土壤中邻苯二甲酸酯的高效液相色谱检测方法

为了更加高效、快捷、经济地检测土壤中的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs),本文构建并优化了超声萃取-高效液相色谱(UE-HPLC)检测方法.选取美国环保署优先控制的邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二正丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯、邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯为实验对象,通过对6种PAEs的最大紫外吸收波长值进行测定、优化高效液相色谱运行条件,进而构建了土壤中6种PAEs的HPLC检测方法,具体参数如下:检测时间为30min;进样量为20μL;分离系统以乙腈-UP水为流动相、初始流速为1.0mL/min,采用梯度洗脱的方式分离PAEs,柱温为40℃;检测系统采用紫外检测器检测、开启波长切换模式,波长分别为205和290nm.采用线性回归方程及相关系数、加标回收率、相对标准偏差和检出限对方法进行评价.结果表明,该方法具有较宽的线性范围,最大质量浓度范围在0.1～100mg/L,相关系数均在0.999以上.1和5mg/kg的6种PAEs加标回收率范围分别为73.03%～91.89%和72.59%～90.70%,相对标准偏差范围分别为1.78%～12.46%和0.30%...     

反乳化分散液液微萃取-HPLC测定水中二氯酚

建立了一种快速、简便、灵敏的反乳化分散液液微萃取新方法,并与高效液相色谱联用成功用于环境水样中2,4-二氯酚与2,6-二氯酚的测定。对萃取条件(如萃取剂、分散剂/反乳化剂的种类和体积、盐浓度、p H等)进行了优化,得到了最佳的反乳化分散液液微萃取条件。对2,4-二氯酚与2,6-二氯酚测定的线性范围分别为5~600μg/L(r=0.999 8)和5~600μg/L(r=0.999 7),检出限(3σ)为2.06μg/L和2.88μg/L。对200μg/L的标准溶液测定得到的相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.71%和2.67%(n=6)。该方法已成功用于3种实际环境水样中痕量2,4-二氯酚与2,6-二氯酚的测定,加标回收率为83.2%~118.2%,RSD为0.56%~17.81%(n=3)。     

固相萃取-气相色谱质谱法测定水样中5种邻苯二甲酸酯研究

建立了采用固相萃取技术结合气相色谱质谱法对5种邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs) 进行富集、检测的方法,并成功应用于实际水样分析.实验中采用加标回收率来评价萃取效率,考察并优化了影响萃取效率的主要因素,包括固相萃取小柱的种类、洗脱剂类型、洗脱次数和用量、样品环境影响等.结果表明:在最佳萃取条件下,该法对5种PAEs(邻苯二甲酸二甲酯、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯和邻苯二甲酸(2-乙基己基)酯)具有较高的萃取效率;在浓度范围为0.50~10.0 mg/L时,线性相关系数为0.992 6~0.999 8;检出限为0.05~0.37μg/L,定量限为0.20~1.48μg/L,空白水样加标回收率范围为95%~115%,相对标准偏差为2.4%~11.1%.该方法操作简单、稳定性好、回收率高,可以用于测定实际水样中的PAEs类增塑剂.     

液液小体积萃取GC-MS方法测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物

建立了一种液液小体积萃取GC-MS测定地表水中邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物(PAEs)的分析方法。对液液小体积萃取的原理进行了分析;对分析参数如线性相关性、相对标准偏差、最低检出限及加标回收率进行了评价。结果表明,采用液液小体积萃取GC-MS方法,当取样体积为200 mL,萃取试剂用量为2 mL时,方法的最低检出限为0.03～0.09μg/L;5种邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物回收率范围在68%～115%之间;其相对标准偏差范围在3.3%～8.2%之间。对实际地表水水样中的邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物进行了定性定量分析,结果令人满意。     

加速溶剂萃取法测定土壤中有机氯农药

采用弗罗里硅藻土作基质的固相分散剂的加速溶剂萃取(ASE)技术提取土壤中的8种有机氯农药,再利用复合硅胶-氧化铝固相萃取柱净化,最后以五氯硝基苯(PCNB)为内标进行GC-ECD检测。实验从萃取时间、萃取温度和萃取压力3个方面对ASE萃取条件进行了优化。该方法的加标回收率为80%~98%,相对标准偏差小于4.0%。方法满足了土壤中有机氯农药残留测定的要求,是测定土壤中有机氯农药残留的高效方法之一。     

喷涂废水中邻苯二甲酸酯测定的优化研究

选取固相萃取GC-MS法定量检测喷涂废水中四种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs),运用正交设计法,研究了pH、洗脱剂、洗脱体积、洗脱速率和水样流速对废水中PAEs回收率的影响。结果表明,pH为2.5时回收率最佳(均100%);在该pH下,洗脱剂对4种PAEs的回收率影响最大,水样流速次之,洗脱速率与洗脱体积对4种PAEs的回收率影响相对较小。样品前处理最优参数为:水样流速8mL/min、洗脱剂为乙酸乙酯、洗脱体积4mL、洗脱速率2mL/min;该条件下4种PAEs的线性范围为0.2～8.0μg/mL,相关系数均0.99,喷漆废水中平均加标回收率为61.1%～103%,相对标准偏差为3.1%～14.6%,均可满足试验要求。     

分散液液微萃取-HPLC测定水中苯胺类化合物

文章采用分散液液微萃取-高效液相色谱技术对水中的苯胺类化合物进行分析,并对影响萃取的各种因素,如萃取剂种类、分散剂体积、萃取时间、p H值和盐效应等进行了优化,确定了最佳萃取条件。相关系数均大于0.997 0,最低检出限0.5~0.9μg/L,加标回收率90.3%~103.0%,相对标准偏差为3.57~5.48,该方法可用于对地表水体中苯胺类化合物的检测。     

废塑料再生地农田土壤邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征

为了解废旧塑料再生行业对周边农田土壤环境的影响,在莱州沙河镇废旧塑料再生基地内部及周边区域采集22个农田土壤样品,文章利用高效液相色谱法对样品中6种邻苯二甲酸酯含量(PAEs)进行了检测,并对其污染特征及健康风险进行了分析。结果表明,基地农田土壤中6种PAEs总量介于4.63～15.59 mg/kg之间,邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯(DEHP)检出率均为100%;DEHP、DBP和BBP是主要的PAEs,分别占∑_6PAEs的32.96%、30.55%和26.73%。基地内部农田土壤中PAEs含量显著高于外部区域,总体表现为与基地的距离越远,农田土壤中PAEs含量越低。健康风险评估表明,成人和儿童对PAEs的暴露风险主要通过饮食途径,部分采样点BBP、DEHP和DnOP的非致癌风险值>1,存在非致癌风险;成人和儿童通过饮食途径对BBP和DEHP暴露的致癌风险值超过EPA推荐的致癌水平,应引起一定的重视。     

析因设计DLLME-SFO同时萃取水中EDCs的应用

采用全析因设计对分散液液微萃取-上浮溶剂固化(DLLME-SFO)同时萃取水中五种环境内分泌干扰物包括雌酮(E1)、雌三醇(E3)、双酚A(BPA)、己烯雌酚(DES)和壬基酚(NP)的条件进行优化,建立了预测回归方程,并分析了因素对DLLME-SFO萃取回收率的影响。利用SAS软件分析得到的最优条件为盐浓度(m/v)15%、水样体积3 mL、分散剂(甲醇)体积0.5 mL以及萃取剂(十二醇)体积120μL。在优化萃取条件下,E1、E3、BPA、DES和NP萃取回收率的预测值分别为46.17%、74.38%、79.20%、69.62%和73.05%,实验验证值分别为44.15%、87.76%、77.83%、77.68%和70.01%,实验值与预测值的相对偏差小于10%。将建立的DLLME-SFO方法用于测定实际水样中的目标化合物,结果显示实际水样中E3、BPA、DES、E1和NP同时萃取回收率分别为64.81%~76.18%,88.09%~83.15%,68.38%~70.08%,66.37%~68.72%,68.35%~72.80%,相对标准偏差(n=3)在1.47%~8.09%之间。     

固相萃取-液相色谱法测定土壤中酚类化合物

建立了索氏提取-固相萃取-液相色谱法测定土壤中环境优先监测的6种酚类污染物监测方法。利用索氏提取和固相萃取法提取净化了土壤中6种酚类化合物,比较5种固相萃取柱萃取的效果,选择PSD固相萃取柱,优化了固相萃取条件,影响固相萃取回收率的4种因子显著性顺序为:水样p H上样速度洗脱液体积溶剂类型。最佳固相萃取条件:上样的水样p H=3,上样速度5 m L/min,洗脱溶剂为乙腈,洗脱溶剂体积是10.0 m L。酚类化合物的检出限为0.01~0.05 mg/kg,加标回收率在85.39%~105.82%之间,相对标准偏差RSD10%(n=7),该法操作方便,灵敏度高,可用于土壤中多种酚类化合物的测定。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

基于综合水质标识指数和对应分析法的校园河道水质评价

以三峡大学的校园河道求索溪为研究对象,利用综合水质标识指数法确定求索溪水质类别,分析其水质时空变化规律,并利用对应分析法得出求索溪中不同监测点的主要污染因子.研究结果表明:求索溪整体的综合水质标识指数为7.423,整体水质为劣V类(地表水环境质量标准GB 3838-2002)且黑臭.从时间变化来看,求索溪4月份的水质最差,5月份次之,4、5月份所有监测点的水质都劣于V类且黑臭;8月份水质最好,水质为Ⅳ类;从空间分布来看,8个监测点综合水质标识指数均超过6.0,水质为劣V类,其中6号监测点的水质相对最好,监测点3号的水质相对最差;对应分析法得出求索溪的整体水体污染程度受总氮因子的影响最大,其次为总磷.该研究拟为求索溪及类似校园河道的水环境治理研究提供基础依据和参考.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.