氏菌属、克雷伯氏菌属和类球红细菌在常规A~2/O工艺样品中未检测到.推测以上菌种的存在可能是倒置A~2/O工艺具有较高脱氮除磷效果的主要原因.此外,扫描电镜结果显示倒置A~2/O工艺活性污泥较为疏松,丝状细菌含量较少,且不存在念珠状细菌.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.