涪陵地区农田径流水体中三氮含量及分布特征

本文在涪陵地区大面积和定点采集了农田径流水样品，测定了径流水体中的三氮含量。探讨了径流水体三氮随产流时间的变化，分析了干旱时间，水体流动等因素对三氮含量的影响。结果表明，干旱时间，径流水体流动对三氮含量有一定的影响。经统计分析，涪陵地区农田径流水体中的ＮＨ３－Ｎ，ＮＯ３＾－－Ｎ，ＮＯ２＾－－Ｎ和Ｔ－Ｎ含量分别为０．８４０，０．９７０，０．１０７和２．０７ｍｇ／ｌ。     

三峡库区降雨径流水体中铜、锰、镍、锌、铅含量及分布特征

本文按时段和随机采集了三峡库区降雨径流水体样品，测定了水体中Ｃｕ、Ｍｎ、Ｎｉ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ含量，统计结果表明：Ｍｎ、Ｚｎ、Ｐｂ在径流水体中的含量趋于平均，变异系数较小。随产流时间的变化，水体中５种元素的变化规律不明显     

城市面源污染形成过程及其排放特征研究进展

随着城市的迅速发展,城市面源污染日益成为影响城市水体水质的重要因素。本文按照地表累积—降水—径流冲刷—输送这一城市面源污染的形成过程对次降雨径流平均浓度、初始冲刷效益等污染特征进行了研究,分析了不同下垫面及不同功能区的污染特性。     

广州郊区菜地氮磷养分径流流失特征初步研究

通过对广州市白云区某菜地在天然降雨条件下氮磷养分随地表径流输出的定位动态研究,结果表明：径流量与氮、磷流失量呈显著线性相关。菜地径流流失的氮素以硝态氮为主,雨季期间（4月—7月）其他形态N流失量占总N流失量的比例上升,铵态氮含量一直很低;整个试验期间,TN与NO3--N呈极显著正相关;磷素径流迁移以颗粒态为主。与未施肥对照组相比,菜地常规施肥显著增加N径流流失量,对P未造成显著影响;因而菜地常规施肥对径流水体N富营养化具有较高风险。     

水体富营养化

水体富营养化是指氮、磷等植物营养物质含量过多所引起的水质污染现象。当过量营养进入湖泊、水库、河口、海湾等缓流水体后，水生生物特别是藻类将大量繁殖，使水中溶解氧含量急剧下降，以致影响到鱼类等的生存。在自然条件下，湖泊从贫营养湖→营养湖→沼泽→陆地的演变过程极为缓慢；人类的活动将大量工业废水和生活污水以及农田径流中的植物营养物质排入湖泊等水体后，将大大加速水体的富营养化进程。水体富营养化后，由于浮游生物大量繁殖，往往呈现蓝色、红色、棕色、乳白色等。这种现象在江河湖泊中称为水华，在海中则叫做赤潮。     

古尔班通古特沙漠南缘中段梭梭群落初步研究

前言梭梭（Haoxylonammodendron）在准噶尔盆地广为分布。盆地范围较大，各区自然环境有所差异，这一差异对生长在不同地段的梭梭群落的影响，目前还缺深入了解，我们对古尔班通古特沙漠南线中段进行了考察。现就该地的梭梭群落作一讨论，以分析环境差异对梭梭群落分布的影响。1自然条件及植被概况古尔班通古特沙漠南线中段位于中部天山北麓古老冲积平原上，北为连绵的沙漠，南临灌溉绿洲。由于上游截水灌溉，原有的老龙河早已断流，尾问湖车道海子，白家海子等都已干涸，目前该地大大的地表径流，除水库外办大较大的水体。该地的地理位置…     

海河流域种植业非点源污染特征分析

海河流域农用化肥施用量比较大，高于全国平均水平。但是由于水资源严重缺乏，且降雨量有逐年减少的趋势，加之人类活动的影响，产生农田径流的几率极低，通常情况下，土壤中未被作物吸收利用的氮磷不会随地表径流进入水体。在发生暴雨的情况下，土壤中的氮磷则有可能随地表径流和土壤侵蚀进入附近河道，污染地表水。另一方面，海河流域的降雨80％集中在6—9月的汛期，大雨促使土壤硝态氮向土壤剖面深层迁移，存在污染地下水的威胁，但污染程度如何，需要进一步研究确定。总之，海河流域种植业非点源污染有可能集中爆发在有暴雨的汛期，具有显著的突发性特征。     

流域非点源分布式模型AnnAGNPS参数的不确定性研究

流域非点源分布式模型的不确定性研究成为目前的热点问题之一。本研究以宁波市章溪河流域为研究区，通过GIS软件AreView和AnnAGNPS模型，集成利用莫里斯分类筛选法，选取临界源面积、SCS曲线系数、水土保持因子、饱和导水率、氮磷吸收率、施肥量等6个因子进行敏感性分析。模拟结果表明，土壤饱和导水率、水土保持因子和径流曲线CN值对模型输出结果影响较大；水土保持因子对泥沙、总磷和总有机碳负荷的模拟结果影响最大，均呈显著负效应；径流曲线CN值对总氮负荷计算结果影响最大，呈显著正效应。     

基于多源数据AnnAGNPS西枝江流域的污染模拟研究

以西枝江流域为研究对象，结合GIS技术，建立了AnnAGNPS模型数据库，对流域内非点源污染主要影响因素的特征以及非点源污染的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明：流域内降雨侵蚀力、径流深、土壤侵蚀和沉积负荷的年际问变化很大，降雨侵蚀力月问分布极不均匀，季节变化十分明显，后三者的变化趋势都与平均降水量表现出较好的对应关系，但是又并不完全一致；流域内的径流深空间分布极不均匀，而土壤侵蚀、沉积负荷空间变化相对不是十分明显，三者都有沿河道向两边逐渐递减的趋势，在人口密集地区及河塘密集地区，径流相对其他区域比较大。本文为西枝江流域的非点源污染模拟研究提供了基础数据平台，也为该模型在整个东江流域的合理应用奠定了科学基础。     

厦门土地利用演变与雨涝灾害耦合分析及规划响应研究

快速城镇化建设过程中城市土地利用发生了较大变化,对城市地表径流、城市雨涝灾害带来不可忽视的影响。利用遥感和GIS手段,对厦门市1990～2017年土地利用变化情况进行整体分析,发现存在厦门市建设用地大幅增长,耕地及生态用地减少现象;再结合SCS-CN模型,研究土地利用变化对地表径流的影响,发现建设用地地表产流较大,雨涝风险高,而生态用地具有一定雨水调蓄能力,产流较少;最后就雨涝防控,提出城乡用地格局控制径流、城市基础设施疏散径流以及完善雨涝管理体制3方面规划启示,以期控制城市地表径流,降低城市雨涝灾害风险,为日后城市内涝防控规划提供参考。     

Assessing Watershed-Scale, Long-Term Hydrologic Impacts of Land-Use Change Using a GIS-NPS Model

Land-use change, dominated by an increase in urban/impervious areas, has a significant impact on water resources. This includes impacts on nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, which is the leading cause of degraded water quality in the United States. Traditional hydrologic models focus on estimating peak discharges and NPS pollution from high-magnitude, episodic storms and successfully address short-term, local-scale surface water management issues. However, runoff from small, low-frequency storms dominates long-term hydrologic impacts, and existing hydrologic models are usually of limited use in assessing the long-term impacts of land-use change. A long-term hydrologic impact assessment (L-THIA) model has been developed using the curve number (CN) method. Long-term climatic records are used in combination with soils and land-use information to calculate average annual runoff and NPS pollution at a watershed scale. The model is linked to a geographic information system (GIS) for convenient generation and management of model input and output data, and advanced visualization of model results. The L-THIA/NPS GIS model was applied to the Little Eagle Creek (LEC) watershed near Indianapolis, Indiana, USA. Historical land-use scenarios for 1973, 1984, and 1991 were analyzed to track land-use change in the watershed and to assess impacts on annual average runoff and NPS pollution from the watershed and its five subbasins. For the entire watershed between 1973 and 1991, an 18% increase in urban or impervious areas resulted in an estimated 80% increase in annual average runoff volume and estimated increases of more than 50% in annual average loads for lead, copper, and zinc. Estimated nutrient (nitrogen and phosphorus) loads decreased by 15% mainly because of loss of agricultural areas. The L-THIA/NPS GIS model is a powerful tool for identifying environmentally sensitive areas in terms of NPS pollution potential and for evaluating alternative land use scenarios for NPS pollution management.     

ESTIMATING NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION LOADS WITH A GIS SCREENING MODEL1

ABSTRACT: The St. Johns River Water Management District (SJR-WMD) is using a Geographic Information System (GIS) screening model to estimate annual nonpoint source pollution loads to surface waters and determine nonpoint source pollution problem areas within the SJRWMD. The model is a significant improvement over current practice because it is contained entirely within the district's GIS software, resulting in greater flexibility and efficiency, and useful visualization capabilities. Model inputs consist of five spatial data layers, runoff coefficients, mean runoff concentrations, and stormwater treatment efficiencies. The spatial data layers are: existing land use, future land use, soils, rainfall, and hydrologic boundaries. These data layers are processed using the analytical capabilities of a cell-based GIS. Model output consists of seven spatial data layers: runoff, total nitrogen, total phosphorous, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, lead, and zinc. Model output can be examined visually or summarized numerically by drainage basin. Results are reported for only one of the SJRWMD's ten major drainage basins, the lower St. Johns River basin. The model was created to serve a major planning effort at the SJRWMD; results are being actively used to address nonpoint source pollution problems.     

Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale

Urban expansion is a major driving force altering local and regional hydrology and increasing non-point source (NPS) pollution. To explore these environmental consequences of urbanization, land use change was forecast, and long-term runoff and NPS pollution were assessed in the Muskegon River watershed, located on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan. A land use change model, LTM, and a web-based environmental impact model, L-THIA, were used in this study. The outcomes indicated the watershed would likely be subjected to impacts from urbanization on runoff and some types of NPS pollution. Urbanization will slightly or considerably increase runoff volume, depending on the development rate, slightly increase nutrient losses in runoff, but significantly increase losses of oil and grease and certain heavy metals in runoff. The spatial variation of urbanization and its impact were also evaluated at the subwatershed scale and showed subwatersheds along the coast of the lake and close to cities would have runoff and nitrogen impact. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning and decision making in an effort to protect and remediate water and habitat quality of Muskegon Lake, which is one of Lake Michigan's Areas of Concern (AOC), and the techniques described here can be used in other areas.     

Thermal Pollution Mitigation in Cold Water Stream Watersheds Using Bioretention

This study examines the use of bioretention as a strategy to reduce the thermal impact associated with urban stormwater runoff in developing cold water stream watersheds. Temperature and flow data were collected during 10 controlled runs at a bioretention facility located in Blacksburg, Virginia. It was determined that bioretention has the ability to reduce the temperature of thermally charged stormwater runoff received from an asphalt surface. Significant reductions in peak and average temperatures (p < 0.001) were observed. However, this facility was unable to consistently reduce the temperature below the threshold for natural trout waters in Virginia. The ability of bioretention to reduce runoff volume and peak flow rate also serves to reduce the hydrothermal impact. An average thermal pollution reduction of nearly 37 MJ/m³ was calculated using an adopted threshold temperature of 20°C. Based on the results of this study, it was concluded that properly designed bioretention systems have the capability to reduce the thermal impact of urban stormwater runoff on cold water stream ecosystems.     

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THREE URBAN RUNOFF MODELS1

ABSTRACT: Three urban runoff models, namely, the Road Research Laboratory Model (RRLM), the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) and the University of Cincinnati Urban Runoff Model (UCURM), were examined by comparing the model simulated hydrographs with the hydrographs measured on several instrumented urban watersheds. This comparison was done for the hydrograph peak points as well as for the entire hydrographs using such statistical measures as the correlation coefficient, the special correlation coefficient and the integral square error. The results of the study indicated that, when applying the three selected non-calibrated models on small urban catchments, the SWM model performed marginally better than the RRL model and both these models were more accurate than the UCUR model. On larger watersheds, the comparisons between the SWM model and the other two models would be likely even more favourable for the SWM model, because it has the most advanced flow routing scheme among the studied models.     

NATIONWIDE ASSESSMENT OF URBAN RUNOFF IMPACT ON RECEIVING WATER QUALITY1

ABSTRACT: Urban stormwater runoff has been recognized as a potential major contributor of pollution to receiving waters. However the projected high costs of control have prompted an examination of the extent to which these impacts have been documented. A nationwide search was conducted for case studies demonstrating a cause-effect linkage between urban runoff and impairment of beneficial uses in receiving waters. The results indicate that numerous definitions of “impacts” are being used and that few substantive data exist to support many of these allegations. Results of a preliminary impact assessment are presented for the 248 urbanized areas of the United States. Then, the results of more recent efforts to assess these impacts in several case studies are described. This assessment demonstrates the critical need for additional short-term and long-term sampling programs.     

成都市某区暴雨径流过程模拟分析

为提高城市雨洪管理的效率,最大限度地减少暴雨洪水带来的危害,针对城市防洪排涝的需要,在分析成都市某区降雨径流规律后,建立了该区暴雨径流模拟的数学模型,有助于采取相应措施充分利用雨洪资源。通过对雨洪过程模拟验证表明,模型适合该区域的实际情况,具有一定的合理性和可靠性。     

MODELING PREVENTION ALTERNATWES FOR NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION AT A WELLFIELD IN FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Agricultural and urban activities in the West Wellfield Interim Protection Area (WWIPA), located in West Dade County in South Florida, have the potential to impact both the environmentally sensitive Everglades and the Biscayne Aquifer. The Hydrological Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) is used to simulate surface runoff, ground water recharge, and transport of sediments, nutrients, and pesticides in the WWIPA, as a basis to quantify impacts and evaluate alternatives. Presented are four model test runs that consider current conditions, the effect of future urbanization of the agricultural land, as well as two preventive actions to minimize pollution levels. Preventive actions include application of minimum required rates of fertilizers and replacement of fertilizers by sewage sludge. Model results show that under current practices, sediments, nutrients, and pesticides are present in surface runoff and nutrients enter the ground water, and that both urbanization and preventive actions result in pollutant reductions.     

城市小区雨水利用的模拟分析

选取天津市某小区,采用美国环保署开发的SWMM模型,模拟得出小区在开发建设前后的区域出口流量过程线和总径流量,分析评价了蓄水池和下凹绿地对小区雨水径流情况的影响。计算满足建设用地外排雨水设计流量不大于开发建设前水平这一条件时,蓄水池的设计体积和下凹绿地的面积以及下凹深度。模拟结果表明,蓄水池和下凹绿地可同时消减洪峰,推...     

Hot,Salty Water: A Confluence of Issues in Managing Stormwater Runoff for Urban Streams

Research increasingly highlights cause and effect relationships between urbanization and stream conditions are complex and highly variable across physical and biological regions. Research also demonstrates stormwater runoff is a key causal agent in altering stream conditions in urban settings. More specifically, thermal pollution and high salt levels are two consequences of urbanization and subsequent runoff. This study describes a demonstration model populated with data from a high gradient headwaters stream. The model was designed to explain surface water‐groundwater dynamics related to salinity and thermal pollution. Modeled scenarios show long‐term additive impacts from salt application and suggest reducing flow rates, as stormwater management practices are typically designed to do, have the potential to greatly reduce salt concentrations and simultaneously reduce thermal pollution. This demonstration model offers planners and managers reason to be confident that stormwater management efforts can have positive impacts.