HPLC法检测灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中的残留

建立了高效液相色谱测定灭蝇胺在黄瓜和土壤中残留的方法,灭蝇胺的最小检出量为4×10-10g.对黄瓜样品,在005—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为762—862%;变异系数为04—20%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.对土壤样品,在02—50mg·kg-1时,平均回收率为854—881%;变异系数为06—14%,最低检出浓度为002mg·kg-1.     

间接竞争ELISA方法测定水中2，4-D的研究

以2,4-D-BSA为包被抗原,采用自行制备的2,4-D单克隆特异性抗体6D11建立了水中2,4-D的间接竞争 ELISA检测方法．本研究比较了包被抗原2,4-D-BSA浓度分别为240ng·mL-1、120ng·mL-1和60ng·mL-1的反应体系和竞争反应时间为60min和15min的间接竞争ELISA剂量-反应曲线,确定了当包被抗原浓度为60 ng·mL-1、竞争反应时间为15min时,剂量-反应曲线的IC50值较低．采用上述实验条件分别测定了由PBS缓冲溶液、饮用水、清华大学地下水和圆明园福海地表水配制的2,4-D标准溶液的剂量．反应曲线,发现实际水样的基质效应对检测结果的影响较大;采用实际水样和PBS缓冲溶液配水在含有5％乙醇的PBS缓冲体系中反应的方法,基本上消除了基质效应对检测结果的干扰．采用上述优化试验条件,测定2,4-D浓度分别为0．5mg·L-1、0．125mg·L-1和0．03mg·L-1的加标样品,测定数据的准确度符合痕量有机污染物定量检测对准确度的要求,但是平行样品测定数据之间的变异系数较大,需要进一步改进检测方法,用于实际水样的检测．     

抗DEP单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的构建

为构建针对水环境中邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(Diethyl phthalate,DEP)等邻苯二甲酸酯类(Phthalates,PAEs)化合物的免疫学快速检测方法,需获得高效稳定的分泌抗DEP单克隆抗体的杂交瘤细胞株.以邻苯二甲酸单乙酯(Monoethylphthalate,MEP)-BSA为免疫抗原免疫BALb/c小鼠,间接竞争ELISA测定小鼠血清效价,用细胞融合筛选技术筛选抗DEP单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株.结果显示,实验小鼠免疫血清效价最高能达到1:5 000,经过HAT筛选、复检和亚克隆后得到9个能分泌抗DEP单克隆抗体的细胞株,细胞株上清液效价最高能达到1:10 000,对DEP的抑制率最高能达到86.5%,且其对11种结构类似物的交叉反应率均低于0.1%,特异性较好.本研究成功构建的杂交瘤细胞株能稳定高效分泌抗DEP单克隆抗体,可为DEP的ELISA检测方法建立及胶体金免疫层析(Colloidal gold immunochromatography assay,GICA)试纸条的研制提供稳定高效的单克隆抗体源.(图8表2参23)     

在线固相萃取-超快速液相色谱-质谱联用测定水中超痕量呋喃丹和甲萘威

采用在线固相萃取技术对水体中痕量甲萘威和呋喃丹富集,并利用快速液相色谱串联质谱检测器检测.采用固相萃取小柱富集待测物,以色谱梯度泵完成样品的在线净化后,利用阀切换技术将待测物反冲至分析柱进行分离,以串联质谱定性及定量.水样无需样品浓缩富集,过滤后即可进样.方法在1.0—100μg·L~(-1)范围内线性良好,呋喃丹和甲萘威的线性相关系数R~2 0.999.呋喃丹和甲萘威的检出限(S/N=3)分别为0.3、0.15 ng·L~(-1),加标回收率在90.1%—108%.用所建立的方法测定了自来水中的痕量甲萘威与呋喃丹,结果令人满意.     

QuEChERS-高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定多果定在黄瓜和土壤中的残留及消解动态

建立了黄瓜和土壤样品中多果定的Qu ECh ERS-高效液相色谱-电喷雾串联质谱(HPLC-ESI-MS/MS)检测方法,样品经甲醇(乙腈+甲醇)溶液,Qu ECh ERS方法净化,以Agilent ZORBAX Eclipse Plus C_(18)(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.8μm Rapid Resolution HD)色谱柱进行高效液相色谱分离,以电喷雾离子串联质谱正离子(ESI+)多反应监测(MRM)模式进行测定.多果定在黄瓜和土壤上的最低检出浓度(LOQ)为0.01 mg·kg~(-1),平均回收率为77.7%—113.4%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.5%—8.0%;多果定在黄瓜和土壤上的残留消解动态规律符合一级动力学方程,其半衰期分别为2.3—4.3 d和2.7—17.3 d.该方法样品前处理简单快速,分析时间短,灵敏度、准确度和精密度均符合农药残留检测要求,适用于黄瓜和土壤中多果定残留的检测.     

软骨藻酸间接竞争ELISA检测方法的研究

为研究满足海产品日常分析的免疫检测法,采用自行制备的软骨藻酸多抗隆抗体,建立间接竞争ELISA检测方法,分别摸索了抗原、一抗、二抗的最佳使用浓度及温育温度与时间,并用该方法测定了贝类样品中的DA含量.结果表明,该方法最低检测限约为18 ng·mL-1,贝类样品测定的加标回收率在47.2%—94.2%之间.RSD在12....     

一种提取土壤样品中麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白curcin的方法

建立并优化了一种土壤麻疯树核糖体失活蛋白curcin的提取方法.优化后的提取步骤和参数为:0.1 g含curcin的土壤样品加入1 m L的提取缓冲液(5 mmol/L磷酸盐,0.1 mmol/L EDTA,0.2%SDS(m/V),20 mmol/Lβ-巯基乙醇,p H7.2),在18℃以上的室温条件下振荡混匀1 h,离心取上清液.重复该过程一次,合并上清液.上清液于4℃放置过夜,离心取上清液,即为样品粗提液.该样品粗提液即可用单克隆抗体间接酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)进一步检测其中的curcin含量.该方法对curcin含量高于8μg/g土壤可进行定性检测,对于curcin含量分别为100、500、1 000μg/g的土壤样品的回收率分别达到49.3%±2.8%、64.2%±3.62%和78.33%±4.24%.该方法的变异系数保持在5%左右,对来自四川3个样地的土壤有较好的适用性.本研究建立优化的提取方法可为评估curcin蛋白在农业领域应用的生态风险提供技术支持.     

甲萘威在水环境中的水解及其影响因素

选择pH值、温度、水质和浓度四个因素对甲萘威在水中水解的影响进行了研究.结果表明,pH值和温度是两个主要的影响因素,碱性和高温都会促使甲萘威的水解反应加快.甲萘威在去离子水中的水解速率和在河水中的水解速率相差不多,但这种差别随pH值的增大而有所增加,说明河水中的一些无机离子和腐殖酸等对甲萘威的水解有一定的影响.而不同浓度的甲萘威也对水解速率有所影响.在pH值为7,温度30℃下,甲萘威很容易水解,其半衰期大约只有120h.     

气相色谱法测定土壤中BHCs和DDTs的残留

建立了土壤中六六六 (BHC )和滴滴涕 (DDT )异构体含量的气相色谱分析方法 ,样品以正己烷 丙酮利用超声波提取 ,提取液以层析柱净化 采用HP 1(Methylsiloxane )毛细管色谱柱分离样品 ,GC ECD检测BHC和DDT的残留量 ,方法的最小检测量为 1 5× 10 -13 — 1 6× 10 -12 g ;平均加标回收率为 92 6 %—99 2 % ;RSD为 2 2 %— 6 0 %     

水体中盐单胞菌属(Halomonas)细菌实时荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立及应用

通过制备标准曲线模板,针对一株盐单胞属细菌X3(经鉴定为Halomonas alkaliphila)的16S r DNA序列设计和筛选特异性引物,建立水体中盐单胞菌属细菌的实时荧光定量PCR检测方法,并将该法用于检测莱州人工鱼礁海域Halomonas属细菌数量.结果表明,引物X3-3F和X3-3R能够对Halomonas属的细菌进行特异性检测,对细菌浓度为6.75×10~1-6.75×10~7 CFU/m L检测重复性和稳定性较好,最低检出浓度为67.5 CFU/m L.运用建立的方法对莱州人工鱼礁海域水体样品的检测结果表明,在未投礁海域2011年5月和7月水体样品中Halomonas细菌数量分别为8.71×10~3 CFU/m L和2.37×10~3 CFU/m L,而投礁区5月份水样也检出了该属细菌,但荧光信号较弱,7月份水样未检出该属细菌.本研究可为Halomonas属细菌的快速检测及其在海水养殖水质净化方面的推广应用提供有力的技术支撑.     

Achieving Open Access to Conservation Science

Conservation science is a crisis discipline in which the results of scientific enquiry must be made available quickly to those implementing management. We assessed the extent to which scientific research published since the year 2000 in 20 conservation science journals is publicly available. Of the 19,207 papers published, 1,667 (8.68%) are freely downloadable from an official repository. Moreover, only 938 papers (4.88%) meet the standard definition of open access in which material can be freely reused providing attribution to the authors is given. This compares poorly with a comparable set of 20 evolutionary biology journals, where 31.93% of papers are freely downloadable and 7.49% are open access. Seventeen of the 20 conservation journals offer an open access option, but fewer than 5% of the papers are available through open access. The cost of accessing the full body of conservation science runs into tens of thousands of dollars per year for institutional subscribers, and many conservation practitioners cannot access pay‐per‐view science through their workplace. However, important initiatives such as Research4Life are making science available to organizations in developing countries. We urge authors of conservation science to pay for open access on a per‐article basis or to choose publication in open access journals, taking care to ensure the license allows reuse for any purpose providing attribution is given. Currently, it would cost $51 million to make all conservation science published since 2000 freely available by paying the open access fees currently levied to authors. Publishers of conservation journals might consider more cost effective models for open access and conservation‐oriented organizations running journals could consider a broader range of options for open access to nonmembers such as sponsorship of open access via membership fees. Obtención de Acceso Abierto a la Ciencia de la Conservación     

Some polyphagous Homoptera gain protection from their natural enemies by feeding on the toxic plantsSpartium junceum andErythrina corallodendrum (Leguminosae)

Summary Interactions were studied among alkaloid-containing legumes (Erythrina corallodendrum andSpartium junceum) and non-toxic plants (Citrus sinensis, Cucurbita moschata andEuphorbia tirucalli), several polyphagous homopterans,Aphis craccivora (Aphididae),Icerya purchasi, I. aegyptiaca (Margarodidae),Lepidosaphes ulmi (Diaspididae) andPlanococcus citri (Pseudococcidae), and some major natural enemies of these homopterans. Significant reductions in survival due to negative effects of alkaloid containing as compared with non-alkaloidal plants were recorded for the predatorsRodolia cardinalis andChilocorus bipustulatus, but not forCryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae),Chrysoperla carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) andSympherobius sanctus (Neuroptera: Sympherobiidae). The development time of the larvae or pupae ofR. cardinalis, C. carnea andS. sanctus was longer on the toxic plants than on the non-toxic ones. The percentage of parasitism ofA. craccivora collected from the non-alkaloidal plantsVicia palaestina andMelilotus albus was much higher than that onS. junceum. The parasitoid complexes ofA. craccivora differed between both plant groups. The nutritive value of honeydew ofI. purchasi andA. craccivora, as expressed by the life span ofEncyrtus infelix (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) adults, was also investigated. Life spans were significantly longer when the wasps fed on honeydew produced on non-alkaloidal plants (C. sinensis andPittosporum tobira) than on alkaloid containing plants whenI. purchasi — but notA. craccivora — was the producer. It is suggested that the chemical defense ofE. corallodendrum andS. junceum is exploited by polyphagous phytophages to reduce predation. In nature, population growth and density of four of the investigated homopterans are conspicuously high when they developed on the alkaloid containing plant species, and very low on non-alkaloid plants. The efficiency of their natural enemies may be reduced by sequestration of alkaloids (or other toxic plant compounds) or their transfer into excreted honeydew. Therefore it is assumed that a generalist phytophagous homopteran may be protected from its natural enemies, although at different rates of efficiency, if it can safely sequester the host allelochemical when it develops on toxic species within its host range.     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Sequestration of cucurbitacin analogs by New and Old World chrysomelid leaf beetles in the tribe Luperini

Summary Two South American polyphagous leaf beetles,Diabrotica speciosa andCerotoma arcuata, selectively accumulated the bitter tasting compound 23,24-dihydrocucurbitacin D in their body after ingesting root tissues of cucurbit plants. Similarly, three Asian Cucurbitaceae-feeding specialists in the genusAulacophora were found to sequester the same compound. Cucurbitacin analogs were shown to deter feeding by a bird predator, indicating an allomonal role for these compounds in cucurbitacin-associated chrysomelid leaf beetles both of New and Old Worlds. The strong affinity to cucurbitacins, selective sequestration of the analogs and consequent protection from predators suggested an ecological adaptation mechanism developed in common among these two geographically isolated subtribes in the Luperini.     

Effects of Controlled Fire and Livestock Grazing on Bird Communities in East African Savannas

Abstract: In East Africa fire and grazing by wild and domestic ungulates maintain savannas, and pastoralists historically set fires and herded livestock through the use of temporary corrals called bomas. In recent decades traditional pastoral practices have declined, and this may be affecting biodiversity. We investigated the effects of prescribed fires and bomas on savanna bird communities in East Africa during the first and second dry seasons of the year (respectively before and after the rains that mark the onset of breeding for most birds). We compared abundance, richness, and community composition on 9‐ha burned plots, recently abandoned bomas, and control plots in the undisturbed matrix habitat over a 3‐year period. Generally, recently burned areas and abandoned bomas attracted greater densities of birds and had different community assemblages than the surrounding matrix. The effects of disturbances were influenced by interactions between primary productivity, represented by the normalized difference vegetation index, and time. Bird densities were highest and a greater proportion of species was observed on burned plots in the months following the fires. Drought conditions equalized bird densities across treatments within 1 year, and individuals from a greater proportion of species were more commonly observed on abandoned bomas. Yearly fluctuations in abundance were less pronounced on bomas than on burns, which indicate that although fire may benefit birds in the short term, bomas may have a more‐lasting positive effect and provide resources during droughts. Several Palearctic migrants were attracted to burned plots regardless of rainfall, which indicates continued fire suppression may threaten their already‐declining populations. Most notably, the paucity of birds observed on the controls suggests that the current structure of the matrix developed as a result of fire suppression. Traditional pastoralism appears critical to the maintenance of avian diversity in these savannas.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

What Every Conservation Biologist Should Know about Economic Theory

Abstract: The last century has seen the ascendance of a core economic model, which we will refer to as Walrasian economics. This model is driven by the psychological assumptions that humans act only in a self‐referential and narrowly rational way and that production can be described as a self‐contained circular flow between firms and households. These assumptions have critical implications for the way economics is used to inform conservation biology. Yet the Walrasian model is inconsistent with a large body of empirical evidence about actual human behavior, and it violates a number of basic physical laws. Research in behavioral science and neuroscience shows that humans are uniquely social animals and not self‐centered rational economic beings. Economic production is subject to physical laws including the laws of thermodynamics and mass balance. In addition, some contemporary economic theory, spurred by exciting new research in human behavior and a wealth of data about the negative global impact of the human economy on natural systems, is moving toward a world view that places consumption and production squarely in its behavioral and biophysical context. We argue that abandoning the straightjacket of the Walrasian core is essential to further progress in understanding the complex, coupled interactions between the human economy and the natural world. We call for a new framework for economic theory and policy that is consistent with observed human behavior, recognizes the complex and frequently irreversible interaction between human and natural systems, and directly confronts the cumulative negative effects of the human economy on the Earth's life support systems. Biophysical economics and ecological economics are two emerging economic frameworks in this movement.     

Effects of Coffee Management on Deforestation Rates and Forest Integrity

Knowledge about how forest margins are utilized can be crucial for a general understanding of changes in forest cover, forest structure, and biodiversity across landscapes. We studied forest‐agriculture transitions in southwestern Ethiopia and hypothesized that the presence of coffee (Coffea arabica)decreases deforestation rates because of coffee's importance to local economies and its widespread occurrence in forests and forest margins. Using satellite images and elevation data, we compared changes in forest cover over 37 years (1973–2010) across elevations in 2 forest‐agriculture mosaic landscapes (1100 km² around Bonga and 3000 km² in Goma‐Gera). In the field in the Bonga area, we determined coffee cover and forest structure in 40 forest margins that differed in time since deforestation. Both the absolute and relative deforestation rates were lower at coffee‐growing elevations compared with at higher elevations (?10/20% vs. ?40/50% comparing relative rates at 1800 m asl and 2300–2500 m asl, respectively). Within the coffee‐growing elevation, the proportion of sites with high coffee cover (>20%) was significantly higher in stable margins (42% of sites that had been in the same location for the entire period) than in recently changed margins (0% of sites where expansion of annual crops had changed the margin). Disturbance level and forest structure did not differ between sites with 30% or 3% coffee. However, a growing body of literature on gradients of coffee management in Ethiopia reports coffee's negative effects on abundances of forest‐specialist species. Even if the presence of coffee slows down the conversion of forest to annual‐crop agriculture, there is a risk that an intensification of coffee management will still threaten forest biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of wild coffee. Conservation policy for Ethiopian forests thus needs to develop strategies that acknowledge that forests without coffee production may have higher deforestation risks than forests with coffee production and that forests with coffee production often have lower biodiversity value. Efectos de la Administración Cafetalera sobre las Tasas de Deforestación y la Integridad de los Bosques     

Globalization of the Cashmere Market and the Decline of Large Mammals in Central Asia

As drivers of terrestrial ecosystems, humans have replaced large carnivores in most areas, and human influence not only exerts striking ecological pressures on biodiversity at local scales but also has indirect effects in distant corners of the world. We suggest that the multibillion dollar cashmere industry creates economic motivations that link western fashion preferences for cashmere to land use in Central Asia. This penchant for stylish clothing, in turn, encourages herders to increase livestock production which affects persistence of over 6 endangered large mammals in these remote, arid ecosystems. We hypothesized that global trade in cashmere has strong negative effects on native large mammals of deserts and grassland where cashmere‐producing goats are raised. We used time series data, ecological snapshots of the biomass of native and domestic ungulates, and ecologically and behaviorally based fieldwork to test our hypothesis. In Mongolia increases in domestic goat production were associated with a 3‐fold increase in local profits for herders coexisting with endangered saiga (Saiga tatarica).That increasing domestic grazing pressure carries fitness consequences was inferred on the basis of an approximately 4‐fold difference in juvenile recruitment among blue sheep (Pseudois nayaur)in trans‐Himalayan India. Across 7 study areas in Mongolia, India, and China's Tibetan Plateau, native ungulate biomass is now <5% that of domestic species. Such trends suggest ecosystem degradation and decreased capacity for the persistence of native species, including at least 8 Asian endemic species: saiga, chiru (Pantholops hodgsoni), Bactrian camel (Camelus bactrianus), snow leopard(Panthera uncia), khulan(Equus hemionus), kiang (E. kiang), takhi (E. przewalski), and wild yak (Bos mutus). Our results suggest striking yet indirect and unintended actions that link trophic‐level effects to markets induced by the trade for cashmere. Globalización del Mercado de Cachemira y la Declinación de Mamíferos Mayores en Asia Central