基于USLE的东江流域土壤侵蚀量估算

基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE),运用遥感和地理信息技术,对东江流域年均土壤侵蚀量进行估算。结果表明:东江流域年均土壤侵蚀总量为16.2×108t,土壤侵蚀模数为18.73t/(hm2.a),侵蚀强度属轻度。占流域面积94.62%的区域土壤侵蚀强度在中度以下,对流域土壤侵蚀量的贡献率为9.94%,而占流域面积仅5.38%的中度以上侵蚀区域对流域土壤侵蚀量的贡献率达90.06%。流域土壤侵蚀空间差异性大,分析土壤侵蚀与土地利用类型和坡度之间的关系表明:裸地和灌草地为区内主要侵蚀地带,土壤侵蚀模数随着坡度的递增呈先增加后减小的趋势,5°~25°为区内主要土壤侵蚀坡度段。通过以上研究分析以期为构建东江流域水生态功能分区指标体系提供科学依据。     

基于GIS和RUSLE的三峡库区小流域土壤侵蚀量估算研究

本研究以三峡库区菱角塘小流域为研究对象,在GIS技术的支持下,通过遥感技术和野外调查进行信息采集,对修正的通用土壤流失方程(RUSLE)各因子进行量化分析,从而对三峡库区菱角塘小流域土壤侵蚀量进行定量评价,并对土壤侵蚀强度进行分级;在此基础上分析不同坡度和土地利用类型的土壤侵蚀空间分布特征。结果表明,菱角塘小流域年土壤侵蚀量为208.32t/a,土壤侵蚀模数为1 987.75t/(km2·a),属于轻度侵蚀。28.62%的区域为中度、强度或极强度侵蚀,但是其侵蚀量却占总侵蚀量的82.36%,是预防和加强水土流失治理的重点区域。土壤侵蚀主要发生在坡度为15°~35°的区域,其中15°~25°的坡度土壤侵蚀属于中度侵蚀;坡耕地侵蚀最为严重,15°~25°的坡耕地侵蚀量占总侵蚀量的57.15%,表明坡耕地是该小流域水土流失的主要策源地。同时用137 Cs核素示踪技术测定的坡耕地和林地土壤侵蚀模数证实了RUSLE模型具有较高的准确性和可靠性,该模型在库区地块尺度具有一定的推广价值。     

澜沧江流域云南段土地利用及其变化对土壤侵蚀的影响

采用GIS空间分析与传统统计分析相结合的方法,通过在ARCGIS 8.1的GRID模块中,对澜沧江流域南段土地的栅格(GRID)图进行地图代数运算,形成具有复合数据的新GRID数据表;对新生成GRID属性表的数据进行统计计算,获得研究时段内不同空间范围的土地利用转移矩阵数据及各类用地上的土壤侵蚀数据;通过土壤侵蚀综合指数(INDEX)的计算,反映了不同区域、不同土地利用类型上的土壤侵蚀程度及其变化.研究结果表明,耕地、其它林地、低覆盖度草地上土壤受侵蚀的可能性较其它用地类型大;耕地、中覆盖度草地、水域的土壤侵蚀强度较其它用地类型大;土地利用变化对土壤侵蚀变化的影响在澜沧江中游和下游区域表现较为明显,而在上游区域不明显;上游区域土壤侵蚀的主导因素不是土地利用及其变化,而是地形、气候等其它因素.     

秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用变化的土壤侵蚀效应评价

论文采用ArcGIS 10.0及InVEST土壤保持模型,分析2000—2010年秦岭山地丹江流域土地利用类型变化特征,模拟流域不同时期不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀及土壤保持量的变化规律,并着重探讨土地利用类型方式转变对流域土壤侵蚀的影响。结果表明：1）2000—2010年间,流域裸地大比例减少90.18%（831.06 hm²）,主要转移至水域,耕地大面积减少5 197.24 hm²（4.11%）,主要流向灌丛和城镇;坡耕地还林还草初见成效,湿地的保护与恢复成效显著。2）2000—2010年间,流域土壤侵蚀状况较为严重,整体处于中度侵蚀至强度侵蚀级别,但10 a间侵蚀状况有减缓趋势;在该研究时段内,耕地大面积转为灌丛是该流域由土地利用类型变化引起的土壤侵蚀减缓的主要原因;另外,耕地转为林地以及裸地面积的减少也起到了减轻土壤侵蚀的作用;以自然生态系统为主的林地、灌丛及草地转为耕地时,土壤侵蚀强度则会明显增加。3）生态系统土壤保持功能受多方因素共同影响;2000、2010年研究区实际土壤保持量分别为5.35×10⁸、5.47×10⁸ t;占全区面积一半以上的林地和灌丛单位面积土壤保持量较为稳定,全区土壤保持功能有所提高。保证一定面积的林地、在人工干预下合理安排坡耕地还林还草区域的空间分布是秦岭山地丹江流域减少土壤侵蚀的必要措施,同时应注重对可利用耕地的保护。     

基于GIS和USLE的朱溪河小流域土壤侵蚀量估算

本文在地理信息系统的支持下,结合通用水土流失方程,选取合理的因子算法,对福建省朱溪河小流域的土壤侵蚀量进行了估算,结果表明朱溪河小流域的年均土壤侵蚀模数为1 023.26 t/km<'2>,属于轻度侵蚀,中度以上侵蚀区域是预防和加强侵蚀治理的重点区域,并分析了朱溪河小流域土壤侵蚀强度空间分布格局和不同土地利用类型的土壤...     

赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀的137Cs法研究

本研究采用137Cs法对赤水河流域不同土地利用类型土壤侵蚀强度展开调查研究,以期为赤水河流域生态环境保护和实现流域的可持续发展提供基础数据。通过对赤水河中上游地区4种土地利用类型土壤剖面中137Cs含量的测定和分析,结果表明:坡耕地以侵蚀为主,平均坡度在11°~19°之间时,侵蚀模数介于3630~6776 t/(km2·a),其中,习水和叙永研究区坡耕地平均坡度均大于15°,土壤侵蚀强烈,侵蚀模数在6050~6776 t/(km2·a)之间;草地平均侵蚀模数为4235 t/(km2·a);(2)林地有微弱堆积,堆积模数为1331 t/(km2·a);水稻田堆积模数为3872 t/(km2·a)。可见,当平均坡度大于15°时,坡耕地土侵蚀强度较大,因地制宜的采取相应的水保措施是有效遏制水土流失的关键。     

辽宁省境内老哈河流域产沙特征及泥沙供给模式研究

在对辽宁省境内老哈河流域土壤侵蚀研究的基础上,通过计算泥沙迁移时间确定了该流域基于栅格尺度的泥沙输移比的空间分布,最终获得该流域的产沙量,结果表明北部的老官地、哈拉道口、烧锅营子等地以及中南部河流两侧是流域内主要产沙源;选用坡度、植被盖度、土地利用类型、土壤可蚀性、距河流距离、基岩岩性等因子,建立了老哈河流域泥沙供给的数学模型,结果表明流域产沙主要与坡度、距河流距离、土地利用类型和植被盖度密切相关。因此,改变土地利用类型、提高植被盖度是防治流域致灾泥沙的关键因素。本研究对今后老哈河流域土地利用规划及泥沙治理具有一定的指导意义。     

喀斯特岩溶、非岩溶区植被总初级生产力与土壤呼吸的空间差异及其环境因子分析

选取中国两个典型喀斯特石漠化生态系统(研究区Ⅰ广西盘阳河流域峰丛洼地石漠化区、研究区Ⅱ云南荞麦地流域中山山地石漠化区),通过遥感影像反演和广泛的野外验证,开展喀斯特生态系统植被总初级生产力(GPP)和土壤呼吸(Rs)的差异分析及其在地形地貌、海拔坡度、土地利用以及岩性等环境因子上的空间分异分析。结果表明:1)两个研究区雨季和非雨季的GPP均值均要大于Rs均值,峰丛洼地的GPP和Rs均值都要高于中山山地,但中山山地的Rs均值两级分异更为明显; 2) GPP与海拔总体上呈现显著的负相关关系(在平均海拔较低的研究区Ⅰ更为明显),GPP均值在坡度大于25°左右时随着坡度的增加而减少;两个研究区的Rs均随着海拔的升高先降后增,坡度小于40°时呈负相关; 3)不同土地覆盖类型GPP均值总体上呈现林地灌丛草地、耕地的规律,而Rs均值呈现出居住建设用地耕地草地灌丛林地的规律,常绿针叶林有着区域内最高的GPP值,城镇建设用地有着最高的Rs均值; 4)研究区雨季与非雨季的GPP、Rs均值均呈现岩溶区小于非岩溶区的特点(p0.001)。本研究可为西南喀斯特生态系统碳循环特征研究提供参考,为分析喀斯特区域碳汇特点和机制提供应用支撑,为区域制定侧重不同的生态策略提供思路和应用参考。     

基于遥感和GIS的桑干河流域土壤侵蚀评价

以桑干河流域Landsat 5 TM 和DEM为数据源,依据水利部颁布的<土壤侵蚀分类分级标准>(SL 190-96),采用第二次全国土壤侵蚀遥感调查中的多因素综合法,选取土地利用类型、植被覆盖度和坡度3个因子,对桑干河流域土壤侵蚀强度进行了评价,发现桑干河流域平均侵蚀模数约为1 655 t/km2·a,总体上属轻度侵蚀,但侵蚀强度较高的斑块破碎化程度高,不利于集中治理,土壤侵蚀的防治有一定难度.     

不同雨强条件下河流水质对流域土地利用类型与格局空间响应

以七乡河流域为研究区域,基于2015年4、5、6月3次不同雨强条件下的河流水质实时监测数据,以及区域DEM数据和遥感数据,根据高程与坡度将流域划分5级河流缓冲区,研究不同雨强条件下各缓冲区内土地利用类型、格局与河流水质之间的响应关系.结果表明:1不同空间单元土地利用类型与格局存在差异.低缓区域、中缓区域和高缓区域优势土地利用类型为建设用地;中陡区域和高陡区域林地为优势土地利用类型.2低缓区域是不同雨强条件下,土地利用类型对河流水质影响最大的空间单元.3低缓区域建设用地对水质的影响最大;中缓区域湿地对小雨强时水质影响最大;建设用地对中等雨强和大雨强时水质影响最大.中陡和高缓冲区,建设用地对小雨强时水质影响最大;而中等雨强和大雨强时林地对水质影响最大.4土地利用格局对河流水质影响比较复杂.平均斑块形状指数对低缓区域水质影响最大;斑块密度、平均斑块形状、多样性指数分别是中缓区域3种雨强时对水质影响最大的格局因子;高缓区域3种雨强条件下平均斑块形状指数、多样性指数和斑块密度对水质影响最大;平均斑块形状指数和蔓延度是中陡区域和高陡区域小雨强和大雨强时对水质影响最大,蔓延度和多样性指数是中等雨强时影响最大土地利用格局因子.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.