载银TiO2半导体催化剂对印染废水的光降解研究

以新型载银ＴｉＯ２为催化剂，采用高压汞灯为光源对实际印染废水进行了光催化降解的研究。研究结果表明，用新型载银催化剂（简称ＴＳＡ）对印染废水和精炼废水进行深度处理的效果比用ＴｉＯ２为好。在光照１２０分钟条件下，用ＴＳＡ催化剂对印染和精炼废水生化处理出水进行光催化降解，废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率分别达到７５．３％和８３．４％，比同样光降解条件下用单一ＴｉＯ２催化剂时废水的ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率提高２２．９％和２     

O3—H2O2组合法处理染料中间体废水的研究

报道了Ｏ３－Ｈ２Ｏ２组合法处理含有磺酸基团的萘系染料中间体废水的试验结果。对ＣＯＤ约为１６００ｍｇ／ｌ的某高浓度染料中间体废水，用５．１ｇＯ３／ｌ和２．０ｇＨ２Ｏ２／ｌ进行处理，可达到约６０％的ＣＯＤ及色度去除率，并使ＢＯＤ／ＣＯＤ的比值超过０．３，为后续生化处理创造了条件。     

厌氧—好氧处理汰头废水

研究了厌氧－好氧生物工艺处理汰头废水的效果。在常温条件下，厌氧反应器在进水ＰＨ值为６．４左右，平均ＣＯＤ浓度２４００ｍｇ／ｌ，处理水量为８８ｍ＾３／ｄ，水力滞留时间为２．３ｄ条件下，ＣＯＤ去除率为７８％，出水ＰＨ７．１。兼氧－好氧反应器在处理水量２００ｍ＾３／ｄ，进水ＰＨ７．７，水力停留时间１０－１２ｈ，进水ＣＯＤ浓度６４５ｍｇ／ｌ情况下，出水ＣＯＤ浓度为９５ｍｇ／ｌ，ＣＯＤ去除率达８５％，可达标     

高浓度有机硅废水生物处理技术研究

对生物接触氧化法用于高浓度有机硅废水的处理进行了试验研究，试验结果表明，ＣＯＤ、ＢＯＤ５去除率分别为７８．２％、９０．６％，达到国家二级排放标准。     

Fe^2＋—H2O2氧化法处理氨基J酸工业废水的研究

用Ｆｅ＾２＋－Ｈ２Ｏ２氧化法处理氨基Ｊ酸工业废水。结果表明,当溶液ｐＨ＝１－３,Ｈ２Ｏ２和Ｆｅ＾２＋用量分别为Ｈ２Ｏ２：Ｆｅ＾２＋１０：１,Ｈ２Ｏ２：ＣＯＤＣｒ＝２ｇ：ｇ时,Ｊ酸废水的ＣＯＤＣｒ去除率达６６．７％,氨基去除率达６８．４％。处理后的废水ＢＯＤ５／ＣＯＤＣｒ＝０．５,已达到生化处理的要求。该法可作为氨基Ｊ酸废水的预处理方法。     

新型无机高分子絮凝剂在制革废水处理中的应用研究

介绍了一种新型无机高分子絮凝剂－硅钙复合型聚合氯化铝铁（ＳＣＰＡＦＣ）在制革废水处理中的应用。结果表明，该产品对废水的浊度去除率为９９％，ＳＳ去除率为９５％，ＣＯＤ去除率为９０％，Ｃｒ＾３＋的去除率为８５％左右。最佳使用ｐＨ值为６．０￣９．０，最佳投药量为０．３５￣０．４０ｇ／Ｌ，最佳混凝时间为１５￣２０ｍｉｎ，在同样条件下各项性能均优于ＰＡＣ２倍以上。同时该絮凝剂还可用于生活饮水、生产用水及其他     

硼泥复合混凝剂处理印染废水的研究

采用自制的硼泥复合混凝剂对所选择的若干水溶性染料水样和实际印染废水进行脱色试验，结果表明，混凝效果与染料种类，投药量，ｐＨ值，温度等因素有关，其中投药量范围在０．３￣０．６ｇ／Ｌ，ｐＨ适用范围为４．０￣１１．５，脱色率均可达９２％以上，在处理实际印染废水样时，仅投加０．３ｇ／Ｌ混凝剂时，其ＣＯＤ去除率达６７％以上，脱色率和ＳＳ去除率均达９８％以上，ｐＨ值也处于６￣９范围之内，并且比聚铝的处理效果好     

SBR法处理化学药物制剂废水

采用 ＳＨＲ法处理化学药物制剂废水． 调节 ｐＨ至７．５,进水 ＣＯＤｃｒ ２２４～１５３０ ｍｍ／Ｌ,曝气１０ ｈ, ＣＯＤｃｒ容积负荷达２．５８ｋｇ／ｍ~３·ｄ,ＣＯＤｃｒ的去除率高达９４．２％,处理后出水ＣＯＤｃｒ＜１００ｍｇ／Ｌ,达到综合排放标准（ＧＢ８９７－９６）一级标准。ＣＯＤｃｒ容积负荷至３．８４ ｋｇ／ｍ~３·ｄ, ＣＯＤｃｒ去除率仍＞８５．９％。     

生物膜反应器连续处理餐饮废水

用生物膜反应器连续处理餐水能有效降低废水中的ＢＯＤ及ＣＯＤ浓度。研究了水力停留时间对有机物去除率的影响,结果表明当水力停留时间大于７．８ｈ时,废水的ＣＯＤ,ＢＯＤ及ＴＳＳ的去除率均高于９０％。实验操作时,水力停留时间应略大于５．７ｈ。     

水解酸化——好氧工艺处理混合化工废水

对某化工开发区混合化工废水进行预处理,物化出水采用厌氧水解－－好氧活性污泥法坦 步处理。研究了水力停留时间、有机负荷、容积负荷对处理效率的影响。结果表明,当上流工厌氧滤池进水ＣＯＤ浓度为７００－９００ｍｇ／Ｌ,经水解酸化－－好氧处理后出水ＣＯＤ去除率达６０％以上,色度、ＳＳ、ＢＯＤ去除率分别为８５％以上,５０￣６０％、９５％左右。经混凝沉淀、Ｆｅｎｔｏｎ试剂进一步处理,ＣＯＤ、色度可下降为１２４ｍ     

International standardization of water analysis

The efficiency of a water treatment program or a water monitoring program can be checked only if it is accompanied by water analysis procedures allowing meaningful statements on water quality. Meaningful statements do not only include high accuracy, but high precision as well. With high precision values, good repeatability and reproducibility is aimed for. Repeatability and reproducibility may either be monitored by regular inter-laboratory trials, without prescribing a distinct analytical method, or by applying a standardized method which has undergone thorough checks concerning its reliability and efficiency. The article presents the structure of the ISO, CEN and DIN standardization work in water analysis.     

Water Security in Uzbekistan: Implication of Return Waters on the Amu Darya Water Quality

- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1065/espr2006.01.007 Goal, Scope and Background Amu Darya river, one of the main water resources of Uzbekistan, shows a relevant longitudinal enrichment of soluble contents which strongly limits the human uses of its waters. Because of the low natural run-off processes, salts and pollutants are mainly driven to the river by the return waters used for washing and irrigating the surrounding lands. The influence of return waters on stream quality is dramatically relevant in the lower reaches of the river where almost all the flowing waters have been previously used for the agriculture practises. To provide analytical evidence on the potential effects of return waters on the quality of the Amu Darya river, the paper reports and comments data on salinity and metals contents of the waters flowing in the artificial channel network of Bukhara and in the Amu Darya river, from Bukhara up to the dam forming the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex (THC). Methods A total of 15 sampling sites were selected for the analytical survey: Two sites were located on the Amu Darya river downstream from the inflow of the return waters from Bukhara, two in the river entering in the THC, and three downstream from the dam forming the reservoir complex. The waters entering and leaving the Bukhara agricultural area were sampled in two main collectors, while the waters flowing in the channel system were sampled in six distinct collectors. The following parameters were considered in the survey: pH, Oxygen, Hardness, Salinity, Conductivity, P-PO4 3–, P tot, N tot, N-NO3 2–, N-NO2 –, COD, Ca2+, Mg2+, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cr, Cu, Ni, Cd, Pb. Results and Discussion Salt concentrations below 1000 mg/l were measured in the Amu Darya waters upstream to Bukhara. In the drainage system, salinity exceeds the palatability limit and reaches the maximum peak of 3200 mg/l in the outflow collector. Due to dilution effects, salinity returns to lower values (400–700 mg/l) along the Amu Darya river downstream from Bukhara; calcium and magnesium resulted the major constituents of the overall salinity. No serious metal contaminations were detected in the waters entering and leaving the examined channel system. Differently, the Amu Darya waters upstream to the THC showed a relevant metal contamination, with Cr, Ni, Fe concentrations exceeding the limits for human consumption. In the downstream sites, located in the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex and in the Amu Darya river flowing out from this reservoir, excluding Fe, all the examined metals showed lover concentrations and values below the normative limits. Conclusion The direct human consumption of the lower Amu Darya waters is strongly limited by salinity and by metal contamination. Although the salinity of the return waters from the Bukhara drainage system results in above normal limits, no corresponding increases were measured in the Amu Darya river downstream from the return water inflow at the time of the survey. As for the metal contamination of the Amu Darya river, the survey revealed the presence of relevant sources of metal contamination downstream from Bukhara external to the agricultural drainage system. This contamination resulted in reduced sedimentation processes taking place in the limnetic zones of the Amu Darya river upstream to the dam forming the Tuyamuyn Hydro Complex. Recommendation and Outlook To fully understand the longitudinal increase of Amu Darya salinity, an evaluation of the cumulative effects of the loads from the main agricultural areas is required, also by using mass-balance models. As for the metals, an investigation should be addressed to identify the anthropogenic sources of contaminations present in the lower Amu Darya region and the metal loads should be diverted.     

多水源供水管网中铁释放规律

针对水源切换而引起的水质超标现象,开展了多水源联合供水条件下管网中铁释放规律的研究。分析了北方某城市2种水源(滦河水和长江水)的水质特点,利用实验模拟反应器分别研究了水源完全置换和供水分界线处水源混合区域的铁释放规律。结果表明,多水源供水管网的铁释放速率与水源水质密切相关,特别是水中含高浓度SO2-4和氯化物时会加快铁的释放。不同水源之间的频繁切换会破坏管垢表面的钝化层,使铁释放速率迅速变化,随后会有所缓解,但新的平衡的形成需要较长时间。供水分界线处的水源混合区域,由于水质的不断变化造成管垢表面很难形成稳定的钝化层,铁释放速率持续偏高,只有当长江水所占比例高达75%以上时才能得到抑制。     

不同工艺再生水补给对景观湖水质变化的影响

再生水回用于景观水体过程中,为了比较不同再生水工艺对景观水体富营养化的影响,以"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"和"二级出水+O3"作为再生水处理工艺,以岸滤(bank filtration,BF)作为水质维持工艺,进行再生水景观水体水质保障技术研究。结果表明,"二级出水+O3"出水流量较大,水力流动快,每天运行24 h,平均出水流量25.5 m3/d,氮磷含量偏高;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH"出水的氮磷指标控制在较低水平,GFH出水流量8～14 m3/d,水力流动较缓,湖中出现蓝藻。2套系统中BF对NH4+-N的去除率分别为30.5%和20.8%。"二级出水+O3+BF"系统中人工湖进水TN平均浓度24.309 mg/L,TP平均浓度0.583 mg/L,N/P=41,适宜水网藻生长,对湖中N(主要是NH4+-N)、P有较强的去除能力;"二级出水+BAF+O3+GFH+BF"系统中人工湖进水TP<0.05 mg/L,适宜蓝藻生长。     

太仓市饮用水水源污染现状和对策

根据太仓市饮用水地表水源和地下水的监测数据，分别采用单因子评价和综合评价方法，对饮用水源的水质进行评价。结果认为地表水水源已受到轻度污染，属Ⅲ类水；地下水的水质较差，已不适合于直接饮用。饮用水水源的主要污染物为COD、氨氮、挥发酚、硝酸盐氮和高锰酸盐指数。对饮用水水源的污染成因进行了全面分析，并从四个方面提出了水源安全保护对策：法律法规与行政手段、技术支撑、经济支持和宣传教育.     

我国华北地区湿地生态需水量研究探讨与应用实例

我国华北地区湿地通常处于缺水状态.当湿地分别为"资源型缺水"和"水质型缺水"时,目前常用的几种生态需水量估算方法的适用范围是不同的.水量平衡法是较通用的方法;而水量损失法和最低水位法主要适用于资源型缺水;物质平衡法和逐年环境改良法则主要应用于污染型缺水的情况.针对不同的情况可以选取相应的估算方法.本文应用不同估算方法,对河北保定白洋淀湿地和北京顺义杨镇湿地的生态需水量进行了估算,通过估算结果间的比较,反映出白洋淀湿地面临的污染问题更严重,而杨镇湿地更亟需解决的是资源型缺水问题,使其补偿措施更有针对性,能更好地协调人与湿地生态环境问的关系.     

油田回注水水质恶化成因的研究

为分析水质达标的处理站回注水在注水管线流动的过程中水质逐渐变差的原因,通过现场实际运行过程,分别获取了水处理站、注水站和注水井底各段的水样,进而测定了各水样的相关水质指标,并且分析了水中悬浮物的元素组成。实验结果表明,回注水在注水管线中引起管线腐蚀,腐蚀产生的Fe2+、Fe3+进一步导致溶解性油含量和悬浮固体的增加,最终得出管线的腐蚀是引起水质变差的主要原因。     

城市水源地突发性水污染事件研究述评

日益恶化的突发性水污染事件始终是国内外大多数城市水源地安全和城市供水安全的重要威胁.从城市水源地突发性污染事件的风险源、水源地易损性、应急评估和预警技术及应急机制4个方面综述了国内外城市水源地突发性污染事件的研究进展.述评认为,应关注城市水源地的特殊易损性及突发性污染的威胁,重点研究水源地突发性污染事件的快速评估和预警技术及应急机制,全面开展城市水源地突发性污染事件的基础和实例研究.     

小型景观湖水质模拟及应用研究

由于小型景观水体的体量和再生水补水措施的施行，其水质随环境和入水水质的变化和富营养化过程较大型水体快。由EFDC模型和WASP模型耦合建立小型浅水景观湖生态动力学模型，用实测水质数据进行参数率定与验证，可实现小型景观水体水质变化趋势的模拟，为水质管理提供决策支持。在此基础上，对民主湖在几种水质保障方案下1年的水质变化进行了模拟预测和对比，结果表明，作为富营养化程度表征的叶绿素a在空间和时间分布上均存在一定的规律性，夏季由于温度升高，叶绿素a浓度较高，说明藻类等浮游植物迅速增殖，是水质恶化水华暴发的高发期，而采取加大湖水水力循环和改善入口水质的控制方案，可使水质得到良好保障。     

水污染·水资源·对策

本文详细论述了中国和世界的水资源状况，并论述了中国的水资源短缺状况、中国用水的优劣势，以及如何解决中国水资源短缺的措施和基本战略。