基于排放因子法的中国主要城市群城镇污水厂温室气体排放特征

温室气体产生是"碳中和"背景下污水处理行业亟待解决的问题之一,准确掌握我国主要城市区域污水处理厂温室气体的产生特征和变化规律是制定减排政策的前提。基于污水处理量的排放因子法,建立了2015-2019年中国五大城市群城镇污水处理厂温室气体二氧化碳(CO₂)、甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的排放清单,分析了温室气体排放的时空分布和影响因素。结果表明:五大城市群城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放量逐年升高,长江三角洲城市群排放量始终最高,2019年达到2042.78 Gg CO₂-eq,汾渭平原城市群排放量最低;珠江三角洲城市群人均温室气体排放量最高,2019年达到20.36 kg/人;相关性分析显示,污水厂温室气体排放量与人口、GDP、污水处理能力和污水处理率呈显著正相关。     

城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法与案例研究

针对城镇污水处理厂的污染物与温室气体如何实现协同减排核算问题,该研究提出了城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体的核算边界、协同机制和核算方法,并通过实例进行验证分析,给出了如何核算污染物去除的协同控制效应和协同程度.结果表明:①污水处理厂污染物去除与温室气体排放之间存在关联机制,厌氧环境去除COD_Cr会产生CH₄,污泥厌氧消化过程也可产生大量CH₄,硝化和反硝化过程中去除TN会产生N₂O.②城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算可分为确定核算边界、选择核算方法、收集活动水平数据与确定排放因子、质量控制、形成核算报告等步骤.一方面构建了污染物去除量计算公式,去除量涵盖CH₄回收量、COD_Cr和TN去除量、污泥处理量;另一方面构建了温室气体排放量计算公式,排放量涵盖回收CH₄产生的温室气体减排量、去除COD_Cr产生的温室气体排放量、处理污泥产生的温室气体排放量、去除TN产生的温室气体排放量.③案例分析结果表明,该污水处理厂污染物去除并没有协同减排温室气体排放量,从温室气体排放强度来看,单位COD_Cr去除量、单位TN去除量和单位污泥处理量产生的温室气体排放量分别为0.051 3、2.435 6和0.546 0 t,单位TN去除量产生的温室气体量（2.435 6 t）最大,其次为污泥处理（0.546 0 t）;从温室气体排放总量来看,该污水处理厂使用电力间接排放的温室气体量（1 362.68 t）最大.研究提出的城镇污水处理厂污染物去除协同控制温室气体核算方法可行,能够根据污水处理厂相关数据判定污水处理不同环节污染物去除和温室气体减排二者间的关系.针对核算过程中存在的数据不确定性问题、质量控制问题以及如何实现减污降碳协同增效等方面提出了相应的完善方法,如在质量控制中可通过制定核算方案、监测方案与计划,开展核算人员业务培训,进行数据核验,测量仪器校准和调整等提高核算质量.研究显示,在碳达峰碳中和的“双碳”目标约束下,城镇污水处理厂在进行污水处理时需要全面考虑各种因素,建立协同控制的治理体系,实现减污降碳协同增效的最大化.      

中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放时空分布特征

城镇污水处理厂由于运行过程中能够大量产生二氧化碳(CO_2)、甲烷(CH_4)和氧化亚氮(N_2O),而被视为重要的人为温室气体释放源.采用基于污染物削减量的排放因子法建立了2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体(CO_2、CH_4和N_2O)排放清单,并分析温室气体排放的时空分布和影响因素.结果表明,2014年中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放总量(以CO_2-eq计)为7 348.60 Gg,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O排放量分别为6 054.57 Gg、27.47 Gg(769.08 Gg,以CO_2-eq计)和1.98 Gg(524.95 Gg,以CO_2-eq计);各省份间排放量差异明显,华东地区排放量较高,西北地区排放量较低,西藏几乎没有排放,2005~2014年这10年间中国通过城镇污水处理厂排放的温室气体总量增长了229.4%,CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的涨幅分别为217.9%、217.9%和520.3%;地区经济的发展水平和污水处理量与当地城镇污水厂温室气体释放量相关性最大,人均蛋白质供应量与城镇污水厂N_2O产生量密切相关.     

天津市生活污水甲烷排放量估算研究

气候变化问题是当前人类发展面临的重要挑战,甲烷作为重要的温室气体来源,其引起气候变化的作用不容小觑。污水处理甲烷排放是全球重要的甲烷排放源,并且增长快、减排潜力较大。生活污水中BOD含量是甲烷排放量核算中重要的活动水平数据,而我国又缺乏BOD统计量,需要尽快形成BOD/COD地方特征值以便更加准确地估算生活污水甲烷排放量,并为各省市温室气体清单的编制提供基础数据支持。本文通过天津市2012-2015年污水处理厂BOD/COD实测数据估算得出各年度天津市系统处理与排入环境污水的BOD/COD特征值,据此估算各年生活污水甲烷排放量。最终,结合估算结果提出污水处理部门温室气体减排对策建议。     

中国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放趋势及驱动因子识别

为实现我国城镇污水处理厂绿色发展,助力实现“双碳”目标,通过测算2014-2020年我国各省(自治区、直辖市)城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放量(不包括西藏自治区和港澳台地区数据,下同),分析各省份污水处理厂水-能关系及空间格局变化趋势,并基于随机森林模型识别影响城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放的驱动因子,探究各因子对碳排放总量的影响程度.结果表明：(1)我国2020年城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放总量(以CO₂当量计)为33.26 Mt,较2014年增长了45%.全国人均排放量为22.9 kg/a,单位GDP排放强度为3.19 kg/(10⁴元),吨水排放强度为0.589 kg/m³,均存在北高南低的特征.(2)华北地区城镇污水处理厂温室气体间接排放占比最高,天津市水-能关系最为合理,GWFRE(灰水足迹削减率)与eGWFR(单位能耗下的灰水足迹削减效率)分别为4.57、9.14.(3)全国城镇污水处理厂温室气体排放的空间自相关性逐年加强,热点区域面积逐年减小,冷点区域面积逐年增加,局部格局呈显著的南北分异.(4)驱动因子中人口数量、...     

城市污水处理过程中恶臭气体释放的研究进展

长期以来,我国城市污水处理相关工作人员职业病频发,与城市污水处理过程中会释放出大量的有毒有害气体有重要关系,我国现有的《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》对水质排放指标作了明确规定,但对于污水处理过程中释放的气体污染物的类型及排放限值缺少详细说明.本文对城市污水处理厂不同污水处理工艺及不同污水处理单元在运行中所释放的气体污染物的特征进行了归纳总结,阐述了城市污水处理厂释放的主要恶臭挥发性有机物的产生途径、释放量及影响因素,并指出目前城市污水处理厂释放的气体污染物主要通过尾气末端收集综合处理的方式进行治理,而对于工艺运行参数与气体污染物释放特征之间的相关性关系仍需深入研究.     

不同污水处理工艺非二氧化碳温室气体的释放

甲烷和氧化亚氮是两种重要的非二氧化碳温室气体.城市污水处理厂是甲烷和氧化亚氮的重要释放源.因此,为探究不同污水处理工艺甲烷和氧化亚氮的释放现状和变化规律,通过浮流式表面集气罩对西安市第三污水处理厂（Orbal氧化沟工艺）和第四污水处理厂（A/A/O工艺）生物处理过程中甲烷和氧化亚氮的排放情况进行测定,比较不同污水处理工艺中非二氧化碳温室气体的释放情况,并以第四污水处理厂为例研究溶解氧、温度对非二氧化碳温室气体释放量的影响.结果表明,西安市第三污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷1181 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮36.20 mg（以N₂O计）,西安市第四污水处理厂每m³进水释放甲烷209 mg（以CH₄计）、氧化亚氮54.64 mg（以N₂O计）.温度、曝气方式、溶解氧浓度、亚硝酸盐氧化速率和最大产甲烷活性是甲烷和氧化亚氮释放量的重要影响因素.     

工业园区污水处理设施监管政策框架研究

工业园区为经济发展做出了巨大贡献,但其水污染超标问题也不容忽视。近年来,工业园区水环境污染事件频发,园区污水处理设施监管体系不健全,未能有效发挥污水处理厂的功能是重要原因之一。本文分析了工业园区污水处理厂监管存在的管理协调机制不健全、污水排放标准体系不完善、污水处理配套设施处理能力滞后等问题,提出了工业园区污水处理设施监管政策框架,建议进一步健全责任体系、完善工业园区污水排放标准体系、形成园区污水处理配套设施建设长效机制等,为提高工业园区污水排放全面稳定达标提供管理技术支撑。     

污水处理过程中的温室气体排放现状及展望

污水处理是重要的温室气体可控人为排放源之一,污水处理过程排放的温室气体主要有CO2、CH4和N2O,其影响不可小视。目前对于污水处理工艺的选择,人们往往关注的是处理效果及处理成本,极少关注处理过程中温室气体的排放。文章对污水处理过程中CH4、N2O的形成机理进行了论述,对不同处理工艺的污水处理过程中温室气体排放进行综述,并提出相应的减排措施,对相关研究人员具有一定的参考价值。     

呼和浩特地区污水厂能耗评价与碳排放分析

污水处理过程的能耗和温室气体排放方面的研究对于应对能源危机和气候危机具有重要作用。文章利用层次分析法,建立了具有4层15项指标的能耗评价体系。结合城镇污水处理系统的绿色指标体系,选取呼和浩特地区具有代表性、处理规模相近的2座中小型污水厂进行能耗评价。结果表明:处理能力利用率、处理工艺系统稳定性和污水厂高程布置所对应的3项评价指标在所选择的能耗影响因素中所占权重较大,分别为:0.143 0,0.302 4和0.145 6。进一步运用IPCC计算方法对污水处理厂进行碳排放概算,得出A、B污水处理厂的碳排放量分别为:19.401 t CO2/104t、18.378 t CO2/104t。A、B污水处理厂的实际比能耗分别为0.293 kW.h/m3、0.195 kW.h/m3。将碳排放数据与实际能耗情况对比得出:污水处理厂的能耗水平越高,单位碳排放量也越大。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.