珠三角秋冬季节长时间灰霾污染特性与成因

利用珠三角大气超级站2012年10月与2013年1月能见度、不同粒径颗粒物与BC质量浓度、气溶胶光散射系数、O3、相对湿度等在线监测数据,分析秋冬季节2次持续时间超过10 d的长时间灰霾过程污染特性与成因。结果表明,冬季灰霾过程中气溶胶吸光系数和光散射系数对大气总消光系数的贡献分别为13%和67%;PM2.5、PM1占PM10质量浓度分别为66%和39%;较高的PM2.5与BC日均浓度相关系数(R2=0.88)体现了一次排放对颗粒物质量浓度及能见度的显著影响。秋季灰霾过程中气溶胶吸光系数和光散射系数对大气总消光系数的贡献分别为11%和69%,由BC导致的吸光效应较冬季下降了约20%;PM2.5和PM1占PM10质量浓度比例分别为68%和45%,均高于冬季;O3浓度日最大小时值的平均值接近冬季的2倍;二次来源对PM2.5浓度升高和能见度下降起主导作用。来自不同方向的2种气团在珠三角僵持,大气扩散条件差是导致这2次灰霾过程的重要外在条件,应成为灰霾预报预警的重点关注对象。     

青岛市区春夏季大气能见度与颗粒物的关系

利用青岛市灰霾综合观测站2012年3月2日-2012年6月7日期间的监测数据,分析了青岛市区大气能见度与不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度的日变化特征,比较了各级别大气能见度下不同粒径颗粒物质量浓度及所占比例的相关性,研究了相对湿度对大气能见度和颗粒物质量浓度相关性的影响.结果表明,监测时段大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度呈现较好的负相关,每天大气能见度最低值出现在早晨07:00--09:00;剔除相对湿度高于90％的前提下,PM2.5是影响大气能见度的主要因子,随着其在PM1o中所占比例上升,大气能见度级别不断下降,相关系数为-0.84;不同相对湿度区间下,PM2.5对大气能见度的影响最明显,其中,相对湿度为60％ ～ 70％,大气能见度与颗粒物质量浓度之间的相关性最好.     

宁波市秋冬季大气能见度特征及影响因素分析

针对宁波市大气能见度的观测研究表明,宁波市秋冬季大气能见度均值为11.6 km,霾日发生率为31.6%,霾日的能见度均值为6.6 km,且PM_(2.5)质量浓度在100~120μg/m3范围内的频率最高。能见度随着PM_(2.5)浓度增大呈指数下降,且相同的PM_(2.5)浓度情况下,相对湿度越大,能见度越低。能见度为10 km的临界点上,PM_(2.5)质量浓度值对应为67.5μg/m3。不同相对湿度时,能见度为10 km对应的PM_(2.5)质量浓度临界值不同。通过建立能见度回归方程发现,低相对湿度(RH≤30%)时,PM_(2.5)对能见度的影响权重最大;高相对湿度(RH60%)时,相对湿度的权重最大;RH低于60%时,RH的权重随着PM_(2.5)浓度的增加而增大;而RH高于60%时,RH的权重随着PM_(2.5)浓度的增加而减小。分析结果可为宁波市灰霾防治和采取合适的管控措施提高能见度提供一定参考。     

青岛市采暖期PM2．5与大气能见度的关系

利用青岛市大气综合观测站的研究性监测数据，分析了2011年采暖期PM2.5和能见度的相关性，结果表明：①能见度在≤3km时，对应的PM2.5浓度超出0．250mg／m^3，属于严重污染；②PM2.5浓度对能见度的影响存在一临界区域，当PM2.5浓度低于该临界区时能见度会随PM2.5浓度减少迅速改善，临界值大致位于PM2.5浓度为0．100mg／m^3处；③相对湿度小于85％时，能见度与PM2.5浓度呈显著负相关。其中，相对湿度在60％-70％时，能见度与PM2.5浓度之间的相关性最好，PM2.5对能见度的影响最直接。     

2008年1月广州颗粒物数浓度污染特征

于2008年1月利用颗粒物计数器(CPC)、颗粒物在线观测仪(TEOM1400a)、自动气象站以及现时天气现象传感器(PWV22)获得了大气颗粒物中每分钟颗粒物数浓度、每30分钟PM2.5>浓度、风速、相对湿度、降雨量等气象因子以及大气能见度.结果发现,1月份能见度低于10km的天数达到25天,其中灰霾天气有17天.灰霾天气下,颗粒物敖浓度为22032±4731个/立方厘米,PM2.5,浓度为123.1±64.5 μg/m3.非灰霾和灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度日变化趋势总体比较接近,但在13:00～16:00时段,非灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较明显,而灰霾天气条件下颗粒物数浓度变化比较平缓.现测期内颗粒物教浓度与大气能见度、相对湿度、风速呈负相关,与PM2.5质量浓度、温度呈正相关.灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与PM2.5浓度、相对湿度的相关性系数绝对值明显高于非灰霾天气下颗粒物数浓度与这两者的相关性系数绝对值.     

北京清华园采暖前与采暖期PM10中含碳组分的理化特征

采用美国rp公司生产的Series5400大气颗粒物碳质组分监测仪对清华园PM10中的碳质组分进行了连续在线监测(2002年9月~11月)。结合PM2.5中碳质组分浓度、PM10的浓度和气象数据,分析了碳质组分的污染特征。结果表明,采样期间清华园大气PM10中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的日平均质量浓度分别在4.07~65.81μg/m3、0.96~26.14μg/m3之间变化,平均值分别为20.8±12.1和7.0±5.1μg/m3。OC在总碳(TC)中占有很大比例,OC/TC平均值为75.84%;TC在PM10中的含量平均为25.0%。本文对9~10月份(秋季)和11月份(初冬)OC、EC的相关性分别进行了分析,结果表明OC、EC之间具有良好的相关性,9月份和10月份相关性系数(R2)为0.83;11月份为0.90。二次生成的OC(OCsec)浓度估算结果表明,9、10月份OCsec在OC中的比例(60.7%)比11月份(38.5%)大。碳质组分主要集中在细颗粒物中,PM10中的OC有70.3%存在于细颗粒物PM2.5中,TC则有58.6%存在于PM2.5中。     

灰霾天气不同粒径的颗粒物污染特征分析

利用宁波市北仑区PM10、PM2.5和PM1的监测数据及与之对应的能见度监测结果,对影响灰霾天的颗粒物的污染特征进行了系统研究,结果表明,颗粒物粒径对灰霾天的形成和能见度的影响程度差异明显,且3种粒径的颗粒物质量浓度与能见度之间线性关系密切。     

关于PM2.5

PM2.5是指大气中直径≤2.5μm的颗粒物,也称为可入肺颗粒物。它的直径还不到人的头发丝粗细的1/20,只有通过电子显微镜才能发现。虽然PM2.5只是地球大气成分中含量很少的组分,但它对空气质量和能见度等有着重要的影响。     

冬季大气中PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)污染特征及形貌分析

2008年冬季采集大气中PM10和PM2.5样品,利用SPSS软件进行分析。结果表明,PM10质量浓度在92.87～384.7μg/m3之间,平均值为201.09μg/m3,超标率71.43%。PM2.5浓度跨度为57.27～230.21μg/m3,平均值为133.82μg/m3,超标率89.47%。PM10和PM2.5空间分布略有差异。PM2.5/PM10在29.10%～94.76%之间,均值为66.55%。PM2.5与PM10质量浓度之间有显著相关性,相关方程:PM2.5=0.7993×PM10-55.984(R2=0.9524,置信度为95%)。通过颗粒物形貌分析,初步判定冬季大气主要污染源为燃煤和机动车尾气排放。     

宁波和温州地区夏季大气中不同粒径颗粒物特征分析

对宁波地区北仑和奉化站、温州地区乐清站3个监测点夏季TSP、PM10、PM2.5和PM1.0进行监测,测试分析各种粒径颗粒物浓度水平和粒径分布特征,并通过化学质量平衡(CMB)受体模型对颗粒物进行源解析。监测结果显示,夏季宁波、温州地区TSP和PM10日均浓度为0.049～0.134mg/m3和0.025～0.084mg/m3,均未超过我国环境空气质量二级标准;PM2.5日均浓度为0.007～0.069mg/m3,按美国2006年EPA最新标准限值0.035mg/m3衡量,奉化、乐清、北仑站的超标天数占总监测天数的比例分别为75%、40%和37.5%。粒径分布统计结果显示,3个监测站点PM10占TSP的比例为48.78%～86.96%;PM2.5占TSP的比例为33.33%～72.46%;奉化和乐清监测点PM10中PM2.5和PM1.0的比例平均值在50%以上。源解析结果显示,夏季TSP主要来源于土壤尘,其次是建筑尘和煤烟尘,其贡献率分别为40.70%～55.49%、9.62%～13.64%和5.85%～17.28%。     

A New Mathematical Approach in Environmental and Life Sciences: Gene–Environment Networks and Their Dynamics

An important research area in life sciences is devoted to modeling, prediction, and dynamics of gene-expression patterns. As clearly understood in these days, this enterprise cannot become satisfactory without acknowledging the role of the environment. To a representation of past, present, and most likely future states, we also encounter measurement errors and uncertainties. This paper surveys and improves recent advances in understanding the foundations and interdisciplinary implications of the newly introduced gene–environment networks, and it integrates the important theme of carbon dioxide emission reduction into the networks and dynamics. We also introduce some operational and managerial issues of practical working and decision making, expressed in terms of sliding windows, quadrants (modules) of parametric effects, and navigating (controlling) between such effects and directing them. Given data from DNA microarray experiments and environmental records, we extract nonlinear ordinary differential equations that contain parameters that have to be determined. For this, we employ modern (Chebychevian) approximation and (generalized semi-infinite) optimization. After this is provided, time- discretized dynamical systems are studied. A combinatorial algorithm with polyhedra sequences allows to detect the region of parametric stability. Finally, we analyze the topological landscape of gene–environment networks with its structural (in)stability. By embedding as a module and investigating CO₂ emission control and figuring out game theoretical aspects, we conclude. This pioneering work is theoretically elaborated, practically devoted to health care, medicine, education, living conditions, and environmental protection, and it invites the readers to future research.      

微波消解-原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜锌铅镉镍铬

用微波消解－原子吸收光度法测定土壤中铜，锌，铅，镉，镍和铬。通过硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液对土壤样品消解，选择出微波最佳消解条件。对硝酸－盐酸－过氧化氢体系消解液和硝酸－氢氟酸－过氧化氢体系消解液进行消解对比试验，发现前者不能将土壤样品完全消解，后者能将样品消解完全，但需将消解液中剩余的酸赶尽，否则测定结果将明显偏低。微波消解土壤与传统电热消解相比，操作简便快速，可提高工作效率。     

Topsoil and Housedust Metal Concentrations in the Vicinity of a Lead Battery Manufacturing Plant

The aim of the study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution in the vicinity of a lead battery manufacturing plant in the Czech Republic, both in the general environment and within homes. Topsoils (0–5 cm) were sampled from 100 sites along 4 transects which crossed the battery factory, the town centre and outlying rural areas. Housedust samples were collected from 15 plant-workers' homes and 15 non plant-workers' homes located at various distances from the factory. Samples were analysed for levels of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb, using ICP-AES. Soil concentrations of Pb, Cd, As and Sb peaked at the perimeter fence of the battery factory with Pb levels of up to 12 650 g g> ^-1. Concentrations of these metals decreased exponentially within 500 m of the plant. Whilst the battery factory does appear to be a source of all the metals with the exception of Zn, emissions do not appear to be transported to any great extent over distances of more than 0.5 km. Topsoil and housedust concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, As and Sb in the general Mlada Boleslav area do not appear to be significantly different from those recorded in a large scale survey of urban soils in the United Kingdom. A comparison of housedust Pb concentrations in homes of plant workers and non-plant workers suggests that there may be a small input of Pb into the home environment by battery plant employees.     

An Overview of Contaminant-Related Issues Identified by Monitoring in San Francisco Bay

The San Francisco Estuary Regional Monitoring Program for Trace Substances (RMP) began in 1993 and is sponsored by 74 local, state, and federal agencies and companies through their discharge or Bay use permits. The RMP monitors water, sediment, toxicity, and bivalve bioaccumulation at 25 sites in the Bay that are considered to represent "background" conditions. Several major environmental issues have been identified by the RMP. Polychlorinated biphenyls and mercury were often above water quality guidelines, and often occurred in fish tissues above U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) screening values. Concentrations do not appear to be decreasing, suggesting continuing inputs. Episodes of aquatic toxicity often occurred following runoff events that transport contaminants into the Bay from urbanized and agricultural portions of the watershed. Sediment toxicity occurred throughout the Bay, and has been correlated with concentrations of specific contaminants (chlordanes, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons) at some locations; mixtures of contaminants were probably also important. Since the RMP does not monitor all ecosystem components, assessments of the overall condition of the Bay cannot be made. However, in terms of contamination, the RMP samples suggest that the South Bay, and North Bay sites are moderately contaminated.     

Biomagnification factors (fish to Osprey eggs from Willamette River,Oregon, U.S.A.) for PCDDs,PCDFs, PCBs and OC pesticides

A migratory population of 78 pairs of Osprey (Pandion haliaetus) nesting along the Willamette River in westernOregon was studied in 1993. The study was designed to determinecontaminant concentrations in eggs, contaminant concentrationsin fish species predominant in the Ospreys diet, andBiomagnification Factors (BMFs) of contaminants from fish specieseaten to Osprey eggs. Ten Osprey eggs and 25 composite samplesof fish (3 species) were used to evaluate organochlorine (OC)pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinateddibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), and polychlorinated dibenzofurans(PCDFs). Mercury was also analyzed in fish. Geometric meanresidues in Osprey eggs were judged low, e.g., DDE 2.3 g g^-1 wet weight (ww), PCBs 0.69 g g^-1, 2,3,7,8-TCDD 2.3 ng kg^-1, and generally well below known threshold values for adverse effects on productivity, and the population was increasing. Osprey egg residue data presentedby River Mile (RM) are discussed, e.g., higher PCDDs were generally found immediately downstream of paper mills and eggsfrom the Willamette River had significantly elevated PCBs and PCDDs compared to reference eggs collected nearby in the CascadeMountains. Prey remains at nest sites indicated that the Largescale Sucker (Catostomus macrocheilus) and NorthernPikeminnow (Ptychocheilus oregonensis) accounted for an estimated 90.1% of the biomass in the Osprey diet, and composite samples of these two species were collected from different sampling sites throughout the study area for contaminant analyses. With the large percentage of the fishbiomass in the Osprey diet sampled for contaminants (and fisheaten by Ospreys similar in size to those chemically analyzed),and fish contaminant concentrations weighted by biomass intake, a mean BMF was estimated from fish to Osprey eggs for the largeseries of contaminants. BMFs ranged from no biomagnification(0.42) for 2,3,7,8-TCDF to 174 for OCDD. Our findings for themigratory Osprey were compared to BMFs for the resident HerringGull (Larus argentatus), and differences are discussed. Webelieve a BMF approach provides some basic understanding ofrelationships between contaminant burdens in prey species offish-eating birds and contaminants incorporated into their eggs,and may prove useful in understanding sources of contaminants inmigratory species although additional studies are needed.     

An investigation on biological stability of product water generated by lab-scale and pilot-scale distillation systems

Material Disposal Area G is the primary low-levelradioactive waste disposal site at Los Alamos NationalLaboratory, New Mexico, and is adjacent to Pueblo of SanIldefonso lands. Pueblo residents and Los Alamos scientists areconcerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of AreaG radionuclides by mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) andRocky Mountain elk (Cervus elaphus), then consumption ofdeer and elk meat by humans. Tissue samples were collected fromdeer and elk accidentally killed near Area G and were analyzedfor ³H, ⁹⁰Sr, total U, ²³⁸Pu, ^{239, 240}Pu,²⁴¹Am, and ¹³⁷Cs. These data were used to estimatehuman doses based on meat consumption of 23 kg y^-1. Humandoses were also modeled using RESRAD, and dose rates to deer andelk were estimated with a screening model. Dose estimates tohumans from tissue consumption were 2.9 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1and 1.6 × 10^-3 mSv y^-1 from deer and elk, respectively,and RESRAD dose estimates were of the same order of magnitude. Estimated dose rates to deer and elk were 2.1 × 10^-4 mGyd^-1 and 4.7 × 10^-4 mGy d^-1, respectively. Allestimated doses were significantly less than established exposurelimits or guidelines.     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

Hydrocarbon Utilization in Yeast Isolates Found to Grow in Association with Petroleum in a Polluted Ultisol of Midwestern Nigeria

The population counts of hydrocarbon-utilising yeasts weremonitored at six sampling stations in the Benin City municipalarea over a four-week period. Although the population countswere relatively constant in each locality, the highest countsoccurred in areas heavily polluted by domestic and industrialeffluents. A total of thirty-five hydrocarbon-degrading yeastswere isolated from soil at the sampling stations usingn-hexadecane as sole carbon source. The isolates were identifiedas belonging to the genera Candida (27 strains), Endomycopsis (4 strains). All the organisms grew on long-chainn-alkane, kerosene, diesel oil and crude oil but failed to growon short-chain n-alkane, aromatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons.Measurement of growth attributes of the isolates usingn-hexadecane, diesel oil and crude oil as substrates showed thatthe Candida species were better utilizers of hydrocarbonsubstrates relative to Endomycopsis and Schizosaccharomyces species.     

Hydrologic–Economic Model for Managing Irrigation Intensity in Irrigation Areas under Watertable and Soil Salinity Targets

This paper gives mathematical details and sample applications of SWAGMAN Farm (SWAGMAN, Salt Water and Groundwater Management), a farm-scale hydrologic economic model that integrates agronomic, climatic, irrigation, hydrogeological and economic aspects of irrigated agriculture. The model is capable of determining optimum mix of land use to keep watertable and soil salinity within acceptable limits while maximising the economic returns. Alternatively, the model can simulate water and salt balance and economics of a given cropping preference. Web-based and Geographic Information Systems versions of the model are available for integration with the environmental reporting systems of the irrigation areas.     

Assessing health consequences in an environmental impact assessment: The case of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol

In this article a comprehensive approach for the evaluation of possible health effects in an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is described, illustrated with the example of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. Unlike many EIAs, we estimated quantitatively the impact of aircraft-related pollution in terms of the number of affected people for aircraft noise annoyance, odour annoyance and hypertension. In addition, an analysis of health registry data on cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and a short survey on annoyance and risk perception were carried out. The scope of a health impact assessment depends on the situation, available knowledge and data, concern in the population about the impact and the number of people concerned. It is important to pay attention to the perception of risks and concerns from all parties involved. Moreover, the results demonstrate that far more people outside the area for which standards apply were affected than inside.