英汉习语的特点及其文化差异

习语是语言的精华,承载着大量的语言信息.英汉习语作为两种不同语言的瑰宝,由于其独特的文化而表现出明显的差异.通过地域文化、习俗文化、宗教文化、历史文化等方面进行对比,阐述了英汉习语的特点以及英汉习语翻译的差异.参4.     

英汉文化差异及其在称谓上的体现

语言是文化的载体,文化影响着语言.从英汉民族各自的文化特色来分析英汉称谓的差异及其产生的原因.     

英汉习语的文化差异分析及翻译策略探索

该文就引起英汉习语差异的地理环境、宗教信仰、风俗习惯、历史文化等方面进行分析,提出了采用直译、意译、同义习语套用法、对称增字等方法对习语进行翻译,以期在英汉习语互译中达到最佳效果.参6.     

云南高黎贡山白颌大角蟾的核型,C—带及Ag—NORs的研究

比较了云南高黎贡山地区的贡山独龙江和腾冲大蒿坪白颌大角蟾（Megophryslateralis）两个地理种群的核型、C-带和Ag-NORs结果表明，两个地理种群在核型和带型上都有差异两个地理种群的核型均为2n＝26，NF＝52染色体形态差异不明显，而次缢痕的位置完全不同，贡山独龙江标本的次缢痕位于No．2的长臂上近着丝点处，腾冲标本的次缢痕位于No．5的短臂上近着丝点的部位在腾冲标本中发现一雄性个体中有一条额外的染色体，可能是B染色体两地标本的C-带差异不太显著，贡山独龙江标本的C-带相对较为显著．贡山独龙江标本的Ag-NORs位于No．2长臂近着丝点处，与次缢痕的部位对应，两条同源染色体上大小有显著差异．腾冲标本的Ag-NORs位于No．5短臂上近着丝点处，与次缢痕的部位对应依据核型和带型的比较，对白颌大角蟾的分类和进化问题进行了讨论。     

几种天敌对麦蚜蜜露的行为反应

麦长管蚜和禾谷缢管蚜蜜露的主要糖分为果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖及两种未知糖分．其中前者以蔗糖含量最高，后者则不含蔗糖．其游离氨基酸种类基本相同，但后者蜜露中未鉴定出苏氨酸；除丙氨酸和组氨酸外，麦长管蚜中各类氨基酸的含量明显高于禾谷缢管蚜，其中单头麦长管蚜日分泌氨基酸量以亮氨酸和丙氨酸最高，分别达到了0．204 7ng和0．137 7ng，而禾谷缢管蚜以丙氨酸和亮氨酸最高，分别达到了0．154 3ng和0．102 5ng．随着蜜露含量的增加，各天敌的搜索与滞留时间显著延长，但逐渐趋于平缓，基本符合逻辑斯蒂增长．燕麦蚜茧蜂在两种蚜虫蜜露上的搜索与滞留时间差异显著，而瓢虫与草蛉类的搜索与滞留时间差异不显著，说明蜜露对捕食性和寄生性天敌的影响不同．图3表1参13     

中国羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征的比较

利用扫描电镜对国产莎草科羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征进行了比较观察和描述．根据果皮纹饰的差异，可将二属划分为两个类型：类型Ⅰ，具网状纹饰；类型Ⅱ，具网瘤状复合纹饰．在类型Ⅱ中，根据每一网眼中的瘤状突起数目及是否具小疣状附属物又可分为两个亚型．即网、单瘤亚型和网、复瘤亚型．研究结果表明：羊胡子草、水蜈蚣二属果皮微形态特征具有多样性、复杂性和稳定性等特点，可作为上述二属种间区别的依据．该研究对于探讨莎草科属间亲缘关系和系统发育也有一定意义     

黄精多糖对老龄大鼠衰老生理生化指标的影响

以水提法从黄精（Ｐｏｌｙｇｏｎａｔｕｍｓｐ）中得到的粗多糖成分（ＰＰ）进行了老龄大鼠的衰老生理生化指标测定试验．两种剂量的ＰＰ灌喂老龄大鼠１ｍｏ后，测定其１２项衰老生理生化指标：胸腺指数和脾脏指数，外周血淋巴细胞ＡＮＡＥ活性，红细胞、视网膜、晶体核、晶体皮质的ＳＯＤ活性，心脏、血浆中过氧化脂质含量，肝脏、肾脏中脂褐质含量及脑中Ｂ型单胺氧化酶活性．结果表明：除胸腺指数、血浆中过氧化脂质含量无显著性变化外，其他１０项指标均有明显的改善作用；试验结果经统计学处理有显著性差异．     

贸易与环境：建立一个革命性框架

贸易与环境问题是复杂的，也充满政治色彩．与可持续贸易政策有关的重要冲突需要加以研究．从一些问题可以窥视这场论战可能发生的进程之一斑．首先，环境法规对贸易有何影响？其次，贸易自由化对环境有何影响？第三，贸易政策怎样才会有助于可持续发展？     

健康教育者的沟通能力对教育依从性的影响

了解健康教育者的沟通能力对教育依从性的影响．其方法是从2008年1月至2009年9月在南华大学附属南华医院体检中心进行体检的人员中抽取140名血压处于高血压病前期,存在2种以上高血压危险因素的体检者．将其随机分为二组,并将教育者按沟通能力强、弱分为A、B二组（A组沟通能力强于B组）,进行健康教育,包括疾病认知、疾病危险因素（含饮酒、吸烟、高盐高脂饮食、运动）等方面的干预指导;并对干预前、后疾病认知及危险因素增减进行对比．结果表明通过1年健康教育,A、B两组疾病认知率明显提高,疾病危险因素明显减少;两组干预前、后对比差异均有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）．但两组的干预效果仍存在较大差异,两组疾病认知率提高之差为15．7％、饮酒下降率之差为12．9％、吸烟下降率之差为22．9％、高盐高脂饮食下降率之差为17．2％、较少活动减少率之差为11．5％．两组干预效果比较差异有统计学意义（均P〈0．05）．结论健康教育者的沟通能力对教育的依从性有较大影响,提高教育者的沟通能力是做好健康教育的重要环节．表3,参12．     

益阳话双音节词连读变调分析

本文借助实验语音学的现代手段，采用自主音段理论，对益阳话双音节词连读变调进行了分析．益阳话双音节词的连读变调受到语义和语法的制约，而这种制约是通过轻重音规则发挥作用的．对益阳话双音节词的连读变调必须结合轻重音的变化来考察．重，轻对立的双音节词的变调调型由于协同发音的作用受到前字终点音高的影响；轻，重对立的双音节词的变调调型与后字起点音高没有关系。     

关于《湿地公约》中"湿地"定义的汉译

湿地公约文本使用的英语是英国英语，其使用的词汇与美国英语有微妙的区别，湿地国际(中国)官方文本对《湿地公约》中湿地定义的汉译不确切。文章讨论了英国英语和美国英语中与湿地有关的几个词语在含义上的差别，重译并解剖了几个典型的湿地定义。     

Growth of non-English-language literature on biodiversity conservation

English is widely recognized as the language of science, and English-language publications (ELPs) are rapidly increasing. It is often assumed that the number of non-ELPs is decreasing. This assumption contributes to the underuse of non-ELPs in conservation science, practice, and policy, especially at the international level. However, the number of conservation articles published in different languages is poorly documented. Using local and international search systems, we searched for scientific articles on biodiversity conservation published from 1980 to 2018 in English and 15 non-English languages. We compared the growth rate in publications across languages. In 12 of the 15 non-English languages, published conservation articles significantly increased every year over the past 39 years, at a rate similar to English-language articles. The other three languages showed contrasting results, depending on the search system. Since the 1990s, conservation science articles in most languages increased exponentially. The variation in the number of non-English-language articles identified among the search systems differed markedly (e.g., for simplified Chinese, 11,148 articles returned with local search system and 803 with Scopus). Google Scholar and local literature search systems returned the most articles for 11 and 4 non-English languages, respectively. However, the proportion of peer-reviewed conservation articles published in non-English languages was highest in Scopus, followed by Web of Science and local search systems, and lowest in Google Scholar. About 20% of the sampled non-English-language articles provided no title or abstract in English; thus, in theory, they were undiscoverable with English keywords. Possible reasons for this include language barriers and the need to disseminate research in countries where English is not widely spoken. Given the known biases in statistical methods and study characteristics between English- and non-English-language studies, non-English-language articles will continue to play an important role in improving the understanding of biodiversity and its conservation.     

从语言输入输出理论谈互动式课堂教学

通过对语言输入与输出理论以及互动式教学法的分析,作者认为把前者融入到后者之中来进行英语教学可取得更好的效果,还强调既要重视语言输入,又要强调语言的输出。     

Understanding the Role of Representations of Human–Leopard Conflict in Mumbai through Media‐Content Analysis

Attempts to minimize the effects of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) on conservation goals require an understanding of the mechanisms by which such conflicts are caused and sustained. This necessitates looking beyond the natural sciences to the human dimensions of wildlife management. Public dissemination of information regarding HWC occurs largely through the mass media. We conducted a content analysis of print media articles on human–leopard conflict in Mumbai, India. We sought to understand the framing of HWC and the changes in media coverage over a 10‐year period (2001–2011) during which a large number of attacks on people prior to 2005 were followed by a program of trapping and relocation. After 2005, when there was a decrease in the level of conflict, the tone of English‐language media reports changed. The perpetrator framing was over 5 times more likely before 2005, whereas a neutral framing was twice as likely after 2005. English‐language and non‐English‐language print media differed significantly in their framing of HWC and in the kinds of solutions advocated. Our results also suggest the print mass media in Mumbai could be an influential conduit for content that diminishes HWC. These media outlets seem attentive to human–leopard conflict, capable of correcting erroneous perceptions and facilitating mitigation and effective management. We believe better contact and mutual understanding between conservation professionals and the mass media could be an important component of managing HWC. We further suggest that in such interactions conservation professionals need to be aware of cultural and linguistic differences in reporting within the country. Entendiendo el Papel de las Representaciones del Conflicto Humano–Leopardo en Mumbai A Través del Análisis de Contenido de Medios     

The role of scientists in statutory interpretation of the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Like many federal statutes, the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) contains vague or ambiguous language. The meaning imparted to the ESA's unclear language can profoundly impact the fates of endangered and threatened species. Hence, conservation scientists should contribute to the interpretation of the ESA when vague or ambiguous language contains scientific words or refers to scientific concepts. Scientists need to know at least these 2 facts about statutory interpretation: statutory interpretation is subjective and the potential influence of normative values results in different expectations for the parties involved. With the possible exception of judges, all conventional participants in statutory interpretation are serving their own interests, advocating for their preferred policies, or biased. Hence, scientists can play a unique role by informing the interpretative process with objective, policy‐neutral information. Conversely, scientists may act as advocates for their preferred interpretation of unclear statutory language. The different roles scientists might play in statutory interpretation raise the issues of advocacy and competency. Advocating for a preferred statutory interpretation is legitimate political behavior by scientists, but statutory interpretation can be strongly influenced by normative values. Therefore, scientists must be careful not to commit stealth policy advocacy. Most conservation scientists lack demonstrable competence in statutory interpretation and therefore should consult or collaborate with lawyers when interpreting statutes. Professional scientific societies are widely perceived by the public as unbiased sources of objective information. Therefore, professional scientific societies should remain policy neutral and present all interpretations of unclear statutory language; explain the semantics and science both supporting and contradicting each interpretation; and describe the potential consequences of implementing each interpretation. A review of scientists’ interpretations of the phrase “significant portion of its range” in the ESA is used to critique the role of scientists and professional societies in statutory interpretation.     

国际能值研究热点和前沿的可视化分析

能值用以表征一种流动或储存的能量所包含另一类别能量的数量,即产品或者劳务形成过程中消耗的总能量,常以太阳能为度量标准。能值作为生态经济学中的新概念,它的提出实现了物质流、能量流、经济流、人口流和信息流等的统一量化,架设了“环境与经济间的桥梁”,能值理论和应用目前已成为生态经济学研究的热点领域,能值分析方法正日益发展成为生态经济系统评价的基本工具。文章首先以Web of Science数据库中1998─2013年间收录主题为“emergy”的文献为基础数据,对能值研究的学科、时间、区域和机构等分布情况进行了统计分析,发现能值研究文献数量呈逐年上升趋势,主要分布在生态、环境及能源相关学科,中、美、意大利3国及锡耶纳大学、北京师范大学、北京大学、中国科学院和佛罗里达大学等研究机构表现出较强的研究实力。其次,利用CiteSpace软件绘制了能值研究文献的共被引知识图谱,对其知识基础及核心作者的影响力进行了探讨。图谱研究显示,Odum H T、Brown M T、Hau J L、Ulgiati S等学者及其代表作品对能值理论知识基础的构建及相关研究的推进奠定了坚实的基础。最后,通过对能值研究领域出现关键词及膨胀词的共词分析与词频分析,绘制出能值领域的研究热点演进脉络,并探测环境可持续性、可持续发展、生态系统服务、电力生产、能值核算、生命周期研究法等前沿命题,可见系统可持续发展及能值与其它理论方法的结合应用将成为能值研究的新热点。目前能值研究文献数量持续增长,但其理论研究速度落后于应用范围及领域的延伸速度,能值转换率及评价指标体系已无法满足小区域、微观小系统的研究需求,核心作者及代表作品较少,且欠缺与动态模型及仿真技术的结合应用。因此,未来能值研究     

Geophagy in animals and geology of kudurs (mineral licks): a review of Russian publications

This paper reviews from the geological and biological perspectives the achievements of Russian researchers in the field of geophagy, which have not been published in English. It is focused on publications in Russian language about (1) animal behavior related to geophagy, (2) mineral and chemical composition as well as geological characteristics and biological effects of the earths, eaten by animals in various locations in Russia and neighboring countries. The authors argue that the Russian term “solonetz” (salt lick) is too limiting, as animals consume not just salt but many other minerals too. The more general term “kudur” is used for places where animals eat earths. The geological nature and biological properties of kudurites (the common name given to biologically active mineral-crystal substances consumed by animals) and gastroliths (stones consumed by birds and reptiles) are addressed. On the basis of the reviewed data, the authors propose their own views regarding the causes of geophagy.     

生态学及其相关学科SCI收录期刊介绍

将SCI收录的76种及中国进入科学引文索引和科学引文索引扩展版的生态学类日核心期刊进行了全面的揭示，包括英文刊名、汉译刊名、山版周期、原版刊号、最新影响因子、国际标准刊号、出版地、出版者、联系地址、最新期刊刚址，期刊描述等全方位的期刊信息。期刊描述内容包括：期刊的创刊年以及期刊的发展。期刊主要内容及使用的话言。网站可免费获取的该刊目次和文摘及全文信息等。     

Why do blue-eyed men prefer women with the same eye color?

The human eye color blue reflects a simple, predictable, and reliable genetic mechanism of inheritance. Blue-eyed individuals represent a unique condition, as in their case there is always direct concordance between the genotype and phenotype. On the other hand, heterozygous brown-eyed individuals carry an allele that is not concordant with the observed eye color. Hence, eye color can provide a highly visible and salient cue to the child’s heredity. If men choose women with characteristics that promote the assurance of paternity, then blue-eyed men should prefer and feel more attracted towards women with blue eyes. To test these predictions, close-up photos of young women and adult men with either blue or brown eyes were rated for their attractiveness by young women and men observers with either blue or brown eyes (N=88). The eye color in the photographs of each model was manipulated so that a same face would be shown with either the natural eye color (e.g., blue) or with the other color (e.g., brown). Both blue-eyed and brown-eyed female participants showed no difference in their attractiveness ratings for male models of either eye color. Similarly, brown-eyed men showed no preference for either blue-eyed or brown-eyed female models. However, blue-eyed men rated as more attractive the blue-eyed women than the brown-eyed ones. We interpret the latter preference in terms of specific mate selective choice of blue-eyed men, reflecting strategies for reducing paternity uncertainty. In a second study, a group of young adults (N=443) of both sexes and different eye colors (blue, brown, and green) were asked to report the eye and hair color of their romantic partners. Their responses indicated the presence of assortative mating by eye color as well as, to a less degree, for hair color. Most importantly, blue-eyed male respondents were the group with the largest proportion of partners of same eye color. These findings 1) indicate that blue-eyed men do prefer women with the same eye color and 2) specifically suggest the presence of a male adaptation for the detection of extra-pair paternity based on eye color, as a phenotypically based assurance of paternity (i.e., when the father’s and offspring’s phenotypes match) as well as a defense against cuckoldry (i.e., when the phenotypes do not match).Electronic supplementary material Supplementary material is available in the online version of this article at and is accesseble for authorized users.     

Black beak tip coloration as a signal of phenotypic quality in a migratory seabird

Many different seabirds including terns have black color at the tip of their beak, but a yellow, orange, or red color of the rest of the beak. The tip of the beak of Arctic terns Sterna paradisaea is black, while the rest of the beak is deep red during the breeding season. We hypothesized that the black coloration of the tip of the beak is a reliable signal of phenotypic quality maintained by the costs of deposition of melanin. In this paper, we tested a number of predictions arising from this hypothesis. Consistent with the hypothesis, we found that (1) Arctic terns mated assortatively with respect to beak color score; (2) early breeding adults had larger beak color scores than late breeders; (3) clutch size was larger in adults with large beak color scores; (4) adults with a small beak color scores were more likely to die in the immediate future than individuals with large scores; and (5) beak color score was related to environmental conditions at the breeding grounds, as reflected by the North Atlantic Oscillation and the amount of fertilizer used in agriculture, and hence, leaking to coastal waters and environmental conditions at the Antarctic wintering areas as reflected by the Southern Oscillation. These findings suggest that beak color score provide reliable information about individual phenotypic quality.