海藻酸钠固定化包埋微生物处理有机微污染源水

以黄浦江水为处理源水 ,将筛选出的菌种用海藻酸钠为载体进行固定化包埋 ;对间歇式处理体系中菌体浓度 ,处理温度以及起始 TOC浓度对有机物降解效果的影响进行实验 .结果表明 ,菌体浓度为 1g/L～2g/L,处理温度为 20℃时 ,包埋颗粒性状保持较好 ,对源水中起始浓度在 10mg/L～15mg/L之间的 TOC具有20%～30%的降解率 ;温度升高 ,明显缩短颗粒使用寿命 ;而菌体浓度增加对处理效果没有增强作用 .另外 ,以菌 TD2和 TD4包埋颗粒为例 ,测试发现经 48h处理 ,其对源水中浓度为53.4μg/L酚具有 90%左右的降解率 .     

污水处理厂二级出水中总异养菌群对6种抗生素的耐受性研究

以北京市2座污水处理厂二级出水为研究对象,通过考察总异养菌群、抗性菌比例、浓度及抗生素对细菌的半抑制浓度,研究了二级出水中一般细菌对青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄、氯霉素、四环素和利福平6种抗生素在不同浓度下的耐受性.结果表明,2座污水处理厂出水中青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢氨苄和氯霉素抗性菌比例较四环素和利福平高.当抗生素浓度为32mg.L-1时,污水处理厂G二级出水中头孢氨苄抗性菌比例最高为59%,而污水处理厂Q二级出水中氯霉素抗性菌比例最高为44%.头孢氨苄抗性菌在污水处理厂G、Q出水中的浓度分别高达4.0×103 CFU.mL-1和3.5×104 CFU.mL-1,而氯霉素抗性菌浓度分别高达4.9×102 CFU.mL-1和4.6×104 CFU.mL-1.污水处理厂G中异养菌对头孢氨苄的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度〉32 mg.L-1;污水处理厂Q中,异养菌对氯霉素的耐受能力最强,其半抑制浓度为23.1 mg.L-1.污水处理厂二级出水中部分抗生素抗性菌污染严重,且稳定存在于低浓度抗生素的处理出水.     

桂林市污水处理厂总有机碳调查与研究

水中总有机碳(TOC)含量反映了水体中有机物污染的程度.调查桂林市污水处理厂进水、出水、受纳水体中TOC的含量.实验结果表明污水处理厂污水TOC去除率为73.9％～91.6％;老城区和新开发区污水处理厂排水TOC含量无明显差异,但高于人口较少的西面污水处理厂排放浓度;受纳水体有机物污染程度人口密度区域＞人口较少区域.受纳水体TOC质量浓度上游500m＞下游500m.     

无锡市污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌分布与去除特性研究

近年来,污水处理厂已成为环境中抗生素抗性菌的重要来源.本研究利用传统的异养菌培养法对无锡市6座污水处理厂进出水中的5种抗生素(氨苄霉素、红霉素、四环素、卡那霉素、环丙沙星)抗性菌进行调查与分析,并对比了在不同工艺和不同季节条件下抗性菌的去除效果.结果表明,5种抗性菌在污水处理厂进出水中均可检出,进水中抗性菌浓度为103~10~5CFU·m L~(-1),出水中抗性菌浓度为10~2~10~4CFU·m L~(-1),其中,氨苄霉素抗性菌最多,占总异养菌的比例超过50%.污水处理工艺没有选择性去除抗性菌的效果,出水中抗性菌占总异养菌的比例相对于进水有增加趋势.相比其它传统工艺(氧化沟、SBR等),MBR工艺对去除氨苄霉素、红霉素抗性菌表现出一定优势;夏季目标污水处理厂对抗性菌的去除量略多于冬季,且只有环丙沙星抗性菌的去除量表现出显著的季节性差异(p0.05).     

污水处理厂二级出水中四环素抗性菌的生长特性与耐药性

抗生素抗性菌的扩散已成为全世界面临的重要公共卫生安全隐患.本文从某城市污水处理厂二级出水中分离出21株四环素抗性菌,对其种属、生理生化特性、抗生素耐受性进行了研究.结果表明,21株四环素抗性菌均属于肠杆菌科,分别属于气单胞菌属(9株)、埃希氏菌属(5株)、肠杆菌属(3株)、克雷伯氏菌属(2株)、柠檬酸杆菌属(1株)和哈夫尼菌属(1株).这些菌大多属于条件致病菌,且有18株携带质粒.21株四环素抗性菌中,气单胞菌、埃希氏菌的平均最大生长量显著高于肠杆菌,大部分菌株的迟滞时间在2 h以内.抗生素耐受性试验结果表明,四环素抗性菌对氯霉素耐受能力最强,对β-内酰胺酶类抗生素(青霉素、氨苄青霉素、头孢噻吩)的耐受性次之,对利福平的耐受性最弱.75%以上的四环素抗性菌同时表现出对其它5种抗生素具有抗性.以上结果为我国污水处理厂抗生素抗性菌的风险分析与控制提供了参考数据.     

桂林市污水处理厂水质TOC特征探讨

对桂林市3个污水处理厂水质及其受纳水体的总有机碳(TOC)进行监测,分析了污水处理厂TOC随水量、时间变化的规律,同时监测3个污水处理厂的化学需氧量(COD),用最小二乘法计算三个污水处理厂TOC和COD之间的回归方程,并进行相关关系的显著性检验.结果表明,七里店污水处理厂处理前后TOC浓度最高,处理效率最高,3个污水处理厂在水量高峰期处理前后TOC浓度均比水量低峰期的浓度高.北冲污水处理厂COD和TOC线性相关不显著,第四污水处理厂和七里店污水处理厂COD和TOC存在着线性相关关系.     

电絮凝-过滤法去除源水中微量有机物

利用电絮凝-过滤法进行了源水中有机物去除的实验研究,探讨了电流密度、电解时间和pH值等因素对源水中TOC去除效果的影响。结果表明,在电极间距1.0cm,电流密度47.2 A/m2,初始TOC浓度为12.4mg/L时,反应12min后,出水浓度为3.60mg/L,TOC去除率可达71%。表明电絮凝法可有效去除源水中微量有机物。其去除机理包括电絮凝、电化学氧化和还原以及电气浮等。     

贵阳市污水处理厂中典型抗生素的污染水平及生态风险

为了解贵阳市污水处理厂对进水中典型抗生素的去除情况及污水处理厂出水对受纳水体中水生生物的影响,对贵阳市两座污水处理厂进出水及受纳水体中9种典型抗生素进行调查.结果表明,污水处理厂进出水中抗生素均有不同程度检出,进出水中抗生素的浓度范围在ND～835. 60 ng·L~(-1)和ND～286. 60 ng·L~(-1)之间,其中氧氟沙星(OFX)浓度最高,进水分别为835. 60 ng·L~(-1)和539. 00 ng·L~(-1),出水分别为11. 74 ng·L~(-1)和286. 60 ng·L~(-1).污水处理厂对抗生素的去除率为-42. 29%～100%,其中四环素(TC)被完全去除.进出水中抗生素的浓度与国内外其它地区污水处理厂相比处于较低水平.通过对受纳水体中抗生素的检测分析发现,受纳水体中OFX的浓度最高,污水处理厂出水是受纳水体中抗生素的来源之一.通过生态风险评估也发现OFX对受纳水体中水生生物存在高风险(RQ 1).     

杭州市主要污水处理厂TOC与COD关联分析

研究了钱塘江沿岸杭州市主要污水处理厂进水和出水水体中TOC以及COD的关联性。选取13家污水处理厂进水和出水进行取样,分别测定TOC以及COD,结果显示这13家污水厂64%的COD与TOC比值落在1.2~5.75;36%的COD与TOC比值落在6.21~36.5。其中工业园区型污水处理厂的COD与TOC比值明显比城镇型污水处理厂要低。     

中国城市污水处理厂内分泌干扰物控制优先性分析

基于已报道的中国城市污水处理厂二级处理出水中内分泌干扰物的浓度,分别在以出水最大浓度为背景的极端情景和以出水中位浓度为背景的一般情景下,计算和分析了工业化学品、农药、天然雌激素、药物4类共32种内分泌干扰物的生态风险商和雌二醇当量浓度.结果表明,在极端情景下,分别有12种和9种物质具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性;其中,分别有6种和5种物质在一般情景下也具有生态风险和内分泌干扰性.在此基础上,通过评分和排序得出在中国城市污水处理厂应当优先控制的4种污染物为炔雌醇、雌酮、壬基酚、双酚A.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.