新型光脉动混凝系统的应用及优化

透光率脉动检测技术以透过流动悬浮液的光强度的脉动状态反映悬浊液中的颗粒聚集状态和变化情况,其检测值可以作为反应混凝效果的指标来控制混凝剂的投加,在水处理的混凝剂投加自动控制方面得到了一定的应用,但对于常规浊度水,现行的控制系统和引水式管型传感器仍存在着一些不完善之处。为此,一种新型的淹没式传感器和反应器被引入到控制系统中,研究表明:这种新型的淹没式传感器具有良好的控制性能,可以替代引水式管型传感器,同时淹没式传感器与反应器相配合可以解决现行系统在常规浊度水应用中的问题,使透光率脉动检测技术更加完善。     

新型光脉动混凝系统的应用及优化

透光率脉动检测技术以透过流动悬浮液的光强度的脉动状态反映悬浊液中的颗粒聚集状态和变化情况,其检测值可以作为反应混凝效果的指标来控制混凝荆的投加,在水处理的混凝剂投加自动控制方面得到了一定的应用,但对于常规浊度水,现行的控制系统和引水式管型传感器仍存在着一些不完善之处.为此,一种新型的淹没式传感器和反应器被引入到控制系统中,研究表明：这种新型的淹没式传感器具有良好的控制性能,可以替代引水式管型传感器,同时淹没式传感器与反应器相配合可以解决现行系统在常规浊度水应用中的问题,使透光率脉动检测技术更加完善.     

新型两性壳聚糖絮凝剂的合成及其絮凝效果的研究

该研究旨在通过化学修饰壳聚糖提高其污水处理的絮凝效果。通过壳聚糖的氨基与甲醛和酚类物质的曼尼希反应引入硫酸根基团,制备了3种具有不同取代度的两性壳聚糖衍生物。红外及核磁谱图分析结果证实,合成产物中具有苯并噁嗪环结构。经处理高岭土的水悬浮液进行模拟絮凝实验发现,这3种苯并噁嗪壳聚糖衍生物的絮凝效果随絮凝剂用量、污水pH和离子强度等条件变化而有较大变化,并均可在适当絮凝条件下获得最佳值。它们的絮凝效果全面优于未经处理的壳聚糖对比样品。取代度为80%左右的硫酸化壳聚糖絮凝剂处理污水可达近100%的浊度净化率。     

壳聚糖接枝三元共聚阳离子絮凝剂对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝特性

采用烧杯混凝实验研究了壳聚糖(CTS)、CTS与丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸乙酯季铵盐三元接枝共聚阳离子絮凝剂(CAS)对高岭土悬浊液的絮凝特性.结果表明,CAS具有比CTS絮凝效果好、用量少、pH值适用范围广等优点.CAS絮凝效能受胶体颗粒性质的影响小,对自来水和蒸馏水配置的高岭土悬浊液均具有较好的絮凝效能.中性条件下,CAS的最佳投加量仅为CTS的1/10.在pH值2.0-11.0范围内,CAA对浊度的去除率在95%左右.CAS投加量与原水浊度的关系为:投加量低于0.5nag·L-1时,絮凝效果随原水浊度的升高降低;投加量大于0.5 mg·L-1,浊度去除率随原水浊度的增大而提高;投加量超过1.0 mg·L-1后,对浊度(10～160 NTU)的悬浊;液浊度去除率均在85%以上.悬浮颗粒聚集状态的变化分析、颗粒ξ电位测定、絮体粒径分布测定及其形态结构的观察结果表明,电性中和、吸附架桥是CAS的主要絮凝作用机理,絮凝过程是多种机制共同起作用的动态变化过程.     

聚合氯化铝中纳米Al13形态的混凝效应

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶柱层析法分离纯化聚合氯化铝(PAC)中的Al13形态,用透光率脉动检测技术并结合絮凝效能和Zeta电位测定结果,对纳米Al13形态以及PAC、AlCl3絮凝过程中絮集物形成和增长的变化差异作了对比性研究.结果表明,混凝剂的不同铝形态分布在混凝过程中起着十分重要的作用.Al13形态是在絮凝过程中起电中和作用的主要形态,可以大大增加颗粒间的有效碰撞率,其凝聚速度和所形成絮集物颗粒大小在实验条件下呈现最大值.而对于PAC,其Alc含量较高,可起到吸附架桥和网捕卷扫作用,所以在低投加量表现出较快的絮体增长速率.     

磁絮凝处理染整废水的中试研究

针对染整废水进行磁絮凝的中试研究,将磁粉加载于混凝澄清池,该技术是在接触絮凝加速澄清技术基础上提出的一种应用絮凝形态学理论的新型高效固液分离技术。中试试验经过半年的调试和运行,浊度等水质数据明显优于普通的砂滤出水水质。处理后的出水水质为pH=6~9,COD≤200 mg/L,浊度≤10NTU,色度≤200倍。     

低温条件下絮体破碎再絮凝去除水中颗粒的研究

为了了解低温条件下絮体的形成/破碎/再絮凝过程在适当条件下对絮凝去除水中颗粒物的强化效果,采用PDA2000透光率脉动检测仪对絮凝破碎再絮凝过程进行了在线监测.研究结果表明,当电中和机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量小于0.1 mmol·L-1),絮体破碎后能重新絮凝,絮体大小能恢复到破碎之前;而当网捕卷扫机理占主导作用时(混凝剂投加量大于0.2 mmol·L-1),絮体的恢复情况不如电中和条件,再絮凝能力降低.投加适量的腐殖酸会增加絮体破碎前后的分形维数,但过量的腐殖酸则会降低破碎前后絮体的分形维数.絮体破碎再絮凝后其分形维数比破碎前高.腐殖酸的投加量并不会明显影响絮凝和破碎后再絮凝的FI指数.电中和絮体破碎前初始絮凝时间越长破碎后沉后水浊度越低,破碎后其浊度会比破碎前显著减小.较低投量的铝盐就能使得沉后水浊度降到很低,因此可以降低混凝剂投量而达到更好的水处理效果.     

阳离子聚电解质聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵的絮凝机理初探

以聚二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵PDADMAC(特性粘度分别为2.7,1.4,0.7)为絮凝剂,对比PAC和PFC,通过残余浊度、Zeta电位、FI絮凝指数的测定,研究了PDADMAC对高岭土悬浊体系(浊度分别为6000,1000,200和10 NTU)的絮凝特性,并对其絮凝作用机理进行了探讨.结果表明,PDADMAC的吸附构型决定其絮凝机理在较低初始悬浊物浓度下(200 NTU)为单个颗粒物表面吸附覆盖及其"吸附电中和"絮凝模型;在高浊条件下(＞1000 NTU)为单颗粒表面(Monomer)部分吸附覆盖及其"吸附架桥"絮凝模型.     

不同电荷的聚丙烯酰胺对焦化废水的絮凝性能研究

以聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)为混凝剂,以阴离子型、阳离子型和非离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)分别为助凝剂,研究了三种PAM对焦化废水的絮凝性能。从对废水初始浊度变化的适应性、絮凝剂用量、处理效果和处理费用等几个方面比较了三种PAM絮凝性能的差异,并对絮凝机理进行了分析。对于焦化废水的絮凝处理,发现三种PAM中非离子PAM具有最好的应用性。最后对非离子PAM的最佳用量及影响因素进行了考察。最佳条件下,浊度去除率可达85%以上,但是COD去除率较低为6%左右,这与悬浮颗粒对COD的贡献较小有关。     

微生物絮凝剂对膨润土悬液的絮凝效果试验

从活性污泥中筛选到20株絮凝剂产生菌，经复筛得到一株高效絮凝剂产生菌MBFⅡ－3，以膨润土悬液为絮凝对象，研究了MBFⅡ－3投加量、温度和pH对絮凝活性的影响；用MBFⅡ－3培养液对生活污水、汾河水等进行了絮凝实验，结果表明，浊度去除率均在90％以上。     

不同条件的底泥回流对强化絮凝的影响

为探究不同条件的回流底泥对絮凝强化的影响,采用智能光谱散射分析仪（IPDA）对絮凝过程进行连续监测。通过分析出水浊度和絮体生长曲线,考察了底泥投加量、存放时间和底泥pH对底泥强化作用的影响。结果表明:底泥投加量对于絮体生长FI值（絮凝指数）影响不大,回流单倍底泥时,出水浊度降至1.3 NTU,较常规絮凝下降38%;底泥存放时间越长,絮体生长FI值越小,存放时间<3 d的底泥可保证出水浊度维持在2.0以下;底泥pH为3.0时,出水浊度低至1.2 NTU,酸处理后的底泥,其絮体生长变化曲线不稳定,FI值呈明显震荡波动趋势。回流单倍底泥时,底泥能够强化絮凝的去浊能力,絮体颗粒保持较大尺寸。底泥形成24 h内回流,絮体颗粒之间产生的相互作用力最大,能保持底泥的最大活性。过高或过低的底泥pH导致絮凝效果变差,最适宜的底泥pH为3.0左右。     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation e ect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrease of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Impact of dynamic distribution of floc particles on flocculation effect

Polyaluminum chloride (PAC) was used as coagulant and suspended particles in kaolin water. Online instruments including turbidimeter and particle counter were used to monitor the flocculation process. An evaluation model for demonstrating the impact on the flocculation effect was established based on the multiple linear regression analysis method. The parameter of the index weight of channels quantitatively described how the variation of floc particle population in different size ranges cause the decrement of turbidity. The study showed that the floc particles in different size ranges contributed differently to the decrement of turbidity and that the index weight of channel could excellently indicate the impact degree of floc particles dynamic distribution on flocculation effect. Therefore, the parameter may significantly benefit the development of coagulation and sedimentation techniques as well as the optimal coagulant selection.     

Particle monitoring techniques for water treatment applications

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Flocculation performance of a novel synthesized flocculant with low ecological risk

Combined flocculants with low ecological risk are urgently required in water supply and wastewater treatment in China. A novel flocculant was thus developed under the condition of low ecological risk( noted as CAS).The experiments to examine wastewater treatment performance of the new product showed that there was favourable performance in the flocculation process in contrast to commercial flocculants in treating kaolin suspensions, municipal effluent and domestic wastewater. Flocculation performance included the turbidity removal rate, sediment character and a decrease in COD(chemical oxygen demand). The sediment time of flocculation is short and the removal rate of turbidity treated by CAS is high compared with PAC(polyaluminum-chloride), PAM (polyacrylamide) and the combined addition of PAC and PAM. The optimal concentration required to affect flocculation processes is dependent on kaolin concentration and the character of the wastewater within the range examined. It also showed that CAS is effective to treat wastewater with high turbidity.     

水污染的生物自动监测

生物监测是指有规则地或连续地评价一个或多个参数,而且可以用来测定有害状态。通过对生物监测领域发展状况的描述,建议水污染质量控制系统要把生物和化学-物理信息结合起来,并根据生物监测的数据进行修正,利用水生生物来及早地警报水体中存在有毒物质,并与电子计算机设备相结合,形成早期警报毒性监测系统,提出了发展生物自动监测系统的可行性,指出它在水污染控制中将成为必要的工具。     

生物絮凝剂用于给水混凝处理中浊度去除的研究

利用高岭土悬浊液和松花江原水作为研究对象,以混凝试验为基础考察了生物絮凝剂(BFs)对浊度的去除效果.结果表明,单独使用生物絮凝剂进行混凝处理在投药量5～19mg/L的范围内能够使高岭土溶液浊度去除84%,低于Al2(SO4)3(93%)和Fe2(SO4)3(94%). Zeta电位和混凝pH变化结果表明,生物絮凝剂的混凝效果主要受吸附架桥机理支配.向生物絮凝剂中投加少量的Al盐和Fe盐能够明显强化混凝效果,且在相同的混凝效果时Fe盐投加量小于Al盐投加量.这种强化作用主要是因为无机盐和生物絮凝剂的复合加强了电性中和与吸附架桥作用. Fe盐和生物絮凝剂复合使用可以在低投药量和中性pH条件下有效去除原水的浊度(94.6%).生物絮凝剂能够在较大的投药量范围内有效去除水源水中的颗粒物,形成的剩余污泥能够被自然降解;同时,由于不使用金属盐,大大降低了由于铝的积累而导致的致病风险,是一种环境友好的绿色絮凝剂.     

Effect of in-situ formed Al hydrates through long-term aging on enhanced particle destabilization by PACl coagulation

Aging of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants could significantly influence hydrolyzed Al speciation ruling coagulation performance. The goal of this study was to investigate Al species transformation through long-term aging and its impact on coagulation performance. Two kinds of commercial coagulants (PACl-1 and PACl-2) were stored for in-situ aging tests in six months to evaluate Al species variation with time and the performance of coagulation with natural turbid waters. The results showed that CaSO₄ precipitation easily occur in a commercial PACl coagulant with time as it contains SO₄^2? and Ca²⁺. It also activates the precipitation of gibbsite Al(OH)₃ in PACl with aging. Through 180 days aging, both monomeric Al (Al_a) and polymeric Al (Al_b) substantially transform into colloidal Al (Al_c) and precipitated for both PACl coagulants. At low turbidity (10 NTU), PACl-1 has a superior turbidity reduction rate than PACl-2, while PACl-2 performs a little better turbidity reduction at high turbidity (1000 NTU) regardless of aging time. With aging time, an obvious decrease in turbidity reduction for PACl-1 coagulation is observed at low turbidity of 10 NTU, while the improvement in turbidity reduction for PACl-2 coagulation by enhanced sweep flocculation can be achieved as Al_b mostly transform into Al_c after 150 days aging. It is concluded that dominant in-situ formed Al_c after a long time hydrolysis can improve PACl coagulation efficiency in turbidity reduction by enhanced sweep flocculation, especially for low turbidity water, but the increase in preformed Al_c in PACl would worsen particle destabilization after aging.