青霉菌X5对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色研究

采用梯度平板筛选法，从染布厂废水池污泥中分离到一株对蒽醌染料KN－R有较强脱色能力的青霉菌X5（Penicillium sp.)，并考察该菌在不同温度，pH，培养时间，染料浓度，菌量及不同碳源氮源条件下对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色情况，结果表明,在20－40℃温度范围内该菌对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色率均在95％以上，其最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0，培养时间为48h，染料浓度，菌量对染料脱色有一定影响，该菌对碳源、氮源具有较宽适应范围，在最佳条件下，该菌对染料的脱色率达99．3％。     

蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R的化学氧化脱色和矿化

研究了使用NaClO化学氧化处理活性艳蓝KN-R模拟染料废水。分别以592nm、380nm、255nm波长处的吸光值为主要指标,跟踪染料的脱色降解。考察了NaClO投加量、染料浓度、温度和13H值等主要因素对模拟废水脱色的影响。结果表明：用NaClO化学氧化处理0．1mmolL^-1的活性艳蓝KN-R模拟染料废水,当NaClO与染料的摩尔比为18,T=30℃,13H值为7时,反应30分钟,脱色率可达到100％。pH值对脱色和TOC的去除有很大影响,酸性或中性条件下,染料快速脱色,30分钟后吸光值基本恒定,反应6个小时TOC的去除仍不明显;碱性条件下,染料缓慢脱色,但反应6个小时TOC的去除率可以达到40％左右。     

RD复合净水剂对阳离子染料RL的吸附脱色

考察了RD复合净水剂吸附处理阳离子艳兰染料RL废液的实验条件,探讨了RD吸附脱色的实质。结果表明,加入0.3gRD到浓度为200mg/L的染液中,在25℃、pH=7.0条件下,吸附时间为10m in时,废液的脱色率达到80%,RD单位质量吸附量为10.7mg/g;当50mg/L的染料废液中,RD的投加量为0.2g时,脱色率达到了96%以上,RD单位质量吸附量为8.12mg/g;pH值和温度对吸附脱色效果影响不显著,而且RL废液的浓度增大,RD单位质量吸附量增大,但是脱色率有所下降。RD对染料的吸附符合Langmu ir吸附模型。     

ClO_2对活性艳红K—2G和分散蓝2BLN染料的脱色研究

本论文主要利用自制高纯二氧化氯对两种常用且结构具有代表性的活性艳红K— 2G和分散蓝 2BLN料染 ,进行氧化脱色研究 ,作了温度 ,pH值 ,二氧化氯用量等条件试验 ,并用实际印染废水进行了实验 ,取得了良好的效果。在室温时 ,t =5min～ 7min ,pH值偏碱性条件下 ,单一染料溶液及混合染料溶液的脱色率均达到 90 %以上 ,实际印染废水的脱色也在 90 %左右。pH值、温度和ClO2 用量等多种因素对脱色率均有一定的影响 :pH值越高 ,染料脱色率越高。ClO2 用量存在一最佳值 ,与活性艳红K— 2G及分散蓝 2BLN染料的最佳摩尔比分别为 4 0及 2 0左右。ClO2 耗量随染料起始浓度的增大而增加 (脱色率相同时 )     

实施清洁生产 确保环境安全——东港工贸集团有限公司践行生态文明纪实

正东港工贸集团有限公司始创于1981年,经过三十多年的发展,已成长为一家在染料领域卓有成就,集技工贸、房地产、进出口、教育、酒店、物流等于一体的国家级大型民营企业集团。作为集团主打的染料产业也已经走出了一条兼顾上下游,具有完整产业链的独特竞争优势的成功发展道路。集团主要生产活性蓝KN-R、溴氨酸、氨基油、间位酯、DCB等产品。近两年内,集团计划总投资2.7亿元,实施年产15000吨环保型活性艳蓝KNR技改及配套项目,建设4个高标准车间。目前,一期投资1.6亿元已建成一个蓝KN-R标准化车间;二期蓝KN-R车间扩产及配套产品氨基油、间位酯、烷基酯等项目正在抓紧设计和施工。车间生产全部按照自动化、密闭化、管道化和清洁化要求,实现了减员增效、减能     

ClO2对活性艳红K—2G和分散蓝2BLN染料的脱色研究

本论文主要利用自制高纯二氧化氯对两种常用且结构具有代表性的活性艳红K－2G和分散蓝2BLN料染,进行氧化脱色研究,作了温度,pHWFHG,二氧化氯用量等条件试验,并用实际印染废水进行了实验,取得了良好的效果。在室温时,t=5min-7min,pH值偏碱性条件下,单一染料溶液及混痊染料溶液的脱色率均达到90％以上,实际印染废水的脱色也在90％左右。pH值、温度和ClO2用量等多种因素对脱色率均有一定的影响：pH值越高,染料脱色率越高。ClO2用量存在一最 佳值,与活性艳红K－2G及分散蓝2BLN染料的最佳摩尔比分别为4.0及2.0左右。ClO2耗量随染料起始浓度的增大而增加（脱色 率相同时）。     

茄子秸杆活性炭对染料废水的吸附性能研究

以茄子秸秆为原料,ZnCl2为活化剂制备粉末状活性炭,主要研究了活性炭对染料废水的吸附性能;以活性红X-3B和酸性蓝RL为模型染料,考察了染料初始浓度、pH值、活性炭投加量和吸附时间等对染料脱色率的影响。结果表明,染料初始浓度和活性炭投加量对染料脱色率影响较大。初始浓度为300mg／L时,活性炭的最佳投加量分别为1g／L和1．4g／L;在最佳工艺条件下,脱色率分别在93％和98％以上,COD去除率分别为94．5％和86．4％,出水水质达到国家一级《纺织染整工业水污染物排放标准》（GB 4287—1992）。     

黄孢原毛平革菌吸附Cd2+和Zn2+的研究

利用黑曲霉常用液体培养基对黄孢原毛平革菌进行扩大培养，得到的菌丝球用于吸附废水中的Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋。本研究考察了初始pH、吸附时间以及共存离子对P．chrysosporium菌丝球吸附Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的影响。在相同的实验条件下，研究重金属溶液初始浓度对吸附的影响发现其吸附曲线呈L2型，对重金属终浓度以及吸附量进行线性转换，发现Langmuir和Freundlich吸附模型能较好的描述P．chrysosporium菌丝球对Cd^2＋和Zn^2＋的吸附。将P．chrysosporium吸附Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋前后的红外光谱图作比较，发现P．chrysosporium吸附Zn^2＋和Cd^2＋后的主要成分和结构保持完整，3302cm^-1叫峰位分别移动61cm^-1和94cm^-1。     

金针菇产漆酶发酵条件的优化

采用液体摇瓶培养方法,探讨了碳源、氮源、pH值、培养时间等各种因素对金针菇分泌漆酶能力的影响,并采用正交试验对主要的影响因素进行了优化.优化培养条件为:pH在5.0-6.0范围内有利于金针菇漆酶的分泌,且以pH5.5为最佳;以葡萄糖为最佳碳源,尿素为最佳氮源,Cu2+浓度为60μmol/L有利于漆酶的分泌.正交试验表明,葡萄糖20g/L、尿素2g/L、250mL容量瓶中装液量50mL、pH5.5,以邻联甲苯胺作底物,经7d培养,金针菇漆酶酶活达最高峰,峰值酶活为328U/mL.     

海洋细菌产淀粉酶条件的研究

采用3,5-二硝基水杨酸显色法测定淀粉酶的酶活,研究碳源、氮源、各种理化因素等培养条件对细菌产淀粉酶的影响.结果表明,最佳碳源为麸皮,最佳氮源为蛋白胨,最适初始PH值为7.90-8.20,培养温度31℃,在装液量为100mL三角瓶中装液40mL.通过对发酵条件的优化,酶活比未优化前提高了2.71倍.     

AN APPLICATION RUNOFF MODEL STRATEGY FOR UNGAGED WATERSHEDS1

ABSTRACT: Mathematical models for predicting watershed surface flow responses are available, most of which are elaborate nonlinear numerical surface and channel flow models linked with infiltration models. Such models may be used to make predictions for ungaged areas, assuming an acceptable fitting of the model to the topography and roughness of the real system. For some application purposes, these models are impractical because of their complexity and expensive computer solutions. A procedure is developed that uses a complex model of an ungaged area to derive a simpler parametric nonlinear system model for repetitious simulation with input sequences. The predicted flow outputs are obtained with the simpler model at significant savings of money and time. The procedures for constructing a complex kinematic model of a 40 acre (161,880 m²) reference watershed and deriving the simpler system model are outlined. The results of predictions from both models are compared with a selected set of measured events, all having essentially the same initial conditions. Peak discharges ranged from 3 to 118 ft³/sec (0.085 to 3.34 m³/sec), which includes the largest event of record. The inherent limitations of lumped systems models are demonstrated, including the bias caused by their inability to model infiltration losses after rainfall ceases. Computer costs and times for the models were compared. The derived simple model has a cost advantage when repeated use of a model is required. Such an applications hydrologic model has an engineering tradeoff of reduced accuracy, and lumping bias, but is more economical for certain design purposes.     

Conversion of temperate forests into heaths: Role of ecosystem disturbance and ericaceous plants

Fire and logging in nutrient-poor temperate forests with certain ericaceous understory plants may convert the forests into heaths. The process of disturbance-induced heath formation is documented by using examples ofCalluna in western Europe,Kalmia in Newfoundland, andGaultheria (salal) in coastal British Columbia. In a cool, temperate climate, rapid vegetative growth ofCalluna, Kalmia, and salal following disturbance results in increasing organic accumulation (paludification), nutrient sequestration, soil acidification, and allelochemicals. These are thought to be the main reasons to conifer regeneration failure in disturbed habitats. If continuation in forest is a land-use objective, then temperate forests with an ericaceous understory should not be logged unless effective silvicultural methods are devised to control the ericaceous plants and restore forest regeneration. Preharvest vegetation control may be considered as an option. Failure to control the understory plants may lead to a long-term vegetation shift, from forest to heathland, particularly in nutrient-poor sites. Successful methods of controllingKalmia andGaultheria, however, have yet to be developed. While theKalmia- andGaultheria- dominated heathlands are undesirable in Canada and the Pacific Northwest, a wide range ofCalluna heathlands of western Europe are being conserved as natural and seminatural vegetation.     

BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS AND BIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF ESTUARINE/COASTAL POLLUTION1

ABSTRACT: Sustained interest in and concern about the health status of the aquatic environment has resulted in extensive research focused on (1) effects of pollution on survival, growth, and reproduction of resource species at all life stages; (2) diseases of fish and shellfish, as they may be related to pollution and as they may serve as indicators of environmental stress; and (3) contaminant body burdens in fish and shellfish - their effects on the aquatic animals and their potential effects on humans. Effects, lethal and sublethal, of pollutants on life history stages of fish and shellfish have been documented, as have impacts on local stocks in badly degraded habitats, but as yet there has been no adequate quantitative demonstration of effects on entire aquatic species - probably because of the difficulty in sorting out relative effects of the many environmental factors that influence abundance. Sublethal effects, especially those that result in disease, have been examined intensively, and some diseases and disease syndromes have been associated statistically with pollution. Other pollution indicators (biochemical, physiological, genetic, behavioral, and ecological) have also received some attention, as have body burdens of contaminants in aquatic species. Research, especially that conducted during the past decade, has done much to clarify the many pathways and toxic effects of contaminants on aquatic animals, and has also helped to identify mechanisms for survival of fish and shellfish in the presence of environmental changes caused by human activities.     

Using Paleo Reconstructions to Improve Streamflow Forecast Lead Time in the Western United States

In water stressed regions, water managers are exploring new horizons that would help in long‐range streamflow forecasts. Oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations have been shown to influence streamflow variability. In this study, long‐lead time streamflow forecasts are made using a multiclass kernel‐based data‐driven support vector machine (SVM) model. The extended streamflow records based on tree ring reconstructions were used to provide a longer time series data. Reconstructed data were used from 1658 to 1952 and the instrumental record was used from 1953 to 2007. Reconstructions for oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations included the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and North Atlantic Oscillation. Streamflow forecasts using all four oscillations were made with one‐year to five‐year lead times for 21 gages in the western United States. This is the first study that uses both instrumental and reconstructed data of oscillations in SVM model to improve streamflow forecast lead time. SVM model was able to provide “satisfactory” to “very good” forecasts with one‐ to five‐year lead time for the selected gages. The use of all the oscillation indices helped in achieving better predictability compared to using individual oscillations. The SVM modeling results are better when compared with multiple linear regression model forecasts. The findings are statistical in nature and are expected to be useful for long‐term water resources planning and management.     

Journalists' views of advertiser pressures on agricultural news

All major journalism ethical codes explicitly state that journalists should protect editorial copy from undue influence by outside sources. However, much of the previous research on agricultural information has concentrated on what information various media communicate (gatekeeping studies) or communication's role in increasing innovation adoption (diffusion studies). Few studies have concentrated specifically on organizational and structural constraints that might adversely affect agricultural journalists' ethical standards; those that have, focus largely on farm magazines. A study of newspaper reporters who cover agricultural news found that the most pressing ethical concern is the effect of advertiser (agri-business) pressure on editorial copy, and that their concerns in general parallel those of farm magazine writers and editors. The majority reported being in situations in which they might be exposed to advertiser pressure, including pressures to change or withhold editorial copy. Large minorities suggested that advertising pressures affect the overall environment in which agricultural journalists work, and more than one in ten said they allow advertiser pressures to influence editorial decisions. The newspaper reporters who cover agricultural beats showed slightly more resistance to advertiser pressure than did farm magazine editors in a parallel study.     

Definition Procedures Have Little Effect on Performance of Environmental Classifications of Streams and Rivers

Mapped environmental classifications are defined using various procedures, but there has been little evaluation of the differences in their ability to discriminate variation in independent ecological characteristics. We tested the performance of environmental classifications of the streams and rivers of France that had been defined from the same environmental data using geographic regionalization and numerical classification of individual river valley segments. Test data comprised invertebrate assemblages, water chemistry, and hydrological indexes obtained from sites throughout France. Classification performance was measured by analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). Geometric regions defined by a regular grid and without regard to environmental variables and a posteriori classifications based on clustering the test datasets defined lower and upper bounds of performance for a given number of classes. Differences in classification performances were generally small. The ANOSIM statistics for the a posteriori classifications were around twice that of all environmental classifications, including geometrically defined regions. The hydro-ecoregions performed slightly better for the invertebrate data and the network classification performed slightly better for the chemistry and hydrological data. Our results indicate that environmental classifications that are defined using different procedures can be comparable in terms of their ability to discriminate variation of ecological characteristics and that alleged differences in performance arising from different classification procedures can be small relative to unexplained variation. We conclude that definition procedures might have little effect on the performance of large-scale environmental classifications and decisions over which procedures to use should be based primarily on pragmatic considerations.     

Urban ecological systems: scientific foundations and a decade of progress

Urban ecological studies, including focus on cities, suburbs, and exurbs, while having deep roots in the early to mid 20th century, have burgeoned in the last several decades. We use the state factor approach to highlight the role of important aspects of climate, substrate, organisms, relief, and time in differentiating urban from non-urban areas, and for determining heterogeneity within spatially extensive metropolitan areas. In addition to reviewing key findings relevant to each state factor, we note the emergence of tentative "urban syndromes" concerning soils, streams, wildlife and plants, and homogenization of certain ecosystem functions, such as soil organic carbon dynamics. We note the utility of the ecosystem approach, the human ecosystem framework, and watersheds as integrative tools to tie information about multiple state factors together. The organismal component of urban complexes includes the social organization of the human population, and we review key modes by which human populations within urban areas are differentiated, and how such differentiation affects environmentally relevant actions. Emerging syntheses in land change science and ecological urban design are also summarized. The multifaceted frameworks and the growing urban knowledge base do however identify some pressing research needs.     

Neighbourhood characteristics and urban gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area: staffing and voluntarism,food production,infrastructure, and sustainability practices

Urban gardens are important sources of sustenance for communities with limited access to food. Hence, this study focuses on food production in gardens in the Toledo metropolitan area in Northwest Ohio. We administered surveys to 150 garden managers from November 2014 to February 2015 in our attempt to better understand how neighbourhood racial composition and poverty levels are related to staffing and voluntarism, food production and distribution, the development of infrastructure, and the adoption of sustainability practices in urban gardens. The results from 30 gardens are presented in this paper. We used Geographic Information Systems to map the gardens and overlay the map with 2010 census data so that we could conduct demographic analyses of the neighbourhoods in which the gardens were located. Though the gardens were small – two acres or less – up to 46 varieties of food were grown in a single garden. Gardens also operated on small budgets. Food from the gardens was gifted or shared with friends, family, and neighbourhood residents. Gardens in predominantly minority neighbourhoods tended to have fewer institutional partners, less garden infrastructure, and had adopted fewer sustainable practices than gardens in predominantly White neighbourhoods. Nonetheless, residents of predominantly minority and high-poverty neighbourhoods participated in garden activities and influenced garden operations. Volunteering and staffing were racialised and gendered.     

Predicting deer-vehicle collisions in an urban area

Collisions with deer and other large animals are increasing, and the resulting economic costs and risks to public safety have made mitigation measures a priority for both city and wildlife managers. We created landscape models to describe and predict deer-vehicle collision (DVCs) within the City of Edmonton, Alberta. Models based on roadside characteristics revealed that DVCs occurred frequently where roadside vegetation was both denser and more diverse, and that DVCs were more likely to occur when the groomed width of roadside right-of-ways was smaller. No DVCs occurred where the width of the vegetation-free or manicured roadside buffer was greater than 40 m. Landscape-based models showed that DVCs were more likely in more heterogeneous landscapes where road densities were lower and speed limits were higher, and where non-forested vegetation such as farmland was in closer proximity to larger tracts of forest. These models can help wildlife and transportation managers to identify locations of high collision frequency for mitigation. Modifying certain landscape and roadside habitats can be an effective way to reduce deer-vehicle collisions.     

Biodiversity and biotechnology

The maintenance of biodiversity is urged from many quarters and on grounds ranging from aesthetic considerations to its usefulness, particularly for biotechnology. But regardless of the grounds for preserving biodiversity, writers are generally in agreement that it should be preserved. But, in examining the various references biodiversity, such as species diversity, genetic diversity, and habitat diversity, it is apparent that we cannot aim to preserve biodiversityas such, since there are a number of conflicts in any such undertaking. In preserving one aspect of biodiversity, we damage another aspect. Five arguments which attempt to ground our moral concern for biodiversity are reviewed and critiqued, not only for their consistency but also for their power to move us to action. The final section of the paper shows how conflicts in the values of personal and environmental health can impair ethical action and especially policy formation.An earlier version of this paper was read at the conference on Agriculture, Food, and Human Values: Tradition and Change, Orlando, Florida, October 7–9, 1987.