低剂量微囊藻毒素MC-LR诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺损伤及凋亡

微囊藻毒素(microcystins, MCs)是由水华蓝藻释放出来的一种有生物活性的环庚肽化合物,具有较强的肝毒性,MC-LR是其分布最广的和毒性最强的一个亚型。罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)是我国比较重要的一个水产养殖品种,但由于养殖水体富营养化程度比较严重,常常爆发蓝藻水华,给其健康养殖带来较大的威胁,但是关于MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒性机制研究的报道较少。因此,使用环境相关浓度的MC-LR(0.5和5μg·L~(-1))处理罗氏沼虾1、2和3周,通过组织学观察、免疫组化定位、氧化应激指标测定以及荧光定量PCR技术探究养殖水体中常见浓度MCs对罗氏沼虾的毒害效应及潜在机制。研究结果表明,较高环境相关浓度(5μg·L~(-1))的MCs会在罗氏沼虾肝胰腺中显著富集,诱导氧化应激,破坏肝胰腺的形态和结构,并且破坏作用随暴露时间延长而加剧,并发生细胞凋亡。而较低浓度的MCs(0.5μg·L~(-1))对肝胰腺的影响相对较小,但是依然会诱导罗氏沼虾肝胰腺氧化应激,并且在长时间作用下也会给肝胰腺组织带来损伤。上述研究结果证明,环境相关浓度的MCs对罗氏沼虾也有一定的毒害作用,并且毒害作用呈剂量与时间依赖效应。     

低温对日本沼虾耗氧率、排氨率和Na+/K+ ATPase比活力的影响

在低温和室温条件下，测定了两种规格日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponens)的耗氧率、排氨率和Na^ ／K^ ATPase比活力．结果表明，低温条件下日本沼虾的耗氧率和排氨率均低于室温，且与体重呈负相关；而Na^ ／K^ ATPase比活力高于室温，且与体重呈正相关．表4参21     

曲霉菌丝球HX对偶氮染料的吸附脱色

采用富积和驯化方法选育出的曲霉菌丝球HX对不同种类染料表现出高效吸附性能，可在12h内完全吸附200mg／L的直接染料、分散染料及活性黄X-R的颜色，并且研究了碳源质量浓度、氮源质量浓度、盐度、培养条件及优化条件组合对菌丝球HX吸附活性艳红X-3B的影响，结果表明：随碳源质量浓度的增加，吸附率相应增加，质量浓度为10．0g／L以上时，72h及以上的吸附率大于92．3％；氮源质量浓度高于0．75g／L时对吸附率影响不大；随盐度增加，染料吸附率有所下降．在温度为25～35℃、染料培养基pH为5．0～7．0、供氧充足的条件下吸附率较高．在所筛选的最佳吸附条件下，菌丝球HX对活性艳红X-3B表现出了更好的吸附效果．图6表3参9     

溴氰菊酯对鱼虾的毒性与安全评价研究

通过室内试验和野外试验研究了溴氰菊酯农药对龟类和虾类的毒性、回避性和实际危害性。结果表明，溴氰菊酯对鲤鱼的ＬＣ５０（２４ｈ）为１．０μｇ／Ｌ，对日本沼虾的ＬＣ５０（３ｈ）为０．４１μｇ／Ｌ。在稻田中按规定的剂量使用溴氰菊酯农药治虫，对稻田养鱼和邻近鱼塘无危害影响；对虾类有较大的危害性。但虾类对溴氰菊酯有十分明显的回避性，在自然水域中溴氰菊酯对虾类的实际危害程度比在实验条件下要轻些。     

2种杀虫剂对日本沼虾的急性毒性

研究了毒死蜱和硫丹对日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)的毒性作用.根据预试验确定2种杀虫剂对日本沼虾的急性毒性试验浓度,测定沼虾24和48 h的半致死浓度p(LC50),在0～48 h的ρ(LC50)值范围内设定6个浓度梯度,对日本沼虾进行24 h胁迫试验以测定耗氧量和排氨量.毒死蜱和硫丹对日本沼虾的24和48 hρ(LC50)分别为5.03、2.01和8.47、4.02 μg·L-1,其安全质量浓度分别为0.096和0.272 μg·L-1,表明日本沼虾对毒死蜱的敏感性明显高于硫丹.随着2种杀虫剂浓度的逐渐升高,日本沼虾的耗氧量和排氨量均呈现下降趋势,表明日本沼虾采用相同的适应方式来抵御2种杀虫剂对其基础代谢的胁迫,表现为被动的忍耐.     

8种拟除虫菊酯农药对稀有鲫的急性、亚慢性毒性研究

８种拟除虫菊酯对稀有鲫的急性毒性和其中２种拟除虫菊酯的亚慢性毒性研究结果表明：溴氰菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、甲氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯、胺菊酯、甲醚菊酯对稀有鲫均属剧毒，它们的ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１分别为３．１６，３．２４，６．３１，７．２１，７．３５，３２．４５，９１．７５和８８２．６；甲氰菊酯、二氯炔戊菊酯对稀有鲫７ｄ亚慢性毒性的最低有影响浓度ρ（ＬＯＥＣ）和最高无影响浓度ρ（ＮＯＥＣ）分别为０．８８～０．４４μｇ／Ｌ，４．０～２．０μｇ／Ｌ，以ρ（９６ｈＬＣ５０）／μｇ·Ｌ－１为基准，２种拟除虫菊酯的安全系数均为０．０６～０．１２５．     

伊乐藻在冬季低温条件下对污染水体的净化效果

研究了耐寒沉水植物伊乐藻(Elodea nuttallii)在冬季低温条件下的生长状况，以及不同生物量的伊乐藻对污染水体的净化效果。在冬季水温3—7℃的低温条件下，大多数水生植物处于生长停滞期，然而实验结果表明，伊乐藻在此条件下却具有明显的生长能力，并且单位生物量的增长量最大可达0．34g；实验结果同样显示了伊乐藻在低温条件下对TN、TP和CODCr具有一定的净化效果，对TP的去除效果要比对TN和CODCr的去除效果好；从实验结果还可看出，伊乐藻在水温高于4℃时对藻类具有抑制作用，从这一点就可说明伊乐藻具有一定的克藻效应，且其抑制能力与水温有很大的关系。     

溴氰菊酯对鱼虾的毒性与安全评价研究

通过室内试验和野外试验研究了溴氰菊酯农药对鱼类和虾类的毒性，回避性和实际危害性。结果表明，溴氰菊酯对鲤鱼的ＬＣ５０（２４ｈ）为１．０μｇ／Ｌ，对日本沼虾的ＬＣ５０（３ｈ）为０．４１μｇ／Ｌ。在稻田中按规定的剂量使用溴氰菊酯农药治虫，对稻田养鱼和邻近鱼塘无危害影响，对虾类有较大的危害性。但虾类对溴氰菊酯有十分明显的回避性，在自然水域中溴氰菊酯对虾类的实际危害程度比在实验条件下要轻些。     

催化湿式氧化法处理对硝基酚钠废水的试验

以Mn-Ce-Zr-Cu复合型氧化物作为多相催化剂，采用催化湿式氧化法处理高浓度对硝基酚钠废水，考察了各种反应条件对废水处理效果的影响。结果表明：在温度220℃、压力2．5MPa、反应时间60min、催化剂加入量3g／L的条件下，COD去除率可达63．7％。经处理后的废水，BOD5／COD的比值由原来的0．016提高到0．33，从而为后续的生物降解创造了良好条件。     

罗氏沼虾养殖塘叶绿素a与水质因子的灰色关联分析

为研究罗氏沼虾养殖塘中影响叶绿素a的主要水质因子,于2011年6—10月对地处上海市金山区的某罗氏沼虾养殖场的3个养殖塘及水源的水温(T)、溶解氧(DO)、pH值、透明度、亚硝酸盐氮(NO2-N)、总氨氮(TAN)、总氮(TN)、活性磷(PO4-P)、总磷(TP)、叶绿素a和化学需氧量(CODMn)等因子进行监测,运用灰色关联分析方法分析了叶绿素a与水质因子的相互关系。结果发现,水质因子与叶绿素a的关联度由大到小依次为TN、TP、CODMn、DO、pH值、NO2-N、T、TAN、PO4-P和透明度,在罗氏沼虾养殖塘中影响叶绿素a的优势因子依次为TN、TP、CODMn、DO和pH值,通过进一步讨论分析发现,TN和TP是影响池塘叶绿素a最重要的水质因子。     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Comparison of the insecticidal effects of water extracted and intact aromatic plants onAcanthoscelides obtectus,a bruchid beetle pest of kidney beans

Summary Acanthoscelides obtectus (Say) is one of the most damaging pests of kidney beans,Phaseolus vulgaris L. worldwide. However, aromatic plants from the families Lamiaceae, Lauraceae, Myrtaceae and Poaceae can protect kidney beans by direct or delayed insecticidal effect, through increased adult mortality and inhibition of beetle reproduction (both oviposition and adult emergence). The efficiency of hydrodistillated and intact plants fromThymus vulgaris andT. serpyllum, Mentha piperata, Rosmarinus officinalis, Satureia hortensis, Eucalyptus globulus, Laurus nobilis, Origanum vulgare, andCymbopogon nardus was compared. For both extracts,Origanum vulgare had the best effect. The insecticidal effect was induced by more than the essential oils because no significant difference was noticed between distilled and intact plants extract. Inhibition of reproduction was particularly important. These results suggest that lipidic as well as non lipidic, allelochemicals, such as phenolics, or non-protein amino-acids, or flavonoids may be involved in the toxicity of aromatic plants to this beetle.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.